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The foreign policy role of the USA in the Caspian region is investigated. The US-Azerbaijan relations are analyzed in the conditions of modern geopolitical situation. The main goals and strategy of the United States in the region are defined. The foreign policy priorities and the course of the Azerbaijan Republic towards the US in the Caspian region are substantiated.The relations between Azerbaijan and the US in the Caspian region have a long history. After 1994, one of the main subjects of political and economic interaction was the transportation and extraction of oil and gas. The United States has always supported the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan project. In the foreign policy of Azerbaijan, cooperation with the US in the field of energy is a priority. Interest in the US in the Caspian region was evident already during the reign of B. Clinton and J. Bush Jr. After 2001, an important stage of bilateral relations begins. Azerbaijan becomes a member of NATO counter-terrorism operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Azerbaijan's significant contribution made it possible to expand bilateral cooperation, which today can be assessed as a "strategic partnership". However, the problematic aspects of bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and the United States are the policy of double standards directed against the government of Azerbaijan, the requirements under the slogans of "democratic change", and so on. American companies continue to operate in the Caspian Sea, but after the accession of D.Tramp, significant changes in relations between these states are not observed. Thus, US-Azerbaijani relations in the Caspian region are stable, mutually beneficial and have a positive tendency for future development.The purpose of this analysis, which is based on primary sources, specialized literature and media reports, is to present the most important aspects of the implementation of US foreign policy in the Caspian region in the context of relations with the Republic of AzerbaijanKey words: Azerbaijan, USA, Caspian region, foreign policy, geopolitics. ; Досліджено зовнішньополітичну роль США в Каспійському регіоні. Проаналізовано відносини США – Азербайджан в умовах сучасної геополітичної ситуації. Визначені основні цілі та стратегія США в регіоні. Обґрунтовані зовнішньополітичні пріоритети та курс Азербайджанської Республіки відносно США в Каспійському регіоні.Відносини Азербайджану та США в Каспійському регіоні мають тривалу історію. Після 1994 – го року одним із основних предметів політичної та економічної взаємодії були питання транспортування та видобутку нафти та газу. США завжди підтримували проект «Баку – Тбілісі – Джейхан». В зовнішній політиці Азербайджану співробітництво з США в сфері енергетики є пріоритетним. Інтерес США в Каспійському регіоні був очевидним вже в часи правління Б.Клінтона та Дж.Буша молодшого. Після 2001-го року розпочинається важливий етап двосторонніх відносин. Азербайджан стає учасником антитерористичних операцій НАТО в Афганістані та Іраку. Значний вклад Азербайджану дозволив розширити двостороннє співробітництво, яке сьогодні можна оцінити як «стратегічне партнерство». Однак проблемними аспектами двосторонніх відносин між Азербайджаном та США є політика подвійних стандартів направлена проти уряду Азербайджану, вимоги під лозунгами «демократичних змін» та інше. В Каспійському морі продовжують діяти американські компанії, однак після приходу до влади Д.Трампа значні зміни у відносинах між цими державами не спостерігаються. Так, американо-азербайджанські відносини в Каспійському регіоні є стабільно розвинені, взаємовигідні та мають позитивну тенденцію розвитку у майбутньому.Метою даного аналізу, який ґрунтується на основі первинних джерел, спеціалізованої літератури і повідомлень засобів масової інформації, є представлення найбільш важливих аспектів реалізації зовнішньої політики США в Каспійському регіоні в контексті взаємин з Азербайджанською РеспублікоюКлючові слова: Азербайджан, США, Каспійський регіон, зовнішня політика, геополітика.

Стаття присвячена мотивації Республіки Польща в стратегічному виборі партнера, яким виявились Сполучені Штати Америки. Партнера, що забезпечує безпеку, захист, нарешті, суверенітет і територіальну цілісність. Відносини Республіки Польща – США є не тільки пізнавальними з точки зору знань і досвіду формування стратегії зовнішньої політики, а є корисними з огляду сусідства Польщі з Україною. Польщі, яка також перебувала в радянському таборі. Україна може опертися на політичний і дипломатичний багаж польської сторони, досконально опанувати систему наступу і відходу, наполегливості й рішучості, очікування і витримки, якщо все це оберне на власний патріотизм і боротьбу за суверенність. ; With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Poland turned out to be between the two creatures of power. The Federal Republic of Germany initially reluctantly perceived the Polish frontier, which was the subject of lengthy negotiations. Finally, the united Germany recognized the border along the Oder and Neisse in November 1990, and ratified the documents in December 1991. In turn, the Soviet Union, and since December 1991 – Russia – hastened to withdraw its troops from the Polish territory. After negotiations that lasted throughout the year – from September 1990 to October 1991 – a plan for the withdrawal of Russian troops was realised. The last soldier of the former Red Army left the Polish territory on September 18, 1993.In this situation Poland set one long-term, allied relationship with the United States as one of the strategic objectives of its own foreign policy, since only the United States at that time could protect a new democracy from external attacks of former empires. At the same time, we note that the relations of the Allies were called as strategic by the Poles themselves, not the Americans, and secondly, Poland did everything possible and impossible to be called an ally of the United States. Even threatened its membership in the European Union when the Poland supported United States in its military company against Iraq. The Polish calculation was justified: security could only be provided by the United States through membership in the North Atlantic Alliance. The United States "pulled" Poland into both NATO membership and membership of the EU, thus condemning the Poles to almost 80% of the external debt, adding enormous loans.Consequently, with the collapse of the Warsaw Military Bloc, Poland implements two main pillars: the path to NATO membership and the path to EU membership. The pursuit of NATO has always been the number one priority. Since 1989, the Poles see the United States as the main guarantor of their national security. On the other hand, Washington itself was deeply interested in spreading influence on the post-Soviet bloc, looking for support points in it.Poland, which was not only a buffer in the early stages of NATO's expansion to the East, but also an active participant and "leader" of all other "democracies" in the Alliance's security space, proved to bethe backbone. The North Atlantic Alliance, a key component of the United States, has been cementing Polish-American security cooperation for decades. In 2010, on the initiative of Polish Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, the Strategic Dialogue launched in 2004 was reinstated. Poland was admitted to NATO with the Czech Republic and Hungary in March 1999, while join- ing the European Union was delayed until May 2004. Poland's realization of the European vector of the Eastern policy of the EU, faced with Russia's severe opposition, considered it as an intervention in its sphere of influence, gave Poland the opportunity to strengthen its position in the EU and NATO. The base of missile interceptors should be built up in Poland and with them also other defence systems. Russian-Georgian war in the first half of August 2008 intensified the mentioned process. Poland went to meet the US, increasing its military contingent in Afghanistan.But new US president Obama declared that if he eliminated the threat of Iran's nuclear and missile program, then it would not make sense to continue to build a missile shield in Europe.22 known politicians from Eastern Europe (including four Poles) at 16th of July warning Obama to stop support Russia. As a result a bilateral agreement on the status of forces (so-called SOFA) was signed on December 11, in Warsaw. As a result of Russia's aggression against Ukraine – the United States has actively deployed military cooperation with Poland, providing 12 F-16 fighters from the base in Aviano and 200 personnel in spring 2014. The program also provides long-range missiles JASSM for the Polish F-16. In addition, cyber defence is currently underway. The bilateral dialogue on this issue is being held in regular meetings of the Advisory Group on Strategic Cooperation (SCCG) and the High Level Group on Security (HLDG).Russia's aggressive actions against Ukraine dramatically changed the security situation around Poland and Europe at all. The concept introduces the expansion and unification of the European Union's Active Ballistic Missile Defence (ALTBMD) anti-missile defence system with American missile defence systems in Europe (radar in Turkey, bases in Romania and Poland, ships with Aegis systems in the Mediterranean).The priorities of Polish foreign policy was declared in March 2012 – in the new strategy of foreign policy. It was the first since 1989 a key document defining vectors of Polish diplomacy too. So "The strategy of Polish foreign policy 2017–2021" confirmed the priorities of the Polish state.

Стаття присвячена мотивації Республіки Польща в стратегічному виборі партнера, яким виявились Сполучені Штати Америки. Партнера, що забезпечує безпеку, захист, нарешті, суверенітет і територіальну цілісність. Відносини Республіки Польща – США є не тільки пізнавальними з точки зору знань і досвіду формування стратегії зовнішньої політики, а є корисними з огляду сусідства Польщі з Україною. Польщі, яка також перебувала в радянському таборі. Україна може опертися на політичний і дипломатичний багаж польської сторони, досконально опанувати систему наступу і відходу, наполегливості й рішучості, очікування і витримки, якщо все це оберне на власний патріотизм і боротьбу за суверенність. ; With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Poland turned out to be between the two creatures of power. The Federal Republic of Germany initially reluctantly perceived the Polish frontier, which was the subject of lengthy negotiations. Finally, the united Germany recognized the border along the Oder and Neisse in November 1990, and ratified the documents in December 1991. In turn, the Soviet Union, and since December 1991 – Russia – hastened to withdraw its troops from the Polish territory. After negotiations that lasted throughout the year – from September 1990 to October 1991 – a plan for the withdrawal of Russian troops was realised. The last soldier of the former Red Army left the Polish territory on September 18, 1993.In this situation Poland set one long-term, allied relationship with the United States as one of the strategic objectives of its own foreign policy, since only the United States at that time could protect a new democracy from external attacks of former empires. At the same time, we note that the relations of the Allies were called as strategic by the Poles themselves, not the Americans, and secondly, Poland did everything possible and impossible to be called an ally of the United States. Even threatened its membership in the European Union when the Poland supported United States in its military company against Iraq. The Polish calculation was justified: security could only be provided by the United States through membership in the North Atlantic Alliance. The United States "pulled" Poland into both NATO membership and membership of the EU, thus condemning the Poles to almost 80% of the external debt, adding enormous loans.Consequently, with the collapse of the Warsaw Military Bloc, Poland implements two main pillars: the path to NATO membership and the path to EU membership. The pursuit of NATO has always been the number one priority. Since 1989, the Poles see the United States as the main guarantor of their national security. On the other hand, Washington itself was deeply interested in spreading influence on the post-Soviet bloc, looking for support points in it.Poland, which was not only a buffer in the early stages of NATO's expansion to the East, but also an active participant and "leader" of all other "democracies" in the Alliance's security space, proved to bethe backbone. The North Atlantic Alliance, a key component of the United States, has been cementing Polish-American security cooperation for decades. In 2010, on the initiative of Polish Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, the Strategic Dialogue launched in 2004 was reinstated. Poland was admitted to NATO with the Czech Republic and Hungary in March 1999, while join- ing the European Union was delayed until May 2004. Poland's realization of the European vector of the Eastern policy of the EU, faced with Russia's severe opposition, considered it as an intervention in its sphere of influence, gave Poland the opportunity to strengthen its position in the EU and NATO. The base of missile interceptors should be built up in Poland and with them also other defence systems. Russian-Georgian war in the first half of August 2008 intensified the mentioned process. Poland went to meet the US, increasing its military contingent in Afghanistan.But new US president Obama declared that if he eliminated the threat of Iran's nuclear and missile program, then it would not make sense to continue to build a missile shield in Europe.22 known politicians from Eastern Europe (including four Poles) at 16th of July warning Obama to stop support Russia. As a result a bilateral agreement on the status of forces (so-called SOFA) was signed on December 11, in Warsaw. As a result of Russia's aggression against Ukraine – the United States has actively deployed military cooperation with Poland, providing 12 F-16 fighters from the base in Aviano and 200 personnel in spring 2014. The program also provides long-range missiles JASSM for the Polish F-16. In addition, cyber defence is currently underway. The bilateral dialogue on this issue is being held in regular meetings of the Advisory Group on Strategic Cooperation (SCCG) and the High Level Group on Security (HLDG).Russia's aggressive actions against Ukraine dramatically changed the security situation around Poland and Europe at all. The concept introduces the expansion and unification of the European Union's Active Ballistic Missile Defence (ALTBMD) anti-missile defence system with American missile defence systems in Europe (radar in Turkey, bases in Romania and Poland, ships with Aegis systems in the Mediterranean).The priorities of Polish foreign policy was declared in March 2012 – in the new strategy of foreign policy. It was the first since 1989 a key document defining vectors of Polish diplomacy too. So "The strategy of Polish foreign policy 2017–2021" confirmed the priorities of the Polish state.

The article deals with the issue of government programs to support motherhood and childhood in the USA: Aid to families with dependent children Program; Work Initiative Program; Job Opportunity and Basic Skills Training Program; Food stamps Program; Emergency Assistance Program, Family Access to Medical Insurance Security Program; Social Security Program and others. The legislative frame work that helped to implement state programs to support social policy in the USA, namely Family Support Act, Social Security Act, Child Support Enforcement Act and others, was analyzed.Key words: social benefit, government program, motherhood, childhood, the USA. ; У статті розглянуто державні програми соціальної підтримки материнства і дитинства в США: "Допомога сім'ям з дітьми"; "Трудова ініціатива"; Програма трудової діяльності і професійного навчання; "Продуктові талони"; Програма допомоги бідним сім'ям з дітьми у випадку надзвичайних ситуацій; "Сімейний доступ до медичної страхової безпеки"; Програма соціального забезпечення та ін. Проаналізовано законодавчу базу, що сприяла реалізації державних програм соціальної підтримки в США, зокрема Закон про підтримку сім'ї, Закон про соціальне забезпечення, Закон "Дотримання мір щодо забезпечення підтримки по догляду за дітьми".Ключові слова: соціальна підтримка, державна програма, материнство, дитинство, США.

The article deals with problem of the value orientations of student youth in the United States. The article analyzes the approaches to the understanding of higher school in the United States as an institution, which content is not limited to the training of qualified cadres for education, science, industry and other branches of social life, but also has an impact on the development of various social institutions. Special attention is focused on the students in the American society as the intellectual and cultural vanguard of the youth, the system of value orientations, which can be viewed as the integrity of intellectual, professional, moral and ethical, cultural and multicultural values. The most significant intellectual and professional personal values of students are quality education, persistent work, honesty, efficiency, creativity, ability to arrange their affairs in any case. The American researchers consider the moral and ethical values as a system of important qualities and orientations of person's inner world, which determine the behavior and consciousness of a personality and are influenced by social and religious factors. The author also defines the cultural and multicultural values as the ability of tolerant coexistence of different race social groups, religious and ethnic groups, as the readiness for mutual collaboration. It is emphasized that the product of the educational culture of American higher education is the Code of Honour. The Methodology of Students' Code of Honour reflects the basic principles of the Western culture that involves the democracy, belief in the force of law, confidence in the authority of the government, readiness to cooperate with it, honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility. The author of the paper concludes that the value orientations of a personality not only determine the motivation of individual behavior, but also make person's world, and are formed in the process of socialization under the influence of education. Forming students' value orientations in Ukraine includes the value reorientation of the personal focus and creating conditions that provide entry into a harmonious society, the awareness of the principles and values of personal and social life. The education system should focus on the fact that the university environment and Humanitarian Sciences help form a better society needed to the value orientations of students.Key words: value orientations, student youth, formation of moral qualities. ; Розглянуто проблеми ціннісних орієнтації студентської молоді в США. Проаналізовано підходи до розуміння вищої школи в США як інституції, зміст якої не обмежується лише підготовкою висококваліфікованих кадрів для освіти, науки, виробництва, інших галузей суспільного життя, а й впливає на розвиток різних соціальних інститутів. Наголошено на студентстві в американському суспільстві як інтелектуальному і культурному авангарді молоді, систему ціннісних орієнтацій якої можна розглядати у спрямуванні інтелектуально-професійних, морально-етичних, культурних та полікультурних цінностей. Визначено, що продуктом освітянської культури американських вищих навчальних закладів є Кодекси честі. З'ясовано, що ціннісні орієнтації особистості не тільки визначають мотивацію індивідуальної поведінки, але й складають світогляд людини, формуються в процесі її соціалізації під впливом виховання та навчання. Ключові слова: ціннісні орієнтації, студентська молодь, формування моральних якостей.

The article deals with lexical-semantic and stylistic peculiarities of American andUkrainian political communication. It demonstrates common and distinct features of both countries political discourse, shows importance of communicative relations between a speaker and his/her recipіents, as well as the role of bipolar myths in modern political communication.Key words: political discourse, linguistic dichotomies, bipolar language oppositions,political myths. ; Досліджено лексико-семантичний та синтактико-стилістичний просто-ри політичних комунікацій США й України, наведено спільні й відмінні риси уполітичному дискурсі обох держав, обґрунтовано важливість адресантно-адресатних відносин між реципієнтами та мовцями, а також роль біполярних міфів у сучасній політичній комунікації.Ключові слова: політичний дискурс, мовні дихотомії, біполярні мовні опозиції,політичні міфи.

Аbstract. The constant growth of competition and the dynamism of sports results on the world arena require a constant search for effective ways to improve the system of the sports reserve preparation. This problem is especially acute for team sports events. Objective. To analyze the socioeconomic and organizational and methodological peculiarities of the system of training reserve and selection of basketball players in the United States. Methods. Analysis of literature sources and data of the Internet, analysis of competitive activity, surveys of experts, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The peculiarities of the basketball reserve training system in the USA are analyzed and presented. The key factors determining the effectiveness of the original American model of long-term preparation of the sports reserve in many sports events are systematized: 1) the lack of direct government funding and management of physical education and sport; 2) the large number, autonomy and diversity of individual participants in the physical culture and sports movement; 3) the leading role of educational institutions in the process of sports reserve preparation; 4) value attitude to sports engagement and a large number of those engaged. The peculiarities of school and student sport organization in the USA are shown, on the basis of which the remote and the nearest reserve for professional sport is prepared. The main links of the system of basketball organization and management in the USA are highlighted. The functioning of sport and reserve training in the United States are mostly extensive. The basis of the long-term success of American basketball players in the international arena is the popularity and mass-scale engagement as well as an extensive network of high-level school and student competitions. The importance of taking into account the historical, socioeconomic, political and other peculiarities of the state, the traditions of the national sports school while transferring the experience of foreign models of long-term training for implementation in other socio-cultural environment. Кeywords: basketball, reserve preparation, selection, competition system, draft, student sport, professional sport. ; Анотація. Постійне зростання конкуренції та динамічність спортивного результату на світовій арені потребують постійного пошуку ефективних шляхів вдосконалення системи підготовки спортивного резерву. Особливо гострою ця проблема є для ігрових командних видів спорту. Мета. Проаналізувати соціально-економічні та організаційно-методичні особливості системи підготовки резерву та відбору баскетболістів в США. Методи. Аналіз літературних джерел та даних всесвітньої мережі Internet, аналіз змагальної діяльності, опитування експертів, методи математичної статистики. Результати. Проаналізовано та представлено особливості системи підготовки баскетбольного резерву в США. Систематизовано ключові фактори, які визначають ефективність функціонування самобутньої американської моделі багаторічної підготовки спортивного резерву в багатьох видах спорту: 1) відсутність прямого державного фінансування та управління галуззю фізичного виховання і спорту; 2) багаточисельність, автономність та розрізненість окремих учасників фізкультурно-спортивного руху; 3) провідна роль освітніх установ у процесі підготовки спортивного резерву; 4) ціннісне ставлення до занять спортом та велика масовість тих, хто займається. Показано особливості організації шкільного та студентського спорту в США, на базі якого відбувається підготовка віддаленого та найближчого резерву для професійного спорту. Виділено основні ланки системи організації та управління баскетболом у США. Функціонування спорту та підготовка резерву в США переважно відбуваються екстенсивним шляхом. Основою багаторічних успіхів американських баскетболістів на міжнародній арені є популярність і масовість занять та розгалужена мережа високих за своїм рівнем шкільних та студентських змагань. Вказується на важливість врахування історичних, соціально-економічних, політичних та інших особливостей держави, традицій вітчизняної школи спорту під час перенесення досвіду зарубіжних моделей багаторічної підготовки для реалізації в умовах іншого соціокультурного середовища.Ключові слова: баскетбол, підготовка резерву, відбір, система змагань, драфт, студентськийспорт, професійний спорт.

Аbstract. The constant growth of competition and the dynamism of sports results on the world arena require a constant search for effective ways to improve the system of the sports reserve preparation. This problem is especially acute for team sports events. Objective. To analyze the socioeconomic and organizational and methodological peculiarities of the system of training reserve and selection of basketball players in the United States. Methods. Analysis of literature sources and data of the Internet, analysis of competitive activity, surveys of experts, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The peculiarities of the basketball reserve training system in the USA are analyzed and presented. The key factors determining the effectiveness of the original American model of long-term preparation of the sports reserve in many sports events are systematized: 1) the lack of direct government funding and management of physical education and sport; 2) the large number, autonomy and diversity of individual participants in the physical culture and sports movement; 3) the leading role of educational institutions in the process of sports reserve preparation; 4) value attitude to sports engagement and a large number of those engaged. The peculiarities of school and student sport organization in the USA are shown, on the basis of which the remote and the nearest reserve for professional sport is prepared. The main links of the system of basketball organization and management in the USA are highlighted. The functioning of sport and reserve training in the United States are mostly extensive. The basis of the long-term success of American basketball players in the international arena is the popularity and mass-scale engagement as well as an extensive network of high-level school and student competitions. The importance of taking into account the historical, socioeconomic, political and other peculiarities of the state, the traditions of the national sports school while transferring the experience of foreign models of long-term training for implementation in other socio-cultural environment. Кeywords: basketball, reserve preparation, selection, competition system, draft, student sport, professional sport. ; Анотація. Постійне зростання конкуренції та динамічність спортивного результату на світовій арені потребують постійного пошуку ефективних шляхів вдосконалення системи підготовки спортивного резерву. Особливо гострою ця проблема є для ігрових командних видів спорту. Мета. Проаналізувати соціально-економічні та організаційно-методичні особливості системи підготовки резерву та відбору баскетболістів в США. Методи. Аналіз літературних джерел та даних всесвітньої мережі Internet, аналіз змагальної діяльності, опитування експертів, методи математичної статистики. Результати. Проаналізовано та представлено особливості системи підготовки баскетбольного резерву в США. Систематизовано ключові фактори, які визначають ефективність функціонування самобутньої американської моделі багаторічної підготовки спортивного резерву в багатьох видах спорту: 1) відсутність прямого державного фінансування та управління галуззю фізичного виховання і спорту; 2) багаточисельність, автономність та розрізненість окремих учасників фізкультурно-спортивного руху; 3) провідна роль освітніх установ у процесі підготовки спортивного резерву; 4) ціннісне ставлення до занять спортом та велика масовість тих, хто займається. Показано особливості організації шкільного та студентського спорту в США, на базі якого відбувається підготовка віддаленого та найближчого резерву для професійного спорту. Виділено основні ланки системи організації та управління баскетболом у США. Функціонування спорту та підготовка резерву в США переважно відбуваються екстенсивним шляхом. Основою багаторічних успіхів американських баскетболістів на міжнародній арені є популярність і масовість занять та розгалужена мережа високих за своїм рівнем шкільних та студентських змагань. Вказується на важливість врахування історичних, соціально-економічних, політичних та інших особливостей держави, традицій вітчизняної школи спорту під час перенесення досвіду зарубіжних моделей багаторічної підготовки для реалізації в умовах іншого соціокультурного середовища.Ключові слова: баскетбол, підготовка резерву, відбір, система змагань, драфт, студентськийспорт, професійний спорт.

The article surveys the main modern tendencies of early foreign language education in the context of the USA elementary school. Тhe student's intellectual potential, developing language effectiveness and higher academic achievement, enhancing economic competitiveness, maintaining political and security interests are provided with second language studying at earlier age (in kindergarten).Various programmes among which school districts and programme planners can choose the most suitable one according to the desired language proficiency outcomes, the budgetary and staffing circumstances are presented. Elementary school foreign language programmes are classified into several major types: partial, total, two-way immersion (FLES); exploratory and foreign language in the elementary school (FLEX) programmes. Their characteristics are revealed through the grade level at which the language is introduced; the number of times the language is taught per week, and the length of time per language teaching session. The traditional and interactive activities in a communication-based classroom (pair and group work, games, surrounding concrete experiences with language, rhymes, songs, role plays, etc.) and special listening, speaking, reading and writing strategies (total physical response, storytelling, the language-experience approach, etc.) are considered. Decentralized type of education leading of the USA includes no general standards in foreign language teaching. The tendency to standardization of content in language learning makes good results in the USA.Some features of elementary foreign language teacher education in the USA are given. The article analyses the most popular information technologies in teaching foreign languages at the American elementary schools.The analysis of the organization of early foreign language education in the United States and possible using American experience at the Ukrainian primary schools is provided. It is essential to study and understand the notable foreign experience. The desire to expand the outlook, to get acquainted with the life of the country which language is studied, its history, geography, everyday life is the most important incentive of learning a foreign language.Key words: foreign language, elementary school, the USA, National Standards, immersion into foreign language. ; Висвітлено особливості процесу навчання іноземних мов у початкових школах США. Визначено чинники впливу на вибір конкретних іноземних мов для вивчення. Розглянуто недоліки децентралізованого типу управління освітою, які позначаються на вивченні іноземних мов у початкових школах США. Окреслено кроки, які зроблено щодо уникнення цих недоліків. Здійснено огляд найперспективніших програм з вивчення іноземних мов у початкових школах США. Ключові слова: іноземна мова, початкова школа, США, державні стандарти, іншомовне занурення.

Мета статті є висвітлення практичного досвіду вищої школи США з виховання громадянськості студентів бакалаврату. Методи дослідження: критичний аналіз науково-педагогічної літератури США з проблеми виховання громадянськості американських студентів; елементи індукції та дедукції для характеристики стану розробленості у США досліджуваної проблеми; узагальнення американського педагогічного досвіду у сфері виховання громадянськості студентів бакалаврату. Розглянуто особливості використання проблемного й пошуково-дослідницького навчання під час вивчення курсів гуманітарного спрямування з метою виховання громадянськості студентів американських університетів і коледжів. Окреслено перспективу подальших розвідок у цьому напрямі, що передбачаю вивчення особливостей навчання студентів бакалаврату у вищій школі США суспільно корисного служіння на благо громади. ; The purpose of the article is to highlight the practical experience of the U.S. higher education institutions in fostering the citizenship of undergraduate students. Methods of research: critical analysis of the U.S. scholarly and pedagogical literature on the issue of the study, with elements of induction and deduction to characterize the state of its development in the USA; generalization of American pedagogical experience in the field of civic education at the undergraduate level. It is considered that civic education is a central concept in the U.S. educational philosophy, serving as the basis for the country's democracy as well as intellectual and democratic traditions, linking the modern era with the history of the U.S. state. Citizenship education in U.S. higher education institutions also encompasses the students' perception of the civil and political rights recognized by the national constitution of the country concerned. It is emphasized that education for citizenship promotes formation of students' independent critical thinking and responsibility in all spheres of life. The peculiarities of problem-based and experiential learning during the courses in the liberal arts with the aim of forming the citizenship of undergraduate students are considered. The use of problem-based and experiential learning in the civic education process in the U.S. higher education institutions contributes to fostering students' core values of democracy, embodied in the sense of civic responsibility and active participation in the life of society in general and community in particular. This type of education in a certain way prepares students for the challenges of modern world by enhancing their self-responsibility for the benefit of the community as well as soft skills necessary to succeed in different spheres of their life. The U.S. colleges and universities not only form the citizenship of students, but also act as leaders in democratic transformations at the level of communities and even the world at large. This process encompasses not only knowledge, skills and abilities, but also the acquired practical experience of socially significant activities, methods and techniques of effective interaction with other people. The scope of further research in this direction is outlined, envisaging the study of the peculiarities of the U.S. undergraduate students' community-based learning.

The article deals with the social and political, cultural and organizational activities of one of the leaders of the Ukrainian inter-war and post-war emigration Nykyfor Hryhoryiv in the USA and Canada in 1938-1948, based on unpublished materials of the Hryhoryiv`s family archive (Potomac,Maryland, USA). A significant part of this archive is introduced into scientific circulation at the first time in this publication. The main areas of activity of N. Hryhoryiv during this period are traced: the creation in the USA and Canada of a Ukrainian independent center-left political force; informational and educational work aimed at forming a positive image of the Ukrainian national liberation democratic movement; foundation of the Ukrainian scientific and cultural center and publishing activity. His activity is considered in the context of the socio-political life of the Ukrainian diaspora and the socio-political processes in the USA and Canada. ; Стаття присвячена громадсько-політичній та культурно-організаційній діяльності одного з лідерів української міжвоєнної та повоєнної еміграції Никифора Григорієва у США та Канаді у 1938-1948 рр. Розгляд проблеми здійснено на основі неопублікованих матеріалів родинного архіву Григорієвих (м. Потомак, штат Меріленд, США), значна частина яких вперше вводиться до наукового обігу в даній публікації. Простежено основні напрямки діяльності Н. Григорієва в означений період: створення в США та Канаді української незалежноїлівоцентристської політичної сили; інформаційно-просвітницька робота, спрямована на формування позитивного іміджу українського національно-визвольного демократичного руху; заснування Українського науково-культурного осередку та видавнича робота. ДіяльністьН. Григорієва розглядається у контексті громадсько-політичного життя української діаспори та суспільно-політичних процесів у США та Канаді.

Think tanks of the United States as a functional prototype of modern analytical centers are explored in the article. The main factors that determined the formation of think tanks in the United States in the early years of the twentieth century were distinguished, in particular: 1) the economic boom in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century; 2) course of administration of T. Roosevelt; 3) cartelization and trasification of the national economy. The process of formation of the official institutionalized elements of the system of expert-ideological influence in the 19101920 years was analyzed. The types of non-state structures of expert support of foreign policy processes of this period are distinguished, such as: 1) non-governmental think tanks, whose activities are directed on ideological substantiation, expert evaluation and advocacy support of foreign policy; 2) councils and associations created to coordinate with the assistance of scientists economic and political interests of business and the state.The influence of the first think tanks of the USA on the public decisions making process is considered. The influence of the Industrial Revolution, private philanthropy and the Great Depression on the formation and development of American think tanks is analyzed. The influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation on the process of the formation of think tanks in the United States is considered. The influence of the Second World War and the Cold War on the formation of expert-analytical organizations in the USA was determined. The peculiarities of the development of think tanks of the USA in the 40's - 50's of the twentieth century, which were caused by a new wave of expansion into the European market of American corporations and banks, were considered. The ideological and organizational changes in the work of think tanks of the USA in the 1960s were explored.The main political events that have created the context for the distribution of disproportionately large numbers of conservative think tanks in the 1970s are analyzed, in particular: 1) political mobilization of business and corporations; 2) political conversion and aggressive propaganda by the neo-conservative intelligentsia; 3) the political mobilization of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians; 4) the prevalence of neoclassical economic theory at universities and among key politicians. The reasons that prevented the creation of non-conservative think tanks in the 1960s-early 1970s are researched, namely: 1) the adoption by Congress of a tax reform law which has tightened restrictions on the political activity of private foundations that historically are major sponsors of think tanks; 2) reducing the resources of the Ford Foundation and reducing its interest in funding analytical centers; 3) a decline in the cost of research and development of the Ministry of Defense, historically another important source of funding for think tanks in the United States.The causes of the emergence and spread of ideologically oriented think tanks (lawyer type) in the USA in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, which openly demonstrated commitment to a certain policy, party or ideology, carried out aggressive propaganda and sought to make influence the discussion of issues current policy are analized. The current condition of think tanks in the USA is considered.It is established that the process of developing strategic ideas by think tanks of the United States is closely linked with the applied orientation towards obtaining specific socio-economic and political results. American think tanks are directly influenced primarily by public interests and have a close connection with the interests of large American business. They are quite different from similar organizations in other countries, with the active participation of many of them in the political process and widely funded from various sources. American think tanks are directly and indirectly ready to participate in shaping public policy, and politicians, in their turn, are appealing to them for advice. ; Think tanks of the United States as a functional prototype of modern analytical centers are explored in the article. The main factors that determined the formation of think tanks in the United States in the early years of the twentieth century were distinguished, in particular: 1) the economic boom in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century; 2) course of administration of T. Roosevelt; 3) cartelization and trasification of the national economy. The process of formation of the official institutionalized elements of the system of expert-ideological influence in the 19101920 years was analyzed. The types of non-state structures of expert support of foreign policy processes of this period are distinguished, such as: 1) non-governmental think tanks, whose activities are directed on ideological substantiation, expert evaluation and advocacy support of foreign policy; 2) councils and associations created to coordinate with the assistance of scientists economic and political interests of business and the state.The influence of the first think tanks of the USA on the public decisions making process is considered. The influence of the Industrial Revolution, private philanthropy and the Great Depression on the formation and development of American think tanks is analyzed. The influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation on the process of the formation of think tanks in the United States is considered. The influence of the Second World War and the Cold War on the formation of expert-analytical organizations in the USA was determined. The peculiarities of the development of think tanks of the USA in the 40's - 50's of the twentieth century, which were caused by a new wave of expansion into the European market of American corporations and banks, were considered. The ideological and organizational changes in the work of think tanks of the USA in the 1960s were explored.The main political events that have created the context for the distribution of disproportionately large numbers of conservative think tanks in the 1970s are analyzed, in particular: 1) political mobilization of business and corporations; 2) political conversion and aggressive propaganda by the neo-conservative intelligentsia; 3) the political mobilization of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians; 4) the prevalence of neoclassical economic theory at universities and among key politicians. The reasons that prevented the creation of non-conservative think tanks in the 1960s-early 1970s are researched, namely: 1) the adoption by Congress of a tax reform law which has tightened restrictions on the political activity of private foundations that historically are major sponsors of think tanks; 2) reducing the resources of the Ford Foundation and reducing its interest in funding analytical centers; 3) a decline in the cost of research and development of the Ministry of Defense, historically another important source of funding for think tanks in the United States.The causes of the emergence and spread of ideologically oriented think tanks (lawyer type) in the USA in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, which openly demonstrated commitment to a certain policy, party or ideology, carried out aggressive propaganda and sought to make influence the discussion of issues current policy are analized. The current condition of think tanks in the USA is considered.It is established that the process of developing strategic ideas by think tanks of the United States is closely linked with the applied orientation towards obtaining specific socio-economic and political results. American think tanks are directly influenced primarily by public interests and have a close connection with the interests of large American business. They are quite different from similar organizations in other countries, with the active participation of many of them in the political process and widely funded from various sources. American think tanks are directly and indirectly ready to participate in shaping public policy, and politicians, in their turn, are appealing to them for advice.

Think tanks of the United States as a functional prototype of modern analytical centers are explored in the article. The main factors that determined the formation of think tanks in the United States in the early years of the twentieth century were distinguished, in particular: 1) the economic boom in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century; 2) course of administration of T. Roosevelt; 3) cartelization and trasification of the national economy. The process of formation of the official institutionalized elements of the system of expert-ideological influence in the 19101920 years was analyzed. The types of non-state structures of expert support of foreign policy processes of this period are distinguished, such as: 1) non-governmental think tanks, whose activities are directed on ideological substantiation, expert evaluation and advocacy support of foreign policy; 2) councils and associations created to coordinate with the assistance of scientists economic and political interests of business and the state.The influence of the first think tanks of the USA on the public decisions making process is considered. The influence of the Industrial Revolution, private philanthropy and the Great Depression on the formation and development of American think tanks is analyzed. The influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation on the process of the formation of think tanks in the United States is considered. The influence of the Second World War and the Cold War on the formation of expert-analytical organizations in the USA was determined. The peculiarities of the development of think tanks of the USA in the 40's - 50's of the twentieth century, which were caused by a new wave of expansion into the European market of American corporations and banks, were considered. The ideological and organizational changes in the work of think tanks of the USA in the 1960s were explored.The main political events that have created the context for the distribution of disproportionately large numbers of conservative think tanks in the 1970s are analyzed, in particular: 1) political mobilization of business and corporations; 2) political conversion and aggressive propaganda by the neo-conservative intelligentsia; 3) the political mobilization of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians; 4) the prevalence of neoclassical economic theory at universities and among key politicians. The reasons that prevented the creation of non-conservative think tanks in the 1960s-early 1970s are researched, namely: 1) the adoption by Congress of a tax reform law which has tightened restrictions on the political activity of private foundations that historically are major sponsors of think tanks; 2) reducing the resources of the Ford Foundation and reducing its interest in funding analytical centers; 3) a decline in the cost of research and development of the Ministry of Defense, historically another important source of funding for think tanks in the United States.The causes of the emergence and spread of ideologically oriented think tanks (lawyer type) in the USA in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, which openly demonstrated commitment to a certain policy, party or ideology, carried out aggressive propaganda and sought to make influence the discussion of issues current policy are analized. The current condition of think tanks in the USA is considered.It is established that the process of developing strategic ideas by think tanks of the United States is closely linked with the applied orientation towards obtaining specific socio-economic and political results. American think tanks are directly influenced primarily by public interests and have a close connection with the interests of large American business. They are quite different from similar organizations in other countries, with the active participation of many of them in the political process and widely funded from various sources. American think tanks are directly and indirectly ready to participate in shaping public policy, and politicians, in their turn, are appealing to them for advice. ; Think tanks of the United States as a functional prototype of modern analytical centers are explored in the article. The main factors that determined the formation of think tanks in the United States in the early years of the twentieth century were distinguished, in particular: 1) the economic boom in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century; 2) course of administration of T. Roosevelt; 3) cartelization and trasification of the national economy. The process of formation of the official institutionalized elements of the system of expert-ideological influence in the 19101920 years was analyzed. The types of non-state structures of expert support of foreign policy processes of this period are distinguished, such as: 1) non-governmental think tanks, whose activities are directed on ideological substantiation, expert evaluation and advocacy support of foreign policy; 2) councils and associations created to coordinate with the assistance of scientists economic and political interests of business and the state.The influence of the first think tanks of the USA on the public decisions making process is considered. The influence of the Industrial Revolution, private philanthropy and the Great Depression on the formation and development of American think tanks is analyzed. The influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation on the process of the formation of think tanks in the United States is considered. The influence of the Second World War and the Cold War on the formation of expert-analytical organizations in the USA was determined. The peculiarities of the development of think tanks of the USA in the 40's - 50's of the twentieth century, which were caused by a new wave of expansion into the European market of American corporations and banks, were considered. The ideological and organizational changes in the work of think tanks of the USA in the 1960s were explored.The main political events that have created the context for the distribution of disproportionately large numbers of conservative think tanks in the 1970s are analyzed, in particular: 1) political mobilization of business and corporations; 2) political conversion and aggressive propaganda by the neo-conservative intelligentsia; 3) the political mobilization of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians; 4) the prevalence of neoclassical economic theory at universities and among key politicians. The reasons that prevented the creation of non-conservative think tanks in the 1960s-early 1970s are researched, namely: 1) the adoption by Congress of a tax reform law which has tightened restrictions on the political activity of private foundations that historically are major sponsors of think tanks; 2) reducing the resources of the Ford Foundation and reducing its interest in funding analytical centers; 3) a decline in the cost of research and development of the Ministry of Defense, historically another important source of funding for think tanks in the United States.The causes of the emergence and spread of ideologically oriented think tanks (lawyer type) in the USA in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, which openly demonstrated commitment to a certain policy, party or ideology, carried out aggressive propaganda and sought to make influence the discussion of issues current policy are analized. The current condition of think tanks in the USA is considered.It is established that the process of developing strategic ideas by think tanks of the United States is closely linked with the applied orientation towards obtaining specific socio-economic and political results. American think tanks are directly influenced primarily by public interests and have a close connection with the interests of large American business. They are quite different from similar organizations in other countries, with the active participation of many of them in the political process and widely funded from various sources. American think tanks are directly and indirectly ready to participate in shaping public policy, and politicians, in their turn, are appealing to them for advice.

The article analyzes the experience (history, theory, practice) of preparation of bachelors and masters of international relations in the USA and Canada. The features of the organization of specialists in international relations were shown, which is based on an interdisciplinary approach, and provides practical and theoretical stages with the possibility to continue research career. It is concluded that the mechanism of enrollment in the Master's program in International Relations of American and Canadian universities – is an effective, democratic, stimulating and controlled process that provides high-quality training of future masters. The importance of structural and functional organization of professional training specialists in international relations of American and Canadian system of university education based on interdisciplinary, cultural, acmeological, scientific and individually oriented approaches and principles of interdisciplinarity, interactivity, consistency, continuity is substantiated. Theoretical and methodological principles of the Master's in International Relations professional training are the orientation of the content on global standards, labor market and personal needs, creative combination of theoretical and practical components, actualization of the students' communicative needs and intercultural potential; development of research skills; formation of values and cultural concepts in international relations.The specific features of the specialists' in international relations professional training at the American and Canadian universities are revealed. They are: the correspondence of educational programs to the needs of science, economy and society; professional and scientific orientation of training; integration in the curriculum business-oriented and legal disciplines; focusing on the development of intercultural communication; diversification of practical training; cooperation with international organizations; internship opportunity within specific programs; active involvement of universities in the process of improvement the quality of education. ; У статті здійснено аналіз досвіду (історія, теорія, практика) підготовки бакалаврів і магістрів міжнародних відносин у США і Канаді. Показано, що теоретичні узагальнення з цієї проблеми спонукають корегувати національну систему професійної26підготовки майбутніх фахівців-міжнародників України на концептуальному рівні, що виявляється у її нормативно-правовому, соціально-економічному, науково-теоретичному, структурно-інституційному, інформативно-комунікативному, міжнародно-інтеграцій-ному, інших аспектах. З'ясування особливостей цього досвіду дає підґрунтя для зіставлення та виявлення спільного і загального, що стосуються диверсифікації освітніх програм, спеціальностей і кваліфікацій; модернізації і стандартизації змісту і якості освіти на основі компетентнісного підходу; створення педагогічних умов для професійного розвитку і самореалізації студентів.

У статті визначено та проаналізовано специфічні особливості функціонування системи вищої освіти США, зокрема соціально-економічні, політичні, історичні, соціокультурні детермінанти її розвитку, розгалуженість законодавчого забезпечення, децентралізованість та регіональність, масовізація, альтернативність фінансування, багаторівневість і диверсифікованість структури, інтенсивний розвиток дослідницьких та корпоративних університетів, які зумовлюють її конкурентоспроможність і лідерські позиції у світі й окреслено можливості використання американського досвіду при розбудові системи вищої освіти в Україні. ; The article identifies and analyzes the specific features of functioning of the US higher education system which determine its competitiveness and leading positions in the world as also outlines the possibilities of use of the American experience in the development of the higher education system in Ukraine. In order to achieve the aim we used the structural-logical and structural-functional analysis which allowed us to determine the specific features of the US higher education system; the system-structural and comparative analysis which helped to define the promising directions for the development of higher education in the United States; the scientific extrapolation method which permitted us to outline the possibilities of using the innovative potential of American experience in the process of modernization of higher education in Ukraine. It has been established that the specific features of the functioning of the higher education system in the USA are socio-economic, political, historical, socio-cultural determinants of its development; ramification of legislative support, implementation of a number of reforms that were standard-oriented, professionally oriented and market- oriented; decentralization and regionalization, financing alternatives, multilevelness and diversification of its structure, comprised of universities, colleges and specialized institutions; intensive development of research and corporate universities. It has been found out that the specific features of functioning of the US higher education system ensure its competitiveness and leadership worldwide, therefore, American experience of building the higher education system can be used in Ukrainian educational space. To perspective directions of further research we refer the study of the organizational, content and procedural foundations of master degree programs at US universities, analysis of strategies and models of research universities in the United States, determination of possibilities of using elements of innovative American experience in Ukrainian educational space.