Suchergebnisse

This study focuses on taxonomic and typological methods of innovation policies in the European institutional context. Although many types of policies affect innovation, no universally accepted criteria exist to classify them. As innovation policy in a myriad of thematic areas—systemic model—has become pluralized, this article offers a method for classification. Such policies are grouped and categorized according to biological and neofunctional approaches.

The European External Action Service (EEAS or Service) is one of the most significant and most debated innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty. This analysis intends to explain the anomalous design of the EEAS in light of its function, which consists in the promotion of external action coherence. Coherence is a principle of the EU legal system, which requires synergy in the external actions of the Union and its Members. It can be enforced only through the coordination of European policy-makers' initiatives, by bridging the gap between the 'Communitarian' and intergovernmental approaches. This is the 'Union method' envisaged by A. Merkel: "coordinated action in a spirit of solidarity - each of us in the area for which we are responsible but all working towards the same goal". The EEAS embodies the 'Union method', since it is institutionally linked to both Union organs and Member States. It is also capable of enhancing synergy in policy management and promoting unity in international representation, since its field of action is delimited not by an abstract concern for institutional balance but by a pragmatic assessment of the need for coordination in each sector. The challenge is now to make sure that this pragmatic approach is applied with respect to all the activities of the Service, in order to reinforce its effectiveness. The coordination brought by the EEAS is in fact the only means through which a European foreign policy can come into being: the choice is not between the Community method and the intergovernmental method, but between a coordinated position and nothing at all.

The analysis of a method for the design of reinforced concrete structures exposed to fire temperatures is presented in the article. The main essential factors which must be evaluated in the design of structures and their parts to provide their adequate carrying capacity and ability to prevent fire spread are analyzed. In fire design it is necessary to take into account the behaviour of structural system exposed to fire temperatures, the possible effect of heat and positive effects of active and passive protection systems against fire and the consequences of collapse of the structure. The method is intended for buildings, fire load is associated with the building and its use. At the same time thermal and mechanical actions for structures exposed to fire are considered. Article in Lithuanian. Nauja Europos sąjungos gaisro temperatūrų veikiamų gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų projektavimo metodika Santrauka.Straipsnyje pateikta naujos gaisro temperatūrų veikiamu gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų projektavimo metodikos analizė. Išanalizuoti pagrindiniai esminiai veiksniai, kuriuos privalu įvertinti projektuojant konstrukcijas ir jų dalis taip, kad jos būtu pakankamos laikomosios galios ir reikiamai ribotų gaisro plitimą. Rengiant gaisrinius projektus, reikia įvertinti konstrukcinės sistemos elgseną veikiant gaisro temperatūroms, galimą šilumos poveikį ir teigiamus aktyviųjų ir pasyviųjų apsaugos prieš gaisrą sistemų efektus kartu su šių trijų savybių neapibrėžtumais ir konstrukcijos griuvimo pasekmėmis. Metodika skirta pastatams, gaisro apkrovą siejant su pastatu ir jo naudojimu. Kartu nagrinėjami gaisro veikiamų konstrukcijų šiluminiai ir mechaniniai poveikiai. Reikšminiai žodžiai:gaisro temperatūros,konstrukcijų projektavimas,šiluminiai ir mechaniniai poveikiai. First Published Online: 21 Oct 2010

The analysis of a method for the design of reinforced concrete structures exposed to fire temperatures is presented in the article. The main essential factors which must be evaluated in the design of structures and their parts to provide their adequate carrying capacity and ability to prevent fire spread are analyzed. In fire design it is necessary to take into account the behaviour of structural system exposed to fire temperatures, the possible effect of heat and positive effects of active and passive protection systems against fire and the consequences of collapse of the structure. The method is intended for buildings, fire load is associated with the building and its use. At the same time thermal and mechanical actions for structures exposed to fire are considered. Nauja Europos sąjungos gaisro temperatūrų veikiamų gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų projektavimo matodika Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikta naujos gaisro temperatūrų veikiamu gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų projektavimo metodikos analizė. Išanalizuoti pagrindiniai esminiai veiksniai, kuriuos privalu įvertinti projektuojant konstrukcijas ir jų dalis taip, kad jos būtu pakankamos laikomosios galios ir reikiamai ribotų gaisro plitimą. Rengiant gaisrinius projektus, reikia įvertinti konstrukcinės sistemos elgseną veikiant gaisro temperatūroms, galimą šilumos poveikį ir teigiamus aktyviųjų ir pasyviųjų apsaugos prieš gaisrą sistemų efektus kartu su šių trijų savybių neapibrėžtumais ir konstrukcijos griuvimo pasekmėmis. Metodika skirta pastatams, gaisro apkrovą siejant su pastatu ir jo naudojimu. Kartu nagrinėjami gaisro veikiamų konstrukcijų šiluminiai ir mechaniniai poveikiai. First Published Online: 21 Oct 2010 Reikšminiai žodžiai:gaisro temperatūros,konstrukcijų projektavimas,šiluminiai ir mechaniniai poveikiai.

Research on the European Union over the past few years has been strongly implicated in the crises that currently grip Europe with a failure to ask the pertinent questions as well as a perceived weakness in the methods and evidence used by researchers providing the basis for these allegations. This volume moves the study of EU research strategies beyond the dichotomies of the past towards a new agenda for research on Europe through a rich diversity of problem-solving based research. This new agenda acknowledges the weaknesses of the past and moves beyond them towards greater openness and awareness of the importance of research strategies, designs and methods. The 20 chapters in this collection range from micro-level analyses of identities, single policy studies and European discourse, through meso-level analysis of agenda setting, bargaining, implementation and Europeanisation, to macro-level analyses of the EU as a global actor, European integration and globalisation as well as hard and soft governance, elections and party groups, attitude formation, and new-regionalism. As such, it provides a comprehensive and accessible guide to conducting research on the European Union today.