Suchergebnisse

258Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Inviolability — General principles regarding — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Convention on the Protection and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, 1973 — Abduction, imprisonment and alleged ill-treatment of diplomat — Swedish diplomat accredited to the Government of Hungary — Arrest by officials of Soviet Union on Soviet invasion of Hungary during Second World WarJurisdiction — Extraterritorial — For breaches of international law — Alien Tort Claims Act — Jurisdiction of United States courts for torts against the law of nations committed against aliens — Extent of jurisdiction — Relation to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — Extent of United States act of State doctrine — Whether applicable to acts in violation of international law — Rules of international law which are clearly defined and of long standing — Importance of manageable judicial standards — Risk of courts embarrassing the executiveState immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Whether State immunity must be pleaded by defendant State — Whether judgment in default of defence may be entered against State which declines to appear before court but asserts immunity in diplomatic correspondence — Whether State immune from action for violation of international law — Waiver — Whether State waives immunity from action for breach of certain principles of international law by becoming party to treaties incorporating those principles — The law of the United States

236State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Tort exception — Action for damages against a foreign State — Whether applicable only where act or omission occurs within the United StatesJurisdictional immunity — Waiver — Whether ratification of treaties constitutes waiver of immunity — Whether individual can rely on State's ratification of treaties to bring action — United Nations Charter — Helsinki Accords — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Individual seeking damages for foreign State's refusal to allow spouse to leave country — Damages for mental and physical distress and violation of rights of consortiumTreaties — Application — Whether treaties creating private rights of action — Whether private rights dependent on whether treaty self-executing — United Nations Charter — Helsinki Accords — Whether ratification of treaties constitutes implicit waiver of State immunity — Action for damages by individual against foreign State — The law of the United States

Sovereign immunity — Diplomatic immunity — Foreign State and its Trade Representation — Restrictive theory of immunity — Contract with U.S.S.R. and its Trade Representation — Action to recover outstanding commission on contract and damages for alleged breach of contract — Whether action defeated by claim of sovereign immunity — Pakistan Civil Procedure Code, Section 86 — Whether applicable to actions against foreign States — International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Effect of trade agreement between Pakistan and the U.S.S.R. — Effect of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, and diplomatic certificate issued by Government of Pakistan — Whether the agreement, the Convention or the diplomatic certificate confers immunity from jurisdiction in a commercial and trade transaction — The law of Pakistan