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BEFORE the dawn of the millennium new legislative and executive authorities will have been established in Edinburgh, Cardiff and (subject to further political and other progress) in Belfast. This article analyses the nature of these constitutional initiatives, and examines their place in the unitary state which is the United Kingdom. It begins by tracing the history of constitutional union between England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. The legal effect of the 1998 devolution statutes is examined, in particular on the legal sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament. A triple constitutional and legal lock exists in the Scotland Act 1998 to ensure that the devolution settlement is the final step away from the pure unitary state which has enfolded Scotland in Great Britain. The nature and likely success of that lock are analysed in some detail. The lawmaking powers of the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly, and the Northern Ireland Assembly are assessed. The similarities and differences between each of the three devolved governments and the British Government are highlighted, and consequences and possible lessons for future government-making at Westminster are drawn. The article concludes with a peer into the possible constitutional futures for the United Kingdom.

Economic historians and geographers have recognised a 'dualism' in the economic development of the UK - a divide between the northern and southern parts of the country - dating back over several centuries. The 'regional problem' in the UK has become increasingly difficult to define and categorise in simple terms. As in other countries, processes of regional and local restructuring have created a complex map of socio-economic change. During the 1980s, a frequently used concept was that of the 'North South divide', contrasting the differences between two parts of the country divided by a line from the River Severn to the Wash. This chapter reviews regional disparities in the UK, a country illustrative in many aspects of regional dynamics in other parts of the EU. The chapter begins by reviewing the historical context and long-term trends in regional disparities, before examining current spatial patterns and contemporary policy debates on the regional problem.

{I}United Kingdom Federation for Culture Collections, Issue 29, 1998{/P} {/I}{B}{P}United Kingdom Federation for Culture Collections{/B}{/P} {I}{B}Newsletter{/I}{/B}{/P} {P}Edited by Dr. John Day {B}{P} Code Number:NL98005 {BR} Sizes of Files: {BR} Text: 49K {BR} Graphics: No associated graphics files {/P} {P}Editorial{/P} {/B}{P}Amongst other important subjects, this issue of the UKFCC Newsletter contains an update on the development of the United Kingdom National Culture Collection (UKNCC). {P}A further subject covered in this issue is the proposed changes to the UKFCC Statutes. {/P} {B}{P}The United Kingdom National Culture Collection (UKNCC){/B}{/P} {/B}{P}The Initiative to implement the UK Govermnents strategy for UK microbial collections has now been running for over two years. Just to remind you it brings together 9 National Collections (one on two sites) under the UK National Culture Collection (UKNCC). The Office of Science and Technology established the UKNCC following the Governments response to an independent Review of UK Microbial Culture Collections. {B}{P}World Federation for Culture Collections: associate membership for UKFCC members{/P} {/B}{B}{P}The WFCC: Its Present Activities and Plans for the Millennium{/B}{/P} {P}The WFCC has had an active period promoting the work of the Federation, operating both through its executive board and committee members, and in a general consultancy capacity to other organisations. It is now planning for the new millennium.{/P} {B}{P}UKFCC Bursary Competition{/P} {/B}{P}The UKFCC Bursary to attend the XVIIth European Culture Collection Organisation (ECCO) meeting at VTT, Espoo, Finland from 24th - 26th June 1998 was awarded to Dr RA Fleck. An abstract of the paper he presented "{I}Development of effective preservation procedures for use in culture collections"{/I} is published {/P} {P}{B}Report on the UKFCC Student Bursary (Summer 1998){/P} {/B}{P}Morphological and temperature studies on a selection of{I} Ganoderma {/I}isolates from the CABI BIOSCIENCE Genetic Resources Collection, formerly IMI.{/P} {B}{P}Report on: World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC) Workshop: {BR} The economic value of microbial genetic resources{/P} {/B}{P}The Workshop was held at the Eighth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (Halifax, Canada, August 12th 1998){/P} {P}NOTE: A full report with extended abstracts, bibliography, background documents etc will be published by the WFCC; this will also be made available on the WFCC Web Site {B}{P}MOSAICC Developments{/P} {/B}{P}The EU supported project to develop guidelines (or a voluntary code of conduct) for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by culture collections and microbiologists in general is reaching its final stage. The second meeting of the steering group takes place at the beginning of February 1999 in Brussels and additional participants will be invited to attend and contribute to the final development of the guidelines.{/P} {B}{P}Future UKFCC Meetings{/P} {B}{P}Meetings of Interest{/P} {B}{P}UKFCC Committee Members{/P} {B}{P}UKNCC Service Culture Collections {/P} {B}{P}Sustaining Members{/P} {B}{P}STATUTES OF THE UK FEDERATION for CULTURE COLLECTIONS{/A}{/P} {B}{P}UKFCC Training Course on the Preservation and Maintenance of Microorganisms and Cell Lines {/B}{BR} 26-28 April 1999{/P} {P}Copyright UKFCC 1998

Government Publications Review 17 (1990) 461-463. doi:10.1016/0277-9390(90)90055-I ; Received by publisher: 0000-01-01 ; Harvest Date: 2016-01-04 12:21:59 ; DOI:10.1016/0277-9390(90)90055-I ; Page Range: 461-463

This paper draws together, in the form of a survey, a number of different aspects of the United Kingdom?s international migration experience since the Second World War. The areas covered include changes in the volume and composition of international migration and the factors influencing migration; the background to, and the development of, restrictions on immigration; and the links between immigration policy and race relations. This is followed by an examination of the education and labour market status of immigrants and ethnic minorities as compared with native- born whites. Results from recent econometric research on wage and employment differentials are presented and interpreted in the wider context. Finally, the possible effects of migration on the economy at large are briefly discussed.

The common law concept of territorial birthright citizenship is the foundation for the Fourteenth Amendment's Citizenship Clause, which confers citizenship on those born within the United States and "subject" to its "jurisdiction." Likewise territorial underpinnings were the basis for over 375 years of birthright citizenship within the United Kingdom. Contemporary discourse with respect to territorial birthright citizenship, however, has shifted from its common law basis and now focuses on whether citizenship ought to inhere in children born to illegal immigrants. In the United Kingdom, the British Nationality Act of 1981 abandoned territorial birthright citizenship in favor of parentage based citizenship. The United States, however, while adopting the English common law concept of territorial birthright citizenship embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, has never definitively articulated its position on children born to illegal immigrants. Social and political controversy over the influx of illegal immigrants has increased activity aimed at altering the doctrine of territorial birthright citizenship. Efforts in the United States to legislatively redefine the Citizenship Clause to exclude children born to illegal immigrants from United States citizenship have failed and are probably unconstitutional should they succeed. This can be contrasted with the restriction of citizenship in those born to illegal immigrants. While the common law basis of the U.K.'s departure from territorial birthright citizenship is exemplified under "Parliamentary Supremacy," legislative alteration of the U.S. common law basis of territorial birthright citizenship may not occur by directly restricting the Fourteenth Amendment. This Note investigates the development of territorial birthright citizenship in the United Kingdom and the Untied States and critiques contemporary efforts in the United States to restrict citizenship of children born to illegal immigrants. This Note concludes that while the legislative ...

The article analyses the development of the national policies in both countries targeted to bringing renewable energy technologies onto the respective electricity market. Commencing with the empirical finding that in the course of the 1990s Germany proved to be more successful than the United Kingdom in establishing renewable energy capacity, it examines the reasons for the different outcomes of this market correction policy. It identifies one main factor, which explains both the different policies and outcomes. This factor is the different political-administrative system - including different modes of sectoral governance of electricity utilities - in combination with different starting points of sectoral liberalisation.Accordingly, the article elaborates the favourable influence of the federal system of government in Germany for the policy-making and implementation of substantial regulations supporting renewable energy generation. Contrary to that, it describes the impediments and restrictions of the unitary political-administrative system of the United Kingdom to realising successful sectoral governance for a greener electricity supply and examines the impacts of early sectoral liberalisation in the United Kingdom - i.e. market creation policies to achieving a competitive and more efficient generation market - for renewable energy policy. As addressed from other prospects in the chapters of the book, it contributes to the discussion of governmental challenges to provide for public services (in this definition including environmental issues) in increasingly competitive markets. It also gives an example for the heterogeneity of regulatory principles that still characterise utility regulation in spite of creating an Internal Energy Market in Europe and strives to give an account for this divergence in utility regulation.

This report presents some of the key findings of a research project, funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre, which investigated the provision of European Union information in UK public libraries. The project focused, in particular, on the implementation of the Public Information Relay (PIR) - a European Commission initiative designed to bring European Union information closer to the British public through the existing public library network. This chapter presents findings from a survey of 117 public library authorities in the PIR network, and a survey of 372 users of the public libraries in Aberdeen, Glasgow and Moray.

This report describes a British Library funded research project which investigated the provision of European information in public libraries in the United Kingdom, and in particular the implementation of the Public Information Relay - a European Commission initiative designed to bring EU information closer to the British public through the existing public library network. The key elements of the project included: a questionnaire-based survey of all public library authorities participating in the PIR (response rate: 117 out of 154, i.e. 76%), which examined past and present levels of European information provision, the manner in which the PIR service was being implemented, and any potential problems and solutions; a series of 8 case study visits to a representative sample of PIR members; and a survey of the European information needs of over 370 users in Aberdeen City, Glasgow City and Moray District Libraries. In addition, the project team organised a seminar, which was held at the Representation of the European Commission in London on 25th June 1996, and was attended by some 47 delegates from UK public library authorities and other interested parties, including the Society of Chief Librarians in England and Wales, the Scottish Library and Information Council, and the Library and Information Commission. The purpose of this event was to allow feedback and qualitative response from practitioners on the results of the project to date. The report discusses the background to the PIR and the literature to date, as well as the project's methodology and major findings. The project found that libraries were making very positive efforts to develop their European information services, but that there were concerns about the future development and resourcing of membership of the Relay. While the support of the European Commission was seen as valuable by respondents, the majority of libraries served a wider community of need than was envisaged by the remit of the PIR, in particular being heavily used for educational and ...

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020.

Driven in part by the question of bank supervision in euro-area countries, a growing body of literature addresses whether central banking and bank supervision should be combined. This paper address this debate in light of recent legislation in the United Kingdom and the United States. Recent legislation in the United Kingdom stripped the Bank of England of its responsibility for bank supervision and established the Financial Services Authority as an integrated supervisor of financial services. In the United States, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 expanded the regulatory authority of the Federal Reserve. In light of international trends, I consider how the separation of monetary policy and bank supervision in the United Kingdom versus the combination of those functions in the United States stacks up against the empirical and theoretical literature. I conclude that the approaches in both countries rely on untested elements. I make predictions for the future role of the central banks in the United States and United Kingdom and some recommendations for reform.

This article considers changes in public management within the context of the political environment withinwhich it is practised. Taking the United Kingdom as an example, the article considers the alleged deficienciesof traditional public administration and the nature and implications of New Public Management. It is shown,that application of the New Public Management continues and the merits of competition and customer-focus,with concomitant emphases on restructuring, measuring performance, etc., are stressed as key characteristicsof the new public service environment.

Legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts by car drivers and front seat passengers has been acclaimed as a major public health advance. Reports from other countries, and two recent evaluative studies in the United Kingdom, have suggested that legislation reduces both deaths and injuries. To assess the effect of the UK law 5 years after its implementation, trends in routine data for 1976-1987 have been reviewed. There were two sources of data: mortality statistics, published by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in the quarterly Monitor DH4, and road accident statistics, recorded by the police and published by the Department of Transport. There is a downward trend in deaths over the period, but the data show little impact from the law. One explanation for this lack of effect is the risk compensation hypothesis, which suggests that "safety" improvements are transferred by drivers into increased performance--the amount and speed of travel. Public health policies need to take into account the complex behavioural interactions between travel and safety choices if they are to affect underlying trends.

This thesis deals with cooperation between France, Germany and the United Kingdom within the area of foreign and security policy. Two case studies are presented, one of them concerning cooperation between the three states within and outside institutions in 1980 following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the other dealing with cooperation concerning the crisis in Macedonia in 2001. In accordance with the approach of neoliberal institutionalism the primary hypothesis is that cooperation is primarily determined by the interests of states but it is also limited by norms and affected by the institutions of which the three states are members. The study describes the large variety of forms of cooperation that exist between France, Germany and the United Kingdom, in which the United States also plays an important part, and which also includes their cooperation within a number of international institutions. The study also points to the new forms of interaction between states and institutions that have come about since the Cold War ended, and which give a stronger role to institutions and the cooperation between them. Still, however, states retain a decisive role in cooperation within the field of foreign and security policy.

Aims—To determine the sources of funding for UK gastroenterology research papers and the relative impact of papers funded by different groups and of unfunded ones. Methods—UK gastroenterology papers from 1988-94 were selectively retrieved from the Science Citation Index by means of a specially constructed filter based on their title keywords and journal names. They were looked up in libraries to determine their funding sources and these, together with their numbers of authors, numbers of addresses, and research category (clinical/basic) were considered as input parameters to the research. Output parameters analysed were mean journal impact category, citation counts by papers, and the frequency of citation by a US patent. Results—Gastroenterology papers comprise about 7% of all UK biomedical research and 46% of them have no acknowledged funding source. One quarter of the papers acknowledged government support, and a similar fraction a private, non-profit source; 11% were funded by the pharmaceutical industry. The papers acknowledging funding had significantly more impact than the others on all three measures. The citing patents had six times more UK inventors than the average for all US Patent and Trademark Office patents in the relevant classes and were mostly generic in application. Conclusion—The variation in impact of papers funded by different sources can mostly be explained by a simple model based on the input factors (numbers of funding bodies, numbers of authors, numbers of addresses, and research type). The national science base in gastroenterology is important for the underpinning of UK invented patents citing to it.