Suchergebnisse

Cakrawala : Jurnal Penelitian Sosial. Vol. 5, No. 1, Juni 2016, p. 99-117 ; In the history of UN peace operations, East Timor is one of the peace operations that are considered successful. The role played by the United Nations not only focus on peacemaking efforts with the mediator between Indonesia and Timor Leste freedom fighters, but also in peacekeeping and peacebuilding programs such as peacekeeping operations and the development of economic, political, social and cultural. It is worth noting that the success achieved was due to the revolutionary strategy to evolve the role of the United Nations which is associated in an ad hoc institution with the specific mandate of these institutions. The formation of an ad hoc institution that makes the implementation of the program becomes more focused. Politically, these institutions have managed to map the needs, plans and steps needed to create peace in East Timor. Indeed the success of the strategy process and the United Nations in East Timor could be a recommendation for a model United Nations peacekeeping operation in the world.

Abstract Completion of the armed conflict in both the legal and political framework set in customary international law and the Hague Convention I of 1899 and 1907 on the peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Mechanisms for resolving armed conflicts as well as measures to prevent the emergence of armed conflict refers to the two methods of dispute resolution, the peaceful resolution of disputes and the settlement of disputes by force or violence. Patterns in the context of conflict resolution approach more focused on the efforts of early stage to prevent the emergence of armed-conflict. Such efforts can be done with diplomacy and political mediation efforts by involving the various parties that are considered to be actors of peace. While humanitarian law in the context of normative law enforcement efforts imprinted on the situation of the ongoing war, one of its forms through foreign intervention in the ongoing armed conflict itself. In the present context of the humanitarian intervention of humanitarian law known as the Responsibility to Protect (R to P). In addition through the UN mechanism for the continuous efforts of the international community to prevent the emergence of armed conflict also involving a number of other actors who can be considered a partner for peace. One of them involving specific groups that can be considered a party to break the chain of armed conflict itself. One of them is through the mechanism of the Kimberley Process.

The background of this article is the existence of a global pandemic COVID-19 which has an impact in various fields. This article seeks to explore the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on information and communications technology (ICT) in the form of digital diplomacy. Exploration is carried out by investigating the case of Indonesian diplomacy at the United Nations (UN) in March, April, and May 2020. The main concept in this article is digital diplomacy. This concept illustrates the use of ICT as a means of diplomacy for state actors and changes at the policy and institutional levels. This article found various digital diplomacy activities from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations in New York, United States during the global pandemic COVID-19. These activities include: 1) coordination with Indonesia's Embassy and Consulate General in the United States to protect Indonesian citizens; 2) participation in UN Security Council virtual meeting to discuss international peace and security issues; and 3) participation in other UN bodies virtual meetings to discuss international development issues. This article argues that the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic in the field of ICT is reflected in Indonesia's digital diplomacy at the United Nations. The global pandemic COVID-19 changed the means and tools used by Indonesian diplomats to gather information, negotiations, and responses on international issues. Even so, Indonesian diplomacy at the UN continues to run optimally.

United Nations as international organization issued an international convention to eliminate discrimination towards women, called CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of All Form of Discrimination Against Women). As the one of the nation that ratified the convention, Indonesia, adopted CEDAW articles that becomes UU RI No. 7 Tahun 1984. Indonesia agreed to prevent further discrimination towards women and implement all the policies written on those article. Unfortunately, the success and implementation of CEDAW is still doubtful, especially in political realm. The number of women political participation never reached 30% according to the affirmative action that is stated in Indonesian Constitution. The 2009 and 2014 general election showed that women's representation in parliament in still low and not having significant change. The success of CEDAW can be seen from women's political participation, measured by international indicator called GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure). GEM is used to measure shift and effectiveness of the implementation of CEDAW Convention in Indonesia, especially in political participation. This article concluded that CEDAW International Convention in political participation is not effective yet, considering the number of women in parliament not balanced with ratio of women citizen in Indonesia.

ABSTRAK One of the special concerns is political education that is still low among millennials. Based on the motivation to prepare the future of the nation and the state and to keep the election running well, and to produce electoral output that has the legitimacy to lead the government, the reasons and motivations for the involvement of millennials related to political education are very important to be identified, with this is expected to produce the right formulation to maximize the role of millennial generation in subsequent elections. To be able to identify the role of political education for millennials as an effort to increase their political participation, one way that can be done is to conduct research. As democracy develops, groups who also want to influence the policy making process emerge. One group of participants in the election is millennial generation. Millennial limits start from the age of 16 years following the determination of the age of young people carried out by the United Nations, while the age limit of young people up to 30 years is based on Youth Law No. 40 of 2009 article 1 concerning: Youth is an Indonesian citizen entering an important period of growth and development aged 16 (sixteen) to 30 (thirty) years. This millennial generation can become a separate force in elections if properly directed

Title research is "Plenning Relationships By Head to the effectiveness of AchievementTargets Land and Building Tax in the District Brass Brass District".The problem that the author found is the effectiveness of the achievement of the land andbuilding tax in the district brass brass district allegedly not been achieved due to non optimalplanning. The research question the authors ask is there a relationship between planning and theeffectiveness of the UN tax target target in sub District Brass Brass.The hypothesis that the author propose is "There is significant relationship betweenplanning and effectiveness in the achievement of the UN Sub District Brass Brass. Methods usedby the writer is a survey method with the quantitative analysis techniques, the study analyzes thevariables supported by the data using statistical formulas. The research proves that the Head ofplanning variables in achieving the UN target of optimal yet reached the stage where enoegh newsuccess with a total score of 859 or 59.7%. In quality it is visible from less optimalimplementation planning steps. Then variabeel effectiveness in the achievement of the UN SubDistrict Brass Brass is also still at levels sufficient or not optimal with a total score of 471 or69.9%.The relationship between the effectiveness of planning variables by Head to theeffectiveness of the effectiveness of the United Nations in the Distric of Guning Jati Cirebonregency high enough to count the value of rs for rs value of 0.532 compared 0.329 for the tablethen the value is significant. Thus, the authors propose the hypothesis Ha Ho accepted andrejected

Global warming has seized the world's attention will be growing even larger in the future considering the consequences of it. UNO, through environmental program UNEP (United Nations Environment Progranune) and the World Meteorological Organization (World Meteorological Organization, WMO) formed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to examine and analyze issues emerging science. Since 1990, every five or six years the IPCC has issued reports related to science through observation and prediction to determine the trend in the future. The conclusions that can be described are one of the strategic ways to protect the atmosphere is to control the use of natural resources. Increasing number of both large and medium industries in order to meet consumer needs for industrial products is contributing to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from industrial processes. To meet international standards for the environment, using the GHG Emission Standard, Indonesian follows the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines. In applying these standards in the steel, chemical , aluminum and cement in Indonesia has two options: firstly, replacing old technology with new technology that GHG emissions is small, the second, modifies or adds equipment that reduce GHG emissions. This type of cooperation corresponding to the four types of industries (chemical, steel, cement and aluminum) are complementary models, simultaneous agreement model can be complete each other. Furthermore, various agreements between countries can be done through a variety of mechanisms. In addition, we need to realize the importance of industrial processes and ' clean production ', as this can increase the efficiency of use of raw materials, energy, prevent or replace the use of hazardous materials and toxic, reducing the amount and toxicity levels of all emissions and wastes before leaving the process. Clean production was essentially aimed at reducing the environmental impact throughout the product life cycle, from raw material collection to final disposal after the product was not used. Finally, community participation, industrialists, and government jointly required because it is the most effective measure in mitigating the effects of greenhouse gases.

In the 1970s,Indonesiais one of thepoorest countries inAsia. In 1976, 54million people in Indonesia(40% of the population) belong to the categoryof poor. In1980-1990anperiodis a period ofhigh economic growth. High economicgrowthis closely linkedwithpoverty reductiondrasticallywhere the numberof poor peoplefell by almost50% from40millionto 22million peoplein 1981s/d1996.In the year2010 the numberof poor peopleamounted to31.02 million people, or about 13:33% andthe poverty ratein March2009 amounted to32.53million, or about 14:15% (BPS). LastBPS dataperSeptember 2013shows that there are28.59millionor11.66% ofthe totalpopulationinIndonesia.PovertyinIndonesia hasdecreasedsignificantlysincethe reformera. Acceleration ofpoverty reductionprogramsinIndonesiais donewithgoodsynergywork programsatnational and local levels. Poverty reduction programscurrently dividedinseveralclusters: Cluster(1) Direct AidSociety(BLM). Thisclusterincludes theSchool Operational Assistance(BOS), Community Health Insurance(Assurance), Ricefor the Poor(Raskin), Family Hope Program(PKH). Cluster1goalistoreducepovertyandimprove thequality ofhuman resources, especiallythe poor.Cluster (2) is the national community empowerment Program (PNPM) independently. The purpose of PNPM Mandiri is to increase prosperity and employment opportunities of the poor independently. Cluster (3) people's business credit (KUR) is a people's business credit is given to the poor without collateral to the community a certain amount. Purpose to provide and strengthening economic access for businessmen of small and micro-scale. An important aspect in strengthening is giving them freely to access of the poor to be able to try and improve the quality of life.In 2011 the Government carry out a Cluster of clusters of four. This Cluster includes: (1) the provision of the House very cheap, (2) a cheap public transport Vehicles, (3) clean water to the people, (4) enhancement of Life for fishermen, (5) improvement of Urban Edge Community Life. The 4 Cluster in the framework of poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), so the expected goal of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 is reached. As it known that the millennium development goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is an attempt to meet the basic needs of the rights of man through a joint commitment between the 189 UN Member States to implement the 8 (eight) Millennium development goals, namely (1) tackling poverty and hunger, (2) achieve primary education for all, (3) encourage gender equality and the empowerment of women, (4) reduce child mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) fight against spread of HIVAIDS, malaria and other contagious diseases, (7) Living and Sustainability (8) global partnership in development. Eight of these targets as measurable goals for a single package of development and poverty reduction.In September 2000, the United Nations Millennium Summit, where world leaders agreed on eight development goals that are specific and measurable global called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The first seven goals focus on eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality; In September 2000, the United Nations improve maternal health, combat HIV-AIDS, malaria and other diseases, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Whereas the eighth goal calls for the establishment of a global partnership for development, with targets for aid, trade and debt relief.However approach the year 2015, global world will experience the transformation of the global development of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The shifting of the MDGs to the SDGs doesn't mean the goal contained in the MDGs fail is reached. Quite the contrary, many world records that reveal the success in various countries, there is a remarkable improvement experienced by the poor countries in the ranking of HDI (human development index) the lowest. In the last 40 years, the State- countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report in the 2013 Global Monitoring Report also explain the positive trend in the achievement of the MDGs. reduction of half of the world's poor population, reduction of half of the population without access to clean water, the Elimination of gender inequality in primary education in 2015, and the improvement of life in a hundred million slums by 2020 was reached more quickly, i.e. in 2010. ADB, a number of countries in Asia also experienced progress in achieving the millennium development goals. The number of poor population has decreased significantly in Malaysia, Viet Nam and China. In Thailand and Malaysia, long-term policies to overcome poverty coupled with their concern for the environment has made the countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report, these countries are on a sustainable growth path. But not so the case with Indonesia, a country with a diversity of biodiversity in forests is raining but the risorsis contained therein are not managed sustainably and fairly.Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be forwarded to Suistanable Development Goals (SDGs). The MDGs will expire in 2015, but until now there has been no final draft which will forward the MDGs program. to that end, scientists and many quarters trying to deepen the concept of SDGs as successor to the MDGs. Keywords: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primary education, maternal health, clean water.

Food security become very important as food crisis occurred in 2008. Under the administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2009 to 2014, the crisis due to increase in population in Indonesia encourages increase in food demand. However, to fulfill Indonesia's food demand it still depends on the availability from international market. This research aims to analyze why countries like Indonesia dependent on international markets for food security aspect despite having the capability to achieve fulfillment on food. To analyze the reasons, the concepts of comparative advantage, dependency, and national capabilities will be use to analyze the factors on why nations depend on international market to achieve its food security. Accompanied by a comparison between Indonesia with Vietnam, Malaysia, and United States to see the similarities and differences to achieved food security in the international market. With qualitative research methods and comparison focus on explanative research also using literature studies in data collection. The results of this study finds that Indonesia dependence are influenced by comparative advantage policy of other countries which in this case are Vietnam and Malaysia, the international market system that encourages dependency, and Indonesia inability to maximizing its national capability compared to United States. Keywords: dependency, comparative advantage, national capabilities, Indonesia, food security.