Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this Ph.D. dissertation is to analyze the United States model of transparency in the public sector. The dissertation moves from the assumption that this model does not coincide with the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which is only a component – albeit prominent – of it. Government secrecy, which extends beyond the executive branch, constitutes a comprehensive limit to transparency. At the heart of the concept of government secrecy is the system of classification of national security information, which has implications for each of the three branches of the Federal Government, as the Author shows. Despite several connections with executive branch secrecy, which may be pinpointed at a theoretical level, the relation between transparency and secrecy features its own framework in the legislative and judicial branches. How this relation emerges in the executive branch, however, is the core of the issue, and its study requires distinguishing executive privilege from mandatory disclosure that federal agencies have to ensure under the FOIA. The former is mostly meant in the United States as the power of the President, implicitly recognized by the Constitution, to withhold information from Congress. The exercise of this power affects the carrying out of the congressional oversight function. As to the latter, the FOIA exemptions mold the level of agency disclosure, and the President and the Attorney General establish the extent of disclosure by issuing memoranda on implementation of the FOIA. The Author dwells on exemptions 1 and 5, as their scope embraces most of the issues addressed in the present dissertation. The federal legislation on agency open meetings, which provides for specific exemptions, complete the system of executive branch transparency. In the conclusions, the Author identifies some paradoxes in the United States model of transparency considered as a whole, which, however, turns out to be satisfactory.

The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience. ; The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience.

The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience. ; The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience.

La tesi ha come obiettivo la riflessione sul ruolo politico di agenda making dei think tank statunitensi attraverso le relative strategie comunicative e discorsive. L'orientamento ideologico-politico, spesso dichiaratamente a sostegno di un determinato partito, induce i think tank a operare in diverso modo: i think tank di destra, esemplificati da Heritage Foundation, più portati ad interagire direttamente con il potere legislativo del Congresso; i think tank di sinistra, esemplificati dalla Brookings Foundation, più inclini a influenzare l'opinione pubblica attraverso l'occupazione degli spazi di distribuzione e propagazione delle news. Risultano diversi, pertanto, strumenti e generi della comunicazione: diversificati e target-oriented quelli dei think tank di destra, più generali e 'di opinione' quelli di sinistra.