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This paper examines the law concerning the privileges and immunities of international police serving in UN peace operations. It describes the legal framework concerning privileges and immunities in UN peace operations and focuses on the key legal privileges and immunities that UN police are granted. More specifically the paper describes the immunity of UN police from criminal and civil jurisdiction of the host State.

Ai Kihara-Hunt's Holding UNPOL to Account: Individual Criminal Accountability of United Nations Police Personnel analyzes whether the mechanisms that address criminal accountability of United Nations police personnel serving in peace operations are effective, and if there is a problem, how it can be mitigated. The volume reviews the obligations of States and the UN to investigate and prosecute criminal acts committed by UN police, and examines the jurisdictional and immunity issues involved. It concludes that these do not constitute legal barriers to accountability, although immunity poses some problems in practice. The principal problem appears to be the lack of political will to bring prosecutions, as well as a lack of transparency, which makes it difficult accurately to determine the scale of the problem.

Intro -- Holding UNPOL to Account: Individual Criminal Accountability of United Nations Police Personnel -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Cases -- List of Treaties -- Acronyms -- 1 Introduction -- 1 The Issue -- 2 The Evolution of UN Peace Operations -- 3 The Scope of This Work -- 4 Issues Outside the Scope of This Work -- 5 Structure -- 6 Definitions and Clarifications -- 7 Conclusion -- 2 UN Police in Peace Operations -- 1 The Evolution of the Functions of the UN Police in UN Peace Operations -- 1-1 The Creation of the Institution of the UN Police -- 1-2 Post-cold War -- 1-3 From Monitoring to Reform -- 1-4 Multi-dimensional Policing -- 1-5 Executive Policing -- 1-6 Formed Police Units -- 1-7 A Holistic 'rule of law' Approach -- 2 The Growth in Size of the UN Police -- 3 Ensuring the Deployment of the Required Types of Personnel -- 3-1 Expertise Required of UN Police Officers -- 3-2 Personal Qualities Required -- 3-3 The UN's Efforts in Securing Adherence to the Required Criteria -- 4 Conclusion -- 3 Evidence of the Commission of Crimes by UN Police -- 1 Findings Regarding Particularized Allegations -- Misconduct Entries over Time -- Nature of Alleged Crimes -- Nationality of Suspects -- Prosecution -- 2 Possible Patterns of Criminal Conduct -- 2-1 Evidence of the Scale of Wrongdoing -- 2-2 Nature of Alleged Criminal Offences -- 2-3 Analysis in Relation to the Sending State -- 2-4 Possible Reasons for the Patterns -- 3 Evidence of Prosecution -- 4 Conclusion -- 4 Current UN Machinery for Collecting Information Regarding Alleged Crimes for Domestic Criminal Proceedings -- 1 Benchmarks -- Benchmark 1 -- Benchmark 2 -- Benchmark 3 -- Benchmark 4 -- 2 Evolution of the Approach to, and the Mechanisms for, Dealing with Criminal Misconduct -- 3 Analysis of the Mechanisms' Performance -- Benchmark 1 -- Benchmark 2.

UN police in peace operations -- Evidence of the commission of crimes by UN police -- Current UN machinery for collecting information regarding alleged crimes for domestic criminal proceedings -- Criminal jurisdiction under international and national law -- Immunity as a potential legal barrier -- Is there an obligation to investigate and prosecute?

Why do international policing missions often fail to achieve their mandate? Why do United Nations Police officers struggle when serving in foreign peacekeeping missions? United Nations International Police Officers in Peacekeeping Missions: A Phenomenological Exploration of Complex Acculturation unravels these problems to find a causal thread: When working in hyper-diverse organizations such as the United Nations Police, United Nations police officers must grapple with adjusting to a kaleidoscope of different and competing cultures simultaneously—an issue the author identifies as complex acculturation. In this introduction to the novel concept of complex acculturation, Michael Sanchez explores the reasons behind the chronic performance troubles of the United Nations Police, and explains how the very fabric of the organization contributes to its ineffectiveness. While previous research has focused on private sector expatriate workers' challenges when adapting to a single new culture, this timely book describes a previously unstudied phenomenon and applies this knowledge to help businesses, governments, organizations, and citizens navigate the increasingly diverse workplace of the future. This book lays the foundation for a new area of study and provides a forward-thinking perspective that will interest multinational companies, police agencies, international relations organizations, prospective expatriate workers, and academics alike.

The involvement of police in post-conflict peacekeeping has experienced exceptional growth. As a result, the countries contributing police officers to United Nations and European Union Missions is increasing. The countries that have contributed police officers to the 24 United Nations Missions that took place between January 2006 and December 2012 are examined and compared with those of military peacekeeping contributing countries. The countries identified as contributing police to peacekeeping missions during this period are different from those contributing military forces and are principally developing nations. These results raise questions in regard to the form of policing being introduced in post-conflict nations and the depriving of the contributing countries of their limited resource.