Suchergebnisse

This Master's Thesis aims to analyze the radical transformation of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping in the post-Cold War era through a case study of United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in the former Yugoslavia between 1992 and 1995. After the collapse of the UN's major peace mechanism, Collective Security System, the UN developed a new alternative in maintaining international peace and security: Peacekeeping. During the Cold War, its major task was "to secure status quo and stability in disputed regions from the beginning of cease-fire agreement up to a comprehensive peace agreement." Throughout a peacekeeping operation, the UN had tried to remain loyal to the fundamental principles of peacekeeping- consent, non-use of force except for self-defense, impartiality. With the end of the Cold War, there emerged ethnic and religious local conflicts which have begun to threaten international peace and security. . Hence, while conducting its operations the UN had to acquire new tasks and responsibilities to adapt to the new forms of conflict. The transformation of UN peacekeeping in the post-Cold War era is clearly demonstrated in the implementation of UNPROFOR in the former Yugoslavia between 1992 and 1995. Throughout the conflict, it was inevitable that the UN carried out multifarious actions including peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace enforcement and preventive deployment most of which are conflict management methods outlined in Boutros Boutros-Ghali's An Agenda for Peace (written in 1992). Therefore, in the new era, the UN had to exercise an unprecedented conflict management mechanism for the former Yugoslavia. For instance, UNPROFOR, for the first time in UN history, operated under a humanitarian mandate. In the event, the UN, acting through regional organizations, in particular, through NATO, did not hesitate to use its enforcement powers to prevent Serbian aggression against Bosnian civilians in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Thus, in the course of time, peacekeeping had a tendency to go much further beyond its 3 traditional principles. As an innovation, the UN, for the first time, deployed troops for preventive purposes in Macedonia so that the conflict did not spill over that region. In addition, besides the conceptual and operational transformation of UN peacekeeping, the UN also entered an institutional transformation process since it remained restricted within its capacity on matters of command, control, communication, financing and logistics in the new circumstances. ÖZETBu Mastır Tezi'nin amacı, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) Barış Koruma Operasyonları'nın yaşadığı köklü değişimi, 1992 ve 1995 yılları arasında faaliyet gösteren Eski Yugoslavya'daki Birleşmiş Milletler Koruma Görev Kuvveti (BMKGK) örneğiyle analiz etmektir.BM'nin başlıca barış mekanizması, Kolektif Güvenlik sisteminin çökmesiyle, uluslararası barış ve güvenliği sağlamak amacıyla, BM yeni bir alternatif geliştirdi: Barış koruma. Soğuk Savaş süresince, barış korumanın başlıca görevi, çatışma sonrası varılan ateşkesten, kapsamlı bir barış anlaşmasına kadar olan süreçte, bölgede statüyü ve istikrarı korumaktı. Ayrıca BM, bir barış koruma operasyonu sürdürürken, 3 temel prensibe -tarafsızlık, meşru müdafaa haricinde güç kullanmama ve rıza- bağlı kalmaya gayret göstermişti. Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesiyle, uluslararası barış ve güvenliği tehdit etmeye başlayan etnik ve dini nitelikli bölgesel çatışmalar ortaya çıktı. Bundan dolayı, BM operasyonlarını sürdürürken yeni çatışma biçimlerine uyum sağlamak amacıyla yeni görevler ve sorumluluklar üstlenmeye başladı. Soğuk Savaş sonrası ortaya çıkan BM barış koruma operasyonlarındaki değişim, 1992 ve 1995 yılları arasında, eski Yugoslavya'da gerçekleştirilen Birleşmiş Milletler Koruma Görev Kuvveti operasyonunda açık olarak görülmektedir. Çatışma boyunca, BM, çoğu Butros Butros Gali'nin 1992'de yazdığı Bir Barış Gündemi'nde yer alan çatışma yönetimi metotları arasında bulunan barış sağlama, barış koruma, zorlayıcı tedbirler ve önleyici diplomasi gibi çeşitli faaliyetler gerçekleştirdi. Böylece, yeni dönemde, BM eski Yugoslavya'da eşi görülmemiş bir çatışma yönetimi mekanizması işletmek zorunda kaldı. Örneğin, BMKGK, BM tarihinde ilk kez "insani amaçlı" bir görev üstlendi. Ayrıca, bu olayda, Sırpların Müslüman sivillere saldırısını önlemek amacıyla BM, NATO gibi bölgesel örgütler yoluyla güç kullanmaktan çekinmemiştir. Bu dönemde, barış koruma, üç temel prensibinden uzaklaşma eğilimi de göstermişti. Ayrıca, bir yenilik olarak, BM, çatışmanın Makedonya'ya sıçramaması için, ilk defa önleyici amaçlarla, barış koruma gücünü söz konusu bölgeye konuşlandırdı. Ek olarak, barış korumadaki kavramsal ve işlevsel değişimin yanı sıra, BM, kendi bünyesinde, komuta, kontrol, iletişim, finanse, lojistik ve personel gibi konularda sınırlı kaldığından, kurumsal anlamda da değişim sürecine girmiştir.

When the Charter of the United Nations was being written and put into effect, the feature that was most emphasized by its supporters was the provision for the use of collective forces to keep the peace. It was the failure of this particular feature of the Charter system to become effective which was mainly responsible for the subsequent decline of confidence in the UN as a peace organization. For a time, hopes were rekindled by the role of the United Nations in meeting aggression in Korea. Recent events in the Middle East, particularly the establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), have revived interest in the possibility of strengthening the UN as an organization to maintain international peace and security.Because of the hopes aroused as well as the results achieved, it is important to analyze objectively what UNEF is, what its role has been, and to what it may lead.

Does United Nations peacekeeping protect civilians in civil war? Civilian protection is a primary purpose of UN peacekeeping, yet there is little systematic evidence for whether peacekeeping prevents civilian deaths. We propose that UN peacekeeping can protect civilians if missions are adequately composed of military troops and police in large numbers. Using unique monthly data on the number and type of UN personnel contributed to peacekeeping operations, along with monthly data on civilian deaths from 1991 to 2008 in armed conflicts in Africa, we find that as the UN commits more military and police forces to a peacekeeping mission, fewer civilians are targeted with violence. The effect is substantial—the analyses show that, on average, deploying several thousand troops and several hundred police dramatically reduces civilian killings. We conclude that although the UN is often criticized for its failures, UN peacekeeping is an effective mechanism of civilian protection.

The '3rd Force' in the UN & outside it is not a bloc in the literary sense of the word, but rather a group or caucus which convenes when the occasion arises to cooperate in settling internat'l disputes that relate to the Cold War; it thus contributes to world peace. From a neutralist or nonaligned point of view, internat'l affairs after WWII developed in stages: (1) the immediate postwar stage, (2) the period climaxed by the Suez invasion, & (3) the Cuban crisis. At the UN the 3rd Force exercises influence in internat'l affairs far greater than the econ or military strength of its adherents warrant. The USSR identified itself with the aspirations of the nonaligned & neutralist states. Neutralist countries share the endeavor to work for lessening internat'l tension, to support the right of dependent peoples for self-determinism, to oppose colonialism, & to struggle for disarmament & the prevention of atomic weapons. The neutralist states influence the decisions & tendencies of the UN, which in turn influences the destinies of those states which find in the world org not only protection from the dangers of global or local war, but also a confidence & dignity unequaled in modern history. HA.