Suchergebnisse

I have attended and been involved in dozens of annual meetings and conferences across the UnitedStates over the past decade. My experiences at these events, I am certain, are likely to be very similarto those of most readers. At these conferences the basic format involves a large number of peoplecoming together to presumably learn something new, to interact with colleagues, to network and meetnew colleagues within the context of bringing what is learned back ones institution.

As we finalize this issue, the horrible events befalling the UnitedStates on September 11, 2001 have changed the world—in ways thatwe, only two weeks after the attacks, are still watching unfold. Interms of the journal and its New York-based publisher, BerghahnBooks, we have lost a wonderful business partner and friend: DougStone, the owner and founder of Odyssey Press, was aboard AmericanAirlines Flight 11, the first plane to hit the World Trade Centertowers. We would like to express our sincere condolences to DougStone's family, friends, and colleagues at Odyssey Press.

While there has been a dramatic shift in the demographic educational landscape of the UnitedStates, to a more culturally diverse student population, the characteristics of teachers andeducational leaders have remained largely homogeneous. Classroom teachers and schoolprincipals remain predominately White, approximately 90%, and 84% respectively (National Centerfor Education Statistics, as cited in Taylor & Whittaker, 2003). According to many experts, thedifferences between school and home culture result in lower rates of academic achievement fordiverse learners. This article focuses on the challenge facing educational leaders to respond to thisdemographic shift by leading the implementation of a more culturally inclusive pedagogy that willimprove the learning opportunities of diverse students.

Recently, certain small uninhabited islands in the central Pacific Ocean have assumedsudden importance for the British Empire and the United States. Their value as landing places for commercial aviation and as strategic bases for air and naval forces is being increasingly recognized. Acquired during the past century by Great Britain and the UnitedStates, many of these islands have been the object of conflicting claims to sovereignty by the two nations. To clarify their status, it has been found desirable to review the past practice of these states and to examine those factors which were considered adequateto create sovereign rights over uninhabited islands in the Pacific.

Black and Hispanic students are underrepresented at selective colleges and universities in the UnitedStates (Dickerson and Jacobs 2006; Niu et al. 2006). The colleges themselves also play a role bydeciding which students are admitted. Since Black and Hispanic students have lower average SATscores than White and Asian students (Davies and Guppy 1997) and Black students have loweraverage GMAT scores than White and Asian students (Cross and Slater 1998), heavy emphasis onthese test scores in admissions decisions may limit the opportunities for Black and Hispanic students.However, the long-term implications of enrollment patterns and economic returns of selective collegeadmissions create a need for a more thorough analysis of the issue.

Legal Disabilities of Aliens in the United States, by Max J. Kohler (pp.113-117), comments upon the generous treatment of aliens in the UnitedStates and, after disposing of the collateral questions of exclusion and expulsion which have given rise to " serious difficulties," proceeds to set forth the position of aliens in respect to the ownership and control of real estate, the right to employment in public works, the right to enjoy public property equally with citizens, and the right to engage in occupations in which promissory oaths or official licences are exacted. Despite isolated exceptions resident aliens are for most purposes on a footing with citizens in respect to civil rights.

Books reviewed:Alice Ackerman, Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in MacedoniaDavid P. Barash, ed., Approaches to Peace: A Reader in Peace StudiesFredrick C. Harris, Something Within: Religion in African‐American Political ActivismMichael L. Hughes, Shouldering the Burdens of Defeat: West Germany and the Reconstruction of Social JusticeChana Kai Lee, For Freedom's Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou HamerRalph B. Levering and Miriam L. Levering, Citizen Action for Global Change: The Neptune Group and the Law of the SeaDaniel Levine, Bayard Rustin and the Civil Rights MovementLamin Sanneh, Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making of Modern West AfricaDavid F. Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The UnitedStates and Right‐Wing Dictatorships, 1921–1965Jeffery A. Smith, War and Press Freedom: The Problem of Prerogative Power

Racial socialization of African American youth has been found to be a buffer for some of theracial discrimination they face as youth. It denotes the manner by which parents communicateboth unspoken and explicit messages or ideas about the significance of one's nationality in abroader social context. Considering the important factor of skin color in the racial socializationof African American youth is needed as the world becomes increasingly multicultural. This studyprovides a descriptive analysis of the attitudes based on parental preferences towards skin colorof a sample of African American college students in a rural university in the Southern UnitedStates. Using Spearman's Rho and MultiCrit framework, the analysis reveals a strong correlationbetween parental preferences for a certain skin color and participants' skin preferences.Implications for social work and for the study of racial socialization are discussed.

"Votes count," Stein Rokkan asserted many years ago, "but resourcesdecide."1 Political finance is one of the many arenas in which Alexanderand Shiratori's "conflict between real inequalities in economicresources and idealized equalities in political resources" is fought out.2Yet the battleground is more complex than either of these authoritiessuggests. Votes are also a resource. They legitimate, and they can alsopunish, if those who cast them think that economic resources arebeing used unreasonably. Above all, the determination of electoraloutcomes involves players others than voters and moneyedinterests. In almost all modern democracies there are referees ofvarying effectiveness. In general, the referee is "the state," but muchdepends on the organs through which the state operates. Governmentsare not necessarily neutral agents; they and the parliamentsthat legislate on the regulation of political finance may merely reflectthe interests of dominant or established parties. Political finance can,however, also be regulated, as for instance in Germany or the UnitedStates, by judicial review. In addition the media almost everywhereplay an unpredictable role as spectator, watchdog or interested participant.

The demographic of our country's public school students is very diverse and continues to change. By2020, African American, Hispanic, Asian American and Native American groups will account for morethan 40 percent of the U.S. population and this percentage is expected to increase to 50 percent by theyear 2040 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003). Currently, 46 percent of all schools in the United States haveEnglish Language Learners (ELL) or English as Second Language (ESL) students (National Center forEducational Statistics). Furthermore, Hispanics now make up the largest minority group in the UnitedStates and it's estimated that by 2021, 25 percent of all students will be Hispanic (Gándara, 2010).These numbers suggest that current and future public school administrators will need to understandeffective ESL/bilingual instruction in order to provide their students and teachers with adequate supportand supervision. Likewise, they will also need to have a basic understanding of educational law as itpertains to ESL and bilingual programming. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to offer anadministrative overview of some of the more salient issues related to the effective instruction of ESLstudents as well to present a summary of prominent course cases-and subsequent rulings-that affectESL instruction.

Abstract: At present, Japanese researchers conducting social surveys encounter several difficulties such as restricted access to official registers and a decrease in current response rates. These researchers may expect these difficulties to be solved by the survey techniques or methods developed outside Japan, such as computer‐assisted interviews (CAI) and Internet surveys. It is unclear whether the numerous technical differences between survey methodologies developed in Japan and elsewhere imply the backward‐ness of Japan or cultural differences. This paper discusses the potential of various recent survey methods, focusing on the culture and paradigms in Japan and the UnitedStates. First, this paper presents an overview of survey techniques, such as computer‐assisted personal interviewing, Internet surveys, and mixed modes. Second, it points out the fact that the existence of the registers and different survey concepts might have created the different survey paradigms. In addition, reference is made to the linguisticdifferences between the US and Japan. The results indicate that survey research is more dispersed in Japan than in the US and that survey research adapted to the uniqueness of Japanese culture is not accumulated sufficiently, although such an accumulation is required. Finally, it is stated that not only surveys, but also the concept of methodology, is not very popular in Japan. Furthermore, the development of survey research in the US is likely to be related to pragmatism.

Today, cross-border data flows are an important component ofinternational trade and an element of digital service models. However, they are impededby restrictions on cross-border personal data transfers and data localization legislation. ThisArticle focuses primarily on these complexities and on the impact of the new EuropeanUnion ("EU") legislation on personal data protection—the GDPR. First, this Articleintroduces its discussion of these flows by placing them in their economic and geopoliticalsetting, including a discussion of the results of a lack of international harmonization of lawin the area. In this framework, rule overlap and rival standards are relevant. Once thissituation is established, this Article turns to an analysis of the legal measures that havefilled the gap left by the lack of international regulation and the failure to harmonize law:extraterritorial laws in the European Union (regional legislation) and the United States(state legislation); and data localization laws in China and Russia. Specific provisionsrestricting cross-border personal data transfers are detailed under EU legislation, as are theinternational agreements that have been invaluable in allowing flows between the UnitedStates and the European Union to continue—first the Safe Harbor, and now the Privacy Shield. Finally, in this context, the role of data governance is investigated, both in thecontext of data controllers' accountability for the actions of other actors in global supplychains under EU law and under the Privacy Shield. Thus, this Article goes beyond the lawitself, to place requirements in the context of the globalized business world of data flows,and to suggest ways that companies may improve their compliance position worldwide.

The United States' approach to China since the Communist regime inBeijing began the period of reform and opening in the 1980s was based ona promise that trade and engagement with China would result in apeaceful, democratic state. Forty years later the hope of producing a benignPeople's Republic of China utterly failed. The Communist Party of Chinadeceived the West into believing that the its system and the Party-ruledPeople's Liberation Army were peaceful and posed no threat. In fact, thesemisguided policies produced the emergence of a 21st Century Evil Empireeven more dangerous than a Cold War version in the Soviet Union.Successive American presidential administrations were fooled by ill-advisedpro-China policymakers, intelligence analysts and business leaders whofacilitated the rise not of a peaceful China but a threatening andexpansionist nuclear-armed communist dictatorship not focused on asingle overriding strategic objective: Weakening and destroying the UnitedStates of America. Defeating the United States is the first step for China'scurrent rulers in achieving global supremacy under a new world orderbased an ideology of Communism with Chinese characteristics. The processincluded technology theft of American companies that took place on amassive scale through cyber theft and unfair trade practices. The lossesdirectly supported in the largest and most significant buildup of theChinese military that now directly threatens American and allied interestsaround the world. The military threat is only half the danger as Chinaaggressively pursues regional and international control using a variety ofnon-military forces, including economic, cyber and space warfare and large-scale influence operations.