Suchergebnisse

Projekt LUCAS pokrenut je na temelju odluke Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća Europske unije u svibnju 2000. Eurostat je 2001. godine pokrenuo pilot projekt LUCAS u bliskoj suradnji s Ravnateljstvom za poljoprivredu i tehničku podršku ruralnom razvoju Zajedničkog istraživačkog centra. Glavni je cilj projekta zajednička, usklađena izmjera poljoprivrednih podataka i podataka okoliša in situ primjenom dokumentacije GNSS-a i fotografija određenih, georeferenciranih točaka. Istraživanje je provedeno u Slovačkoj u razdoblju od tri godine s početkom 2006. godine. U 2009. provedena je procjena zemljišnoga pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta. U radu se opisuje postupak pripreme, osiguravanja, vođenja i upravljanja istraživanjem zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta u Slovačkoj. Izmjera je pokrenuta 2012. godine. Osnova klasifikacije sastoji se od osam glavnih klasa zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta koje se dijele u detaljnije klase. Rezultat istraživanja je strukturirana baza slika i digitalnih zapisa za 2455 odabranih točaka. Najveća kartirana klasa je šumsko zemljište. Stabilizacija sheme uzorkovanja omogućila je izradu vremenskih nizova za nadzor promjene zemljišnog pokrova na odabranim tipovima zemljišnog pokrova. ; The LUCAS project was launched following a decision by the European Parliament and Council of the European Union in May 2000. Eurostat started the LUCAS pilot project in close cooperation with the technical support of the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development's Joint Research Centre in 2001. The main aim of the project is to provide a common, aligned, in situ overview of agricultural and environmental data, using GNSS and photo documentation for specific, georeferenced points. Research was carried out in Slovakia over a three-year period, starting in 2006. In 2009, an evaluation of land cover/use was carried out. This article presents the process of preparing, securing, conducting and researching the management of land cover and land use in Slovakia. The survey was launched in 2012. The classification base consists of eight categories of land cover and land use, which are broken down into more detail. The result is a structured database of images and digital records for 2,455 selected points. The largest class mapped is forestland. The stabilization of the sampling scheme allowed the construction of a time series for monitoring land cover changes for selected types.

The LUCAS project was launched following a decision by the European Parliament and Council of the European Union in May 2000. Eurostat started the LUCAS pilot project in close cooperation with the technical support of the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development's Joint Research Centre in 2001 . The main aim of the project is to provide a common, aligned, in situ overview of agricultural and environmental data, using GNSS and photo documentation for specific, georeferenced points. Research was carried out in Slovakia over a three-year period, starting in 2006. In 2009, an evaluation of land cover/use was carried out. This article presents the process of preparing, securing, conducting and researching the management of land cover and land use in Slovakia. The survey was launched in 201 2. The classification base consists of eight categories of land cover and land use, which are broken down into more detail. The result is a structured database of images and digital records for 2,455 selected points. The largest class mapped is forestland. The stabilization of the sampling scheme allowed the construction of a time series for monitoring land cover changes for selected types. ; Projekt LUCAS pokrenut je na temelju odluke Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća Europske unije u svibnju 2000. Eurostat je 2001. godine pokrenuo pilot projekt LUCAS u bliskoj suradnji s Ravnateljstvom za poljoprivredu i tehničku podršku ruralnom razvoju Zajedničkog istraživačkog centra. Glavni je cilj projekta zajednička, usklađena izmjera poljoprivrednih podataka i podataka okoliša in situ primjenom dokumentacije GNSS-a i fotografija odrebenih, georeferenciranih točaka. Istraživanje je provedeno u Slovačkoj u razdoblju od tri godine s početkom 2006. godine. U 2009. provedena je procjena zemljišnoga pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta. U radu se opisuje postupak pripreme, osiguravanja, vođenja i upravljanja istraživanjem zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta u Slovačkoj. Izmjera je pokrenuta 2012. godine. Osnova klasifikacije sastoji se od osam glavnih klasa zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta koje se dijele u detaljnije klase. Rezultat istraživanja je strukturirana baza slika i digitalnih zapisa za 2455 odabranih točaka. Najveća kartirana klasa je šumsko zemljište. Stabilizacija sheme uzorkovanja omogućila je izradu vremenskih nizova za nadzor promjene zemljišnog pokrova na odabranim tipovima zemljišnog pokrova.

International audience From Vargas to Collor: faces of Brazilian populism, Camille Goirand. Brazil is obvioulsy a land of favor for populism. But the term there is used for many regional and national experiences. And today it's losing its force. Is it the sign of the disappearance of an exhausted political form or the announcement of its metamorphosis? Citer ce document / Cite this document : Goirand Camille. De Vargas à Collor, visages du populisme brésilien. In: Vingtième Siècle, revue d'histoire, n°56, octobre-décembre 1997.

There was a 1.4% increase in the number of violent deaths in Nigeria in 2018. Fatalities increased from 10,515 in 2017 to 10,665 in 2018.Main causes of violent deaths in Nigeria were crime, political issues, land issues, religious issues, cattle grazing and road accidents.Boko Haram conflict killed 2,135 in 2018, less than the 2,829 fatalities in 2017, accounting for 28% decrease.Cult related killings accounted for 453 deaths in 162 incidents while 238 people were killed in 76 kidnap incidents.In 2018, 2,331 victims were killed in 350 lethal incidents involving security operatives. Ogun maintained its position in 2018 as the state with the highest prevalence of fatal road accidents.The most dangerous states in Nigeria in 2018 included Borno, Zamfara, Benue, Kaduna and Adamawa. These states were mostly ravaged by the Boko Haram insurgency, banditry and pastoral conflicts. On the contrary, Ekiti, Gombe, Jigawa, Osun and Kebbi states were relativelypeaceful.

Indigenous jewellery studies in Patagonia have favoured collections from Araucania (Central South Chile), taking to a lesser extent Platera production from the eastern part of the Andes in the nineteenth century. This article pre-empts the results obtained from the study of silver rings gathered in 1896 by Henry de La Vaulx in the tolley of the Valentín Saygüeque basket (1830-1903), famous for the monetary and silver treasure accumulated before its military defeat in 1882, where it was headed by a group of mixed origins huilliche, pehuenche, pampa and testriches that controlled the 'País de las Manzanas' (province of Neuquén, Argentina). The formal, technological and physico-chemical analysis of the collection kept in the Musée du quai Branly de Paris provides an initial synthesis of a geographical and chronologically contextualised Platera production, as well as analytical criteria for the data of indigenous jewellery. ; International audience Previous studies conducted on indigenous jewellery from Patagonia have focused on collections from Araucania (Centre-South of Chile), and to a smaller degree on the 19th-century silver production from the Eastern Andean cordillera. This work presents the results obtained from the study of the silver earrings collected by Henry de La Vaulx in Valentín Saygüeque's camp (1830-1903). Saygüeque was a cacique (chief) renowned for the monetary and jewellery treasure he had accumulated prior to his military defeat of 1882, period during which he led a group of mixed huilliche, pehuenche, pampa and tehuelche origins who controlled the "País de las Manzanas" (the Land of Apples) (province of Neuquén, Argentina). The formal, technological and chemical analysis of the collection kept at the Musée du quai Branly in Paris offers a first summary of a geographically and chronologically contextualized silver production, and provides analytical criteria for the dating of native jewellery. ; Indigenous jewellery studies in Patagonia have favoured collections from Araucania (Central South ...

The industrial brownfield site of Montagne-du-Nord (France) is home to zinc metallurgy and lead and sulphuric acid manufacturing activities. Hydrological and geochemical studies were carried out in pits and boreholes after the site had been shaved and covered by backfilling. Geophysical data (slingram electromagnetic mapping, 2D and 3D electrical panel, and electrostatic dideshy) make it possible to locate ground and mineral water, to position interfaces between layers, to identify where water is released to river drains and to characterise the unsaturated area, with good spatial resolution. ; International audience The industrial waste land in Montagne-du-Nord (France) has been occupied by a zinc and a lead smelter unit linked to sulphuric acid production. Then this factory has been razed and covered by coarse waste deposits below sandy fillings. Hydrological and geochemical studies have been systematically carried out by drillings and pits following a mesh of 50m x 50m. This waste land constitutes an area where the metallic contamination is important. The physical property of subsoil materials, sensitive to this contamination, is the electrical resistivity; it depends on water mineralization and quantity presented in all formations. Geophysical data allow to locate precisely mineralized soil and water with higher spatial resolution. A complete geophysical study, using methods based on electrical resistivity (slingram electromagnetic mapping, 2D and 3D electrical imaging, and electrostatic logging) has been carried out. The slingram mapping allows to determine conductive anomalies coincident with chemical anomalies obtained into the piezometers, and to locate the water seepage toward the river drain. The electrical imaging allows to indicate precisely the location of clayey alluvial deposits, and to describe the superficial seepage areas. The electrostatic logging gives an accurate description of the not saturated area in boreholes, near anomalies located with the two other methods. Those geophysical ...

There is a strong bonding of categories when we are to consider problems connected with land. The constant development of social relations brings the necessity to notice what is vital for the legislation to follow those changes. In that order, there is unambiguity in resolving land disputes, particularly about subsoil use. The spatial use of land rights raises a question of clear legislative criteria for their application. For us, it refers to the consideration of the "upper" and "lower" limits of rights distribution. Accordingly, this article investigates the rules of legislation for land and subsoil use. The object of the study is legal problems arising from social relations regarding land and subsoil use. As for the methodology, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, abstraction, generalization, historical and legal methods, formal-legal (dogmatic) method, comparative-legal and sociological-legal methods, legal modeling, and critical-legal method. It has been concluded that domestic legal doctrine includes two approaches to the distribution of owner's rights for the underground space. Additionally, there is a problem of legal demarcation between land and subsoil use. As a result of the study, we offer some ways to solve this issue. ; International audience

International audience The village of al-Araqib, near Beer Sheva, illustrates the situation of around forty "unrecognized" Bedouin villages in the Negev desert, South of Israel, and the different policies established by the Israeli State since its creation to control the Bedouin presence, in particular by concentrating the Bedouins in towns and declaring their land state property. Evacuated in 1951 by military order, the inhabitants of al-Araqib came back on their land at the end of the 90's; considered as illegal, the village has been regularly destroyed since 2010 and is threatened by new legislations such as the Prawer Plan. Reduced to only few families, the residents of al-Araqib struggle for the survival of their village and the right to remain on their land, referring notably to "sumud", the fact of ensuring a presence on the ground and holding on despite difficulties.

through its overseas possessions, France is present in the five oceans. In the immense north-eastern Pacific, from the equator to more than 45°N, and between the Hawai archipelago in the west and the American coast to the east, France is even the only nation to be present, due to its sovereignty over the single land that emerged more than 210 nautical miles from the coast: the island of Clipperton. ; Par ses possessions outre-mer, la France est présente dans les cinq océans. Dans l'immense Pacifique nord-oriental, de l'équateur à plus de 45°N, et entre l'archipel d'Hawaï à l'Ouest et les côtes américaines à l'Est, la France est même la seule nation à être présente, du fait de sa souveraineté sur l'unique terre émergée à plus de 210 milles nautiques des côtes : l'île de Clipperton.

While peasant family farms are the main driver of agricultural development in today's world, Latin America is characterised by policies which too often only take into account medium-sized or large capitalised farms. This preference is due to the historical weight of the great property in its various forms, a legacy which still forms the model of elites for a long time, mostly from this universe. The peasant world is denigrated or simply ignored. Even beyond the owner-owners' environment, since this is also the case for front-runners, the ideal is to take as much land as possible. ; International audience ; While peasant family farms are the main driver of agricultural development in today's world, Latin America is characterised by policies which too often only take into account medium-sized or large capitalised farms. This preference is due to the historical weight of the great property in its various forms, a legacy which still forms the model of elites for a long time, mostly from this universe. The peasant world is denigrated or simply ignored. Even beyond the owner-owners' environment, since this is also the case for front-runners, the ideal is to take as much land as possible. ; Alors que l'exploitation familiale paysanne constitue dans le monde actuel le moteur principal du développement agricole, l'Amérique latine se distingue par des politiques qui, trop souvent, ne prennent en considération que les moyennes ou grandes exploitations capitalisées. Cette préférence tient au poids historique de la grande propriété sous ses diverses formes, héritage qui modèle encore l'opinion d'élites longtemps issues, en majorité, de cet univers. Le monde paysan est dénigré ou simplement ignoré. Même au-delà du milieu des possédants, puisque tel est aussi le cas chez les animateurs de fronts pionniers, l'idéal reste de s'approprier le plus de terre possible.

Agricultural holdings are constantly growing in France. Are land in urban areas known as big land at the expense of smaller ones? What roles play in this competition by regulating access to land? Finally, does the existence of different farm profiles in urban areas hinder the development of local agricultural policies? ; Les exploitations agricoles ne cessent en France de s'agrandir. Celles qu'on qualifie de grandes s'arrogent-elles le foncier dans les aires urbaines au détriment des plus petites ? Quels rôles jouent, dans cette compétition, les dispositifs de régulation de l'accès aux terres ? Enfin, l'existence de différents profils d'exploitations à l'orée des agglomérations freine-t-elle ou non le développement des politiques agricoles locales ?

Summary: We set out the land composition process towards the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, and how this form of legal legitimacy and geographical organisation had political and territorial impacts on the Indian peoples, specifically in the case of San Mateo, the largest mayor of Zitáquo, in the centre of New Spain. In order to report on this process, we have recourse to desk analysis; identification of elements in the landscape; the reply of the 'eye view' sections of the composition judges; and to its geo-referencing. The investigation shows how this process set historical patterns in the subsequent territorial processes, the ability of natural persons to make use of novohispana legality and the vitality of the documents they generated, integrated into files from current farming communities. ; Resumen: Se expone el proceso de composición de tierras hacia finales del siglo XVII y principios del XVIII, y cómo esta forma de legitimación jurídica y organización geográfica tuvo impactos políticos y territoriales en los pueblos de indios, concretamente en el caso mazahua de San Mateo, alcaldía mayor de Zitácuaro, en el centro de la Nueva España. Par dar cuenta de este proceso recurrimos al análisis de fuentes documentales; a la identificación de elementos en el paisaje; a la réplica de los recorridos de "la vista de ojos" de los jueces de composición; y a su georreferenciación cartográfica. La investigación muestra la manera en que este proceso marcó pautas históricas en los subsecuentes procesos de territorialización, la habilidad de los naturales para hacer uso de la legalidad novohispana y la vitalidad de los documentos que generaron, integrados a expedientes de las actuales comunidades agrarias.

International audience Widely present in boreal regions, peatlands contain large carbon stocks because of their hydrologic properties and high water content, which makes primary productivity exceed decomposition rates. We have enhanced the global land surface model ORCHIDEE by introducing a hydrological representation of northern peatlands. These peatlands are represented as a new plant functional type (PFT) in the model, with specific hydrological properties for peat soil. In this paper, we focus on the representation of the hydrology of northern peatlands and on the evaluation of the hydrological impact of this implementation. A prescribed map based on the inventory of Yu et al. (2010) defines peatlands as a fraction of a grid cell represented as a PFT comparable to C 3 grasses, with adaptations to reproduce shallow roots and higher photosynthesis stress. The treatment of peatland hy-drology differs from that of other vegetation types by the fact that runoff from other soil types is partially directed towards the peatlands (instead of directly to the river network). The evaluation of this implementation was carried out at different spatial and temporal scales, from site evaluation to larger scales such as the watershed scale and the scale of all northern latitudes. The simulated net ecosystem exchanges agree with observations from three FLUXNET sites. Water table positions were generally close to observations, with some exceptions in winter. Compared to other soils, the simulated peat soils have a reduced seasonal variability in water storage. The seasonal cycle of the simulated extent of inundated peatlands is compared to flooded area as estimated from satellite observations. The model is able to represent more than 89.5 % of the flooded areas located in peatland areas, where the modelled extent of inundated peatlands reaches 0.83 × 10 6 km 2. However, the extent of peatlands in northern latitudes is too small to substantially impact the large-scale terrestrial water storage north of 45 • N. Therefore, the ...

Some once a professor of the history of international relations at the university, asked why empires ended up falling, all gave their answers but clearly nobody was right, the answer was more or less so: "because they expand so much that they do not have the capacity to control, they cannot "see" so far the land they are facing" and this response is perhaps key to trying to respond why the visible fragility that the European Union reflects. Perhaps the EU should start to take into account the explanation in order not to repeat mistakes that in the past and — referring to the class where we studied the Roman Empire and its decency — are repeated and the EU is back to what it was before the coal and steel community and where on land where until recently the end of the euro was spoken or at least some countries stopped using that currency, we have moved to speak purely and exclusively of terrorist attacks, closing borders starting to limit the entrances and exits of Schengen area members (an agreement signed in the luxem-burger city of Schengen in 1985), which has entered into force in 1995, and which has entered into force in the International Defence Department. Institute for International Relations ; Alguna vez un profesor de la materia historia de las relaciones internacionales en la universidad, preguntó por qué los imperios terminaban cayendo, todos dieron sus respuestas pero claramente nadie acertó, la respuesta fue más o menos así: "porque se expanden tanto que no tienen capacidad para controlar, no pueden "ver" tan lejos las tierras que van adosando" y esta respuesta quizás es clave para intentar responder por qué la visible fragilidad que la Unión Europea refleja. Quizás la UE, debe comenzar a tener en cuenta aquella explicación para no repetir errores que en el pasado y -haciendo alusión a aquella clase donde estudiamos al Imperio Romano y su decadencia- se repitan y vuelva la UE a ser lo que era antes de la comunidad del carbón y del acero y donde en tierras donde hasta hace poco se hablaba del fin del ...

Wetlands are more and more threatened by anthropogenic activities reducing their pollutant filtering capacity of waters. This study determined the pollutant retention efficiency of Ciranga and Kabamba wetlands in Lake Kivu basins. Water samples were collected once a month for a period of one year (August, 2011 in July, 2012) from the inlet and the outlet of the wetland, and at seven other locations in the wetland with different types of vegetation. The pollutant retention efficiency was computed as a relative change in a given pollutant concentration to the respective inlet concentration. Result showed that Ciranga and Kabamba wetlands retention efficiency varied over-time and for the type of vegetation and land use. The Ciranga wetland had a relatively higher retention efficiency than Kabamba wetland. The nutrient retention efficiency of Ciranga is 13% for Nitrogen. For Kabamba wetlands, the retention efficiency is about 2% for phosphorus. The concentration of phosphorus (0,5 µmole/l) is high in the river Lwiro crossing in Ciranga wetland. But the retention of Nitrogen is high in the Kabamba wetland. The Kabamba wetland was drained and transformed into farming land, its natural function of purification was reduced. Judicious wetland restoration measures are needed in order to stabilize Lake Kivu and other important ecosystems of the region. ; Les marais sont de plus en plus menacés par les activités anthropogéniques mettant en péril leur capacité de filtrant des eaux des bassins versants. Cette étude a permis de déterminer l'efficacité de rétention des nutriments par les marais de Ciranga et de Kabamba et les effets de l'utilisation des terres et de la végétation sur la rétention des nutriments. Les échantillons d'eau ont été prélevés à l'entrée de la rivière dans le marais et à l'embouchure, et aussi sur sept stations identifiées dans le marais caractérisées par différents types de végétation et d'utilisation. Les prélèvements ont été effectués mensuellement entre août 2011 et juillet 2012. L'efficacité de ...