Suchergebnisse

U radu su istraženi organiziranje i djelovanje građevne službe u Križevcima te aktivnosti njezinih službenika od 1777. Do 1918. godine Djelovanje građevne službe u Križevcima ovisilo je o organizaciji građevne službe u Hrvatskoj. Podijeljeno je na pet razdoblja: od 1777. do 1848.; od 1848. do 1868.; od 1868. do 1876.; od 1876. do 1894. te od 1894. do 1918. godine. Da bi se stekao uvid u djelovanje križevačke građevne službe i njezinih službenika, najprije su ukratko opisane graditeljske prilike u Križevcima, kao i u njegovoj okolici te u Hrvatskoj, nakon čega je predočen popis službenika po godinama. U križevačkoj građevnoj službi ističu se dvojica stručnjaka koji su kasnije bili zaposleni u građevnoj službi u Hrvatskoj: Juraj pl. Augustin, koji je od 1876. do 1909. godine bio predstojnik Građevnog odsjeka pri Vladi te Franjo Horvat, koji je bio prvi potpredsjednik Udruženja jugoslavenskih inženjera i arhitekata. Budući da prvi podaci o građevnoj službi u Križevcima datiraju od 1777. godine, ona se smatra jednom od najstarijih u Hrvatskoj, a nakon Zagreba 1770. i Varaždina 1773. godine. ; This paper investigates the organisational structure and operations of the construction service in Križevci, as well as the activities of its employees from 1777 to 1918. The activities of the construction service in Križevci depended on the organisational structure of the construction service in Croatia. It is divided into five periods: from 1777 to 1848; from 1848 to 1868; from 1868 to 1876; from 1876 to 1894; and from 1894 to 1918. To gain insight into the operations of the construction service in Križevci and its employees, this paper, first of all, describes the construction circumstances in Križevci, as well as those in the surrounding areas and Croatia, followed by a list of employees over the years. Two experts stand out in the construction service in Križevci, both of whom were later employees of the Croatian construction service: Juraj Augustin, who was the head of the government's Construction Department from 1876 to 1909, and Franjo Horvat, who was the first vice-chairman of the Udruženje jugoslavenskih inženjera i arhitekata (Association of the Yugoslav Engineers and Architects). Since the first information on construction service in Križevci are dated at 1777, it is considered to be one of the oldest in Croatia, following the ones in Zagreb, dated at 1770, and Varaždin, dated at 1773.

U situaciji smanjene fi nancijske moći države logično je pitati se kako se odvija svakodnevno funkcioniranje hrvatskih općina i gradova, kakva je njihova kadrovska ekipiranost, te jesu li u mogućnosti osigurati zadovoljavajuću kakvoću javnih usluga. S više strana čuo se prigovor kako je brojka od 429 općina i 127 gradova prevelika. Takvim ocjenama prethodile s većinom analize državnog i lokalnih proračuna, dok je empirijska analiza ruralne društvene zbilje gotovo potpuno izostala. Ovim smo istraživanjem htjeli prikupiti što više informacija o općinskim problemima i mogućnostima iz perspektive lokalne elite – načelnika općine, te pobliže se upoznati sa samim načelnicima analizirajući njihovu poslovnu i socijalnu pozadinu. Rad je nastao na temelju analize 32 dubinskih intervjua s načelnicima triju sjeverozapadnih hrvatskih županija. ; In a situation of reduced financial power of the state, questions arise regarding daily functioning of Croatian municipalities and cities: how are they being organized, do they have enough personnel, and whether they are able to provide a satisfactory quality in public services. The complaint about Croatia having too many municipalities (429) and cities (127) has often been made in both scientific and political circles. Such assessments were grounded heavily on the analysis of state and local budgets, with very few fieldwork studies. In this research we wanted to gather information about municipal problems and opportunities from the perspective of the local elite - the mayors, as well as to get to know the mayors themselves by analyzing their professional and social backgrounds. The findings are based on the analysis of 32 in-depth interviews with the mayors from three north-western Croatian counties.

Zadatak razvijanja znanja o afričkim ruralnim područjima od strane urbanih afričkih istraživača susreće se s dva značajna izazova: nadmoć mitova i 'biće kao sila' u mreži ruralne afričke gnoze i prijezirno držanje urbanih afričkih istraživača spram domorodačkih sustava znanja (IKS). Ovaj je pristup rezultat kolonijalnih nastojanja da se sačuva epistemička hegemonija i neokolonijalizacija uz pomoć Afrikanaca koje se okrenulo protiv mogućnosti afričkog sustava znanja. Fiksacija na mit i silu ruralnih aktera i zapadnjačkog akademski orijentiranog sistema znanja sačinjava obostrano antagonističke strukture moći s kumulativnim efektom zagušivanja pokušaja da se Afriku razumije iznutra prema van. Ovaj rad, usmjeravajući se na društveno znanje Yoruba, primjenjuje rekonstruktivni pristup predlažući dva puta do razvoja robusne afričke baze znanja. Prvi put argumentira da se ruralni akteri koji doprinose razvoju afričke spoznaje moraju raščarati gdje je to potrebno. Drugi je put usmjeren na urgentnost postizanja potpune dekolonizacije. Dok prvi put vidi kretanje ruralnog od mitova prema artikulaciji liberalnog epistemičkog sistema, drugi put želi ukloniti nevjericu i prijezir koji urbani istraživači imaju o zbilji znanja u Africi. Znanje koje ima koristi od afričke originalnosti može se konsolidirati otvorenim dijalogom između urbanih istraživača i ruralnih aktera koji imaju izravnu vezu s ispostavom afričke gnoze u pogledu politike, prava, etike, farmakognoze, zdravstva, ekonomije i okoliša. ; The task of advancing knowledge on Africa from rural African spaces by urban African researchers confronts two formidable challenges; namely, the preponderance of myths and 'being as a force' in the network of rural African gnosis and the contemptuous poise of the urban African researcher against indigenous knowledge systems (IKS). This attitude is the aftermath of colonial efforts at reserving epistemic hegemony and neo¬colonisation by Africans who have been inundated against the possibility of an African knowledge system. The fixation on myths and force by rural agents and western academy-¬derived knowledge system constitute mutually antagonistic power structures with the cumulative effect of stifling efforts at understanding Africa from inside out. This paper focusing on the Yoruba knowledge society employs a reconstructive approach in proposing two paths to the development of a robust African knowledge base by African researchers. The first path argues that rural agents contributing to developing African episteme must disenchant where necessary. The second is directed at the urgency of achieving a consummated decolonisation. While the former path sees the rural moving from a system of myths to the articulation of liberal epistemic system, the latter seeks to nullify the incredulity and contempt urban researchers have about the reality of knowledge in Africa. Knowledge that has the benefit of African originality can thus be consolidated on an open dialogue between urban researchers and rural agents who have direct relations to the deposit of African gnosis pertaining to politics, law, ethics, pharmacognosy, health care, economy and the environment. ; La mission des chercheurs africains issus des milieux urbains pour développer le savoir dans les zones de l'Afrique rurale se confronte à deux défis significatifs : la prédominance des mythes et « l'être comme force » au sein du réseau africain de la gnose, et l'attitude méprisante des chercheurs issus des milieux urbains envers les systèmes de connaissances indigènes (IKS). Cette approche est le résultat d'efforts coloniaux pour sauvegarder l'hégémonie épistémique et le néocolonialisme par le biais d'un assujettissement des Africains qui va à l'encontre d'un éventuel système de connaissances africain. L'idée fixe qui porte sur les mythes et sur la force des acteurs issus du milieu rural, mais également sur celle du système de connaissances acadé¬mique constitue, des deux côtés, des structures de pouvoir qui ont pour effet d'étouffer les tentatives accumulées pour comprendre l'Afrique de l'intérieur. Ce travail, en s'orientant vers le savoir de la communauté Yoruba, applique une approche de reconstruction en proposant deux voies qui mènent à un développement solide de la base du savoir africain. La première voie discute le fait que les acteurs ruraux qui contribuent au développement du savoir africain doivent éclaircir la situation là où il est nécessaire de le faire. La seconde voie se penche sur l'urgence pour parvenir à une complète décolonisation. Alors que la première voie conçoit l'évolution du rural à partir des mythes et se dirige vers la formation d'un système épistémique libéral, la se-conde voie souhaite se débarrasser de l'incrédulité et du mépris des chercheurs urbains envers la réalité du savoir en Afrique. Le savoir qui tire ses avantages de l'originalité africaine peut se consolider par le biais d'un dialogue ouvert entre les chercheurs urbains et les acteurs ruraux qui ont un lien direct avec la gnose africaine établie eu égard à la politique, au droit, à l'éthique, à la pharmacognosie, à la santé, à l'économie et à l'environnement. ; Die Aufgabe der Fortentwicklung des Wissens über afrikanische ländliche Gebiete seitens der urbanen Forscher Afrikas stößt auf zwei bedeutende Herausforderungen: die Überlegenheit der Mythen und "das Wesen als Macht" im Netz ruraler afrikanischer Gnosis sowie die verächtliche Haltung urbaner afrikanischer Forscher gegenüber den indigenen Wissenssystemen (IKS). Ein solches Herangehen ist das Ergebnis kolonialer Bemühungen, die epistemische Hegemonie und Neokolonialisierung beizubehalten, und zwar mithilfe von Afrikanern, über die man gegen die Interessen des afrikanischen Wissenssystems die Oberhand behielt. Die Fixierung auf den Mythos und die Macht der ländlichen Akteure sowie des westlichen, akademisch orientierten Wissenssystems vereint beiderseitig antagonistische Machtstrukturen mit dem kumulativen Effekt, Versuche zu ersticken, Afrika von innen heraus zu verstehen. Diese Arbeit, indem sie sich auf das Wissen der Yoruba¬-Gesellschaft konzentriert, setzt den rekonstruktiven Ansatz ein und schlägt zwei Wege zur Entwicklung einer robusten afrikanischen Wissensbasis vor. Der erste Weg argumentiert, dass die ruralen Akteure, die der Entwicklung der afrikanischen Erkenntnis ihren Beitrag leisten, erforderlichenfalls entzaubert werden müssen. Der zweite Weg ist auf die Dringlichkeit der Umsetzung einer vollständigen Dekolonisation ausgerichtet. Während der erste Weg die Fortbewegung des Ländlichen von den Mythen zur Artikulation des liberalen epistemischen Systems erkennt, verfolgt der zweite Weg das Ziel, den Unglauben und die Geringschätzung zu beseitigen, die urbane Forscher gegenüber der Wissensrealität in Afrika pflegen. Das Wissen, dem die afrikanische Originalität zugutekommt, lässt sich durch einen offenen Dialog zwischen urbanen Forschern und ruralen Akteuren konsolidieren, die eine direkte Verbindung zur Außenstelle der afrikanischen Gnosis in Bezug auf Politik, Recht, Ethik, Pharmakognosie, Gesundheitswesen, Wirtschaft und Umwelt haben.

U radu se opisuje i komentira The Local Government Reform Project (2000–2007) u Hrvatskoj, navode njegove temeljne premise te sistematizira rad na Projektu. Radilo se na četiri reformska pravca – jačanje decentralizacijske politike, prijenos znanja i vještina radi jačanja odgovornosti, oblikovanje institucija te suradnja s medijima obavještavanje lokalnih samoupravnih jedinica i građana. Jačanje decentralizacijske politike nastojalo se provesti, na primjer, iniciranjem obuhvatne decentralizacijske reforme, radom na promjenama i poboljšanjima zakonodavstva, jačanjem uloge Udruge gradova te izgradnjom mreže za zagovaranje decentralizacije. Prijenos znanja i vještina nastojao se provesti usavršavanjem lokalnih službenika, poboljšanjem metoda upravljanja lokalnom imovinom i financijama, usavršavanjem postupaka i prakse javne nabave i investicija, izradom kompjutorskog programa za upravljanje lokalnim financijama, nastojanjem oko primjene mjera e-upravljanja u lokalnoj samoupravi, itd. Izgradnja institucija bila je usmjerena prema Udruzi gradova, Akademiji lokalne demokracije, obrazovnim inicijativama širom zemlje te jačanju suradnje lokalnih samoupravnih jedinica. Pristup je bio participativan, odozdo-prema-gore, praktičan i podupirući. ; The Local Government Reform Project (2000–2007) in Croatia is described and commented. Main premises are noticed and work within the Project systematised. There were four reform directions – policy reform with a focus on decentralization, knowledge and skill transfer to increase accountability, institution building, and, finally, media outreach and local government and citizen information. Measures for reaching policy reform were, for example, introduction of a comprehensive decentralization reform, improvement of respective legislation, strengthening the role of the Association of Cities and building advocacy network. Knowledge and skills transfer was attempted by building capacity of local government professionals, working on asset and internal financial management, procurement and investment procedures and practices, creating new software with regard to financial management, promoting e-government measures, etc. Institution building was concentrated on the Association of Cities, the Local Democracy Academy, education initiatives throughout the country, and localgovernment cooperation. The overall approach was participative, bottom-up, practical, and supportive.

Neprofitne organizacije obuhvaćaju sve udruge, zaklade, ustanove, sindikate i sve ostale pravne osobe čije se djelovanje ne temelji na ostvarenju profita za osnivače istih već u svrhu zadovoljenja potreba društva koje nisu mogle biti ostvarene od strane države ili privatnog sektora. Radi transparentnijeg djelovanja, ovaj sektor svoje djelovanje uređuje sukladno odredbama Zakona o financijskom poslovanju i računovodstvu neprofitnih organizacija (Narodne novine 121/14) te ostalim zakonskim i ostalim pravnim aktima koji se temelje na spomenuti Zakon a koji uređuju pitanja svakog od oblika neprofitnih organizacija. Odredbe se tiču pravilnog osnivanja svakog oblika neprofitnih organizacija, upisa u matične registre i sam Registar neprofitnih organizacija, pravila računovodstvenog praćenja poslovnih podataka, postupka sastavljanja i objave financijskih izvještaja te postupak provođenja nadzora nad radom svake pojedine neprofitne organizacije. ; Non profit organizations include all associations, foundations, institutions, syndicates and all other legal entities whose activities are not based on the realization of profits for the founders of the same but for the purpose of satisfying the needs of society that could not be realized by the state or private sector In order to transparent operations, the sector regulates their activities in accordance with the Law of the financial operations and accounting of nonprofit organizations, and other laws and other legal acts which are based on the Law and regulating questions of each of the forms of nonprofit organizations. The provisions concerning the proper establishment of any form nonprofit organization, registered in the main register and the Register of nonprofit organizations, the rules of accounting of business data, the process of preparation and publication of financial statements and the procedure of exercising supervision over the work of each nonprofit organizations.

Neprofitne organizacije obuhvaćaju sve udruge, zaklade, ustanove, sindikate i sve ostale pravne osobe čije se djelovanje ne temelji na ostvarenju profita za osnivače istih već u svrhu zadovoljenja potreba društva koje nisu mogle biti ostvarene od strane države ili privatnog sektora. Radi transparentnijeg djelovanja, ovaj sektor svoje djelovanje uređuje sukladno odredbama Zakona o financijskom poslovanju i računovodstvu neprofitnih organizacija (Narodne novine 121/14) te ostalim zakonskim i ostalim pravnim aktima koji se temelje na spomenuti Zakon a koji uređuju pitanja svakog od oblika neprofitnih organizacija. Odredbe se tiču pravilnog osnivanja svakog oblika neprofitnih organizacija, upisa u matične registre i sam Registar neprofitnih organizacija, pravila računovodstvenog praćenja poslovnih podataka, postupka sastavljanja i objave financijskih izvještaja te postupak provođenja nadzora nad radom svake pojedine neprofitne organizacije. ; Non profit organizations include all associations, foundations, institutions, syndicates and all other legal entities whose activities are not based on the realization of profits for the founders of the same but for the purpose of satisfying the needs of society that could not be realized by the state or private sector In order to transparent operations, the sector regulates their activities in accordance with the Law of the financial operations and accounting of nonprofit organizations, and other laws and other legal acts which are based on the Law and regulating questions of each of the forms of nonprofit organizations. The provisions concerning the proper establishment of any form nonprofit organization, registered in the main register and the Register of nonprofit organizations, the rules of accounting of business data, the process of preparation and publication of financial statements and the procedure of exercising supervision over the work of each nonprofit organizations.

U članku se opisuju i komparativno analiziraju građevni i urbanistički propisi u Hrvatskoj od 1956. do 1971., kad je načelno dovršen zakonodavni okvir jugoslavenskih i hrvatskih građevnih propisa. Analizirani propisi, koji su prvi put bili stručno publicirani u repetitoriju 1956. godine, ambivalentno su nastajali na službenoj negaciji građevnoga zakonodavstva Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1946. i neslužbenom korištenju većine ukinutih propisa sve do kraja 1960-ih. Kolokvijalno poznati pod suvremenim pojmom građevinska regulativa, analizirani propisi pokazuju određenu tehničku kompetentnost u člancima koji nisu zadirali u socijalističko društveno uređenje, ali i potpunu ovisnost o tom uređenju u ostalim paragrafima, poput procedura upravnoga postupka ili toleriranja bespravne izgradnje. ; The building regulation system that was initiated in 1850 with the adoption of the 'Regulation on the Admission of Civil Engineering Students and the Introduction of State Examinations in Civil Engineering' in the Austrian Empire was repealed in 1946, through the 'Law on the Invalidity of Legal Regulations Adopted Before 6 April 1941 and During the Enemy Occupation'. The new socialist building regulation system was created through the regulations of the Yugoslav government from 1947 on; it was acceptable to use certain repealed regulations until new ones were enacted, provided they did not conflict with the newly-created socialist legal system of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. After the Federal Ministry of Construction was abolished in 1950, the technical regulations and standards were regulated at the federal level, while the administrative procedures and other legal regulations were gradually lowered to the level of the republics, including Croatia. So as to help architects, spatial planners, and other experts in the building process orient themselves in this jungle of regulations, architect Vladimir Šilhard (Schilchard) published the Revision Book of Building Regulations and Procedure in the P. R. of Croatia in the professional journal Čovjek i prostor (Man and Space) in 1956. This article also exhaustively presents and analyses the building regulations in the period from 1946, through Šilhard's unified compendium, to the enactment of the Zagreb City Master Plan in 1971. On the one hand, the 1960s period was a great challenge for adopting regulations, primarily due to the new way of building residential buildings, which were not encompassed by the then existing regulations. On the other hand, new urban legislation was needed after Zagreb spread over the river Sava to the south, where the Zagreb Fair and the first residential neighbourhoods were built, so that the city could maintain a sustainable appearance of modernity. In this sense, the master plan of 1971 represented the peak of city planning that had begun with a competition for the for the General Regulatory Basis in 1930–1931 and the enactment of the Building Regulations of 1940. The system of technical regulations and building regulation standards on the federal level was mostly complete by late 1971, and remained partially in force even after the Republic of Croatia declared its independence on 8 October 1991, lasting until Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013.

Europski upravni prostor leži na dvjema skupinama ljudskih prava. Prva promoviraju demokratsku otvorenost i participaciju građana te jačaju ulaznu legitimnost javne uprave, dok se druga odnose na dobro javno upravljanje i jačaju izlaznu legitimnost uprave. Povelja o temeljnim pravima koja je sastavni dio Lisabonskog ugovora na snazi od 2009. daje nužnu pravnu osnovu obiju skupina ljudskih prava. Rad se bavi pitanjem uloge mjesne samouprave u jačanju EU-standarda otvorenosti, participacije i dobrog upravljanja. Obrađuju se dva istraživačka pitanja: a) koja je pravna, a koja stvarna uloga mjesne samouprave u Hrvatskoj, b) može li ona doprinijeti jačanju ulazne ili izlazne legitimnosti poretka. Analiziraju se opći akti izabranih gradova o mjesnoj samoupravi te sadržaj internetskih stranica mjesnih odbora svih hrvatskih gradova. Slijedeći kategorizaciju koju su postavili Hlepas i drugi (2018.), uz nadopunu u skladu s hrvatskim okolnostima, analiziraju se uloge hrvatske mjesne samouprave. Na osnovi nalaza i odabranih komparativnih iskustava interpretira se trenutačno stanje hrvatske mjesne samouprave te se formuliraju preporuke za unaprjeđenje. ; The European administrative space is based on two groups of human rights. The first promotes democratic openness and citizen participation, and strengthens the input legitimacy of public administration, while the other relates to good public governance and strengthens the output legitimacy of public administration. The Charter of Fundamental Rights, which forms an integral part of the Lisbon Treaty in force since 2009, provides the necessary legal basis for both groups of human rights. The paper deals with the question of the role of sub-municipal government in strengthening the EU's standards of openness, participation and good governance. Two research questions are analyzed: a) what is the legal and actual role of sub-municipal government in Croatia; and b) can it contribute to strengthening the input or output legitimacy of public administration? The general acts of sub-municipal government in selected cities and the contents of the websites of the sub-municipal governments of all Croatian cities are analyzed. Following the categorization by Hlepas et al. (2018), adapted to the Croatian circumstances, the role of the Croatian sub-municipal government is analyzed. Based on the findings and selected comparative insights, the current state of Croatian sub-municipal government is interpreted and recommendations for improvement are formulated.

U članku predstavljamo kvalitativno istraživanje svakodnevne građanske prakse dijela Čeha, s posebnim naglaskom na ulogu novih medija. Temi smo pristupili tako da smo se orijentirali na sadržaj, a ne na medije. U fokusu našeg istraživanja jesu načini na koje su građanske prakse strukturirane u užem i širem društvenom i političkom kontekstu te kako te kontekste doživljavaju postsocijalistički građani iz sela i velikih gradova. Uzimajući u obzir navedene kontekste, analizirali smo ulogu novih medija i građanske prakse u svakodnevnom životu. Istraživanje se temelji na polustrukturiranim dubinskim intervjuima s 22 politički i javno aktivna građanina, a pokazalo je da se Česi suočavaju sa sličnom krizom u institucionalnoj politici kao što je to slučaj i u starijim demokracijama. Istraživanje je također otkrilo razlike u načinu informiranja između sela i gradova, kako u participacijskim praksama tako i u načinima kako građani koriste nove medije. Međutim, istraživanje nije dokazalo da su novi mediji radikalno transformirali građanstvo, već je pokazalo da je došlo do suptilnih pomaka u praksi i do pragmatičnog miješanja komunikacije licem u lice i tradicionalnih medija (tiskani mediji, sustavi razglasa, oglasne ploče) s novim komunikacijskim tehnologijama. ; The article discusses qualitative research on the mundane civic practices of some Czechs, with a specific focus on the role of new media. It works with a context-oriented approach in order to avoid media-centrism. Our research is focussed on the ways in which civic practices are structured by immediate and wider social and political contexts and how they are experienced by post-socialist citizens from villages and large cities. The role of new media and the place of civic practices in everyday life is analysed with respect to these contexts. The research based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 22 politically and publicly active citizens indicates that Czechs experience a similar crisis in relation to institutional politics as their counterparts in long established democracies and it reveals tell-tale differences between the social spaces of villages and cities both in participatory practices and in civic uses of new media. However, the study does not indicate a radical, new media-driven transformation of citizenship, rather it suggests subtle shifts in practices and a pragmatic mixing of face-to-face communication and traditional media (print, public address systems, noticeboards) with new communication technologies.

Specifična grupa institucija koje kontroliraju upravu – neovisna kontrolna tijela (NKT) – djeluju kao produžena ruka zakonodavca, a time i građana, u nadzoru nad javnom upravom i nositeljima političke vlasti. Uz neovisnu poziciju u institucionalnom pejzažu, njihova je posebnost u tome da im zakonodavac daje određene kontrolne ovlasti nad subjektima nadzora, a u osnovi svog postupanja imaju načelo transparentnosti koje omogućuje građanima informiranje o rezultatima njihova rada. One su dio suvremenog institucionalnog razvoja demokratskih država, pa tako i Hrvatske, koja je u procesu pristupanja Europskoj uniji i sama uspostavila ili unaprijedila NKT kako bi osigurala kontrolu nad upravom i ojačala suzbijanje korupcije. Analiza četiriju NKT-a – Državnog ureda za reviziju, Državne komisije za kontrolu postupaka javne nabave, Povjerenstva za odlučivanje o sukobu interesa te Povjerenika za informiranje, pokazuje da su neovisna i odgovorna, ali da među njima postoje razlike u institucionalnom dizajnu s obzirom na vrijeme i kontekst u kojem su nastala. ; The independent control of bodies or ICB (NKT) which is a specific group of institutions controlling administration, act like an extension of the legislator and citizen in the supervision of public administration and bearers of political powers. Together with their independent position in the institutional landscape, their peculiarity lies in the legislator giving them certain control powers over subjects of supervision. At the foundation of their activity is the principle of transparency which gives citizens information on the results of their work. They are part of the modern institutional development of democratic states including Croatia, which during the process of entering the European Union independently established or improved ICB (NKT) to ensure control over administration and strengthened combatting corruption. Analysis of the four ICBs (NKT) – the Government Audit Office, State Commissions for controlling public procurement procedures, Boards for deciding on conflict of interest and Commissioners for informing show that they are independent and accountable. However, among them differences exist in institutional design given the time and context in which they came about.

Cilj je ovog članka istražiti konceptualizaciju sustavnog vrednovanja, rangiranja i dobrih praksi razmjene alata u okviru politika spolne jednakosti u Europskoj Uniji. U prvom dijelu članka sagledavaju se meke pravne mjere primijenjene u kontekstu suradnje među vladama. Utemeljena na ekstenzivnoj literaturi, u ovoj se studiji te mjere razmatraju kao oblik akademskog znanja koje se na različite načine primjenjuje u okviru javnih politika. Nadalje, u članku se kritiziraju ti alati javnih politika kroz različite varijable koje mogu spriječiti upotrebu znanja. U drugom dijelu članka usredotočuje se na Otvorenu metodu koordinacije i na ulogu Europskog instituta za spolnu jednakost (EIGE) u odnosu na politike spolne jednakosti. Empirijski dio ovog članka fokusira se na kritiku EIGE-ovog Eksternog evaluacijskog izvješća i na različite konceptualizacije upotrebe akademskog znanja koje su predstavljene u ovom kontrolnom dokumentu. Kao takav, ovaj članak nastoji pridonijeti novoj konceptualizaciji tehnokratskih mjera sustavnog vrednovanja, rangiranja i dobrih praksi razmjene unutar visoko ideologiziranog područja politika spolne jednakosti. ; The aim of this article is to explore the conceptualisation of benchmarking, ranking and good practice sharing tools within European Union gender equality policymaking. In the first part, the article looks at these soft law measures applied within intergovernmental cooperation. Stemming from the extensive body of literature, the study approaches these measures as a form of scientific knowledge, which is diversely applied within policymaking. Next, the article directs various points of criticism at these policymaking tools through different variables that may hinder knowledge use. The second section of this article further focuses on the Open Method of Coordination and the role of the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) in relation to gender equality policies. The empirical part of this article is focused on the criticism of EIGE's External Evaluation Report and the different conceptualisations of scientific knowledge use which are presented within this audit document. As such, this article aims to contribute to a new conceptualisation of the technocratic tools of benchmarking, ranking and good practice sharing within the highly ideological area of gender equality policies.

The article presents results of a study of the structure of the civil society in Croatia, analyzed by means of the following indicators: the number of the organizations of the civil society; membership in these organizations; the range of these organizations; the composition of the civil society; & the resources of the civil society. In the 1990s in Croatia, the number of the civil society organizations increased greatly. They have relatively small memberships; also, in the 1990s, the active memberships shrank. Civil society organizations can be found primarily in big cities. Insufficient networking & a certain dose of political divisions of these organizations diminish their developmental potential. Foreign organizations & their financial support played a major part in profiling the structure of the civil society. The relatively modest human resources reduce the partnership position of these organizations. The structure of these organizations can be compared to other transitional countries. The war & the humanitarian crisis particularly affected the profiling of the structure of the civil society in Croatia. 2 Tables, 46 References. Adapted from the source document.

Problematika optimalnog vođenja prometnog toka te osiguranja odgovarajućeg broja parkirnih mjesta prisutan je u većini visokorazvijenih urbanih sredina Europske unije pa i Republike Hrvatske. Formiranje odgovarajućeg rastera prometne mreže, uvjetovane povijesnim i postojećim građevinama i zonama izuzetno je izazovan zadatak. Isto tako, zahtjevno je i osiguranje odgovarajuće dostupnosti do slobodnih parkirnih kapaciteta u vremenima vršnih opterećenja u samim središtima urbanih područja. No, vrlo su česti slučajevi u kojima, čak i u trenutku kada se osiguraju odgovarajući parkirni kapaciteti, dolazi do zastoja na ulaznim i izlaznim terminalima parkirališta i garažnih objekata koja su derivirana nesukladnostima njihovih kapaciteta i prometnih potreba u određenom vremenskom trenutku. Upravo iz tog razloga, u radu se predstavlja potencijalni model određivanja optimalnog broja ulaznih uslužnih mjesta (terminala) primjenom teorije redova čekanja. ; The issue of the optimal management of the traffic flow and the ensuring of an adequate number of parking spaces is present in the majority of highly developed urban areas of the European Union, including the Republic of Croatia. The formation of an adequate raster of the transport network, conditioned by the historical and existing buildings and areas is an extremely challenging task. Similarly, ensuring an adequate availability of free parking capacities in times of rush hours in the very centres of urban areas is also very demanding. However, what often occurs, even when adequate parking capacities are ensured, is a halt on the input and output terminals of parking lots and garage facilities that are derived by a disproportion of their capacities and traffic needs at a specific time. Precisely for that reason, this paper presents a potential model for determining of an optimal number of input service places (terminals) by using the queuing theory.