Suchergebnisse

The Ur gov admin'or may soon receive greater help from sci, which can provide him with informational & rational bases from which to strive for excellence. Ur interaction analysis, endproduct-oriented program budgeting, effectiveness analysis, & computerized information flow systems for planning & operating purposes hold promise for better decisions. Large-scale metropolitan consolidation has turned out to be an unlikely remedy for metropolitan problems. New voluntary forms of co-operation, made effective by state & federal financial inducements, are being proposed and tried. Many considerations point to a gov serving 100,000 to 250,000 people as being of ideal size. Because of certain fiscal considerations, the suggestion is that the federal gov should assume increasing financial responsibility for those services with major interstate benefit & cost spillovers & in which income redistribution plays an important role. By the same rule, federal financing of public housing, Ur renewal, community development, air-pollution control, Ur transportation, & water projects should be de-emphasized, except in multi-state areas. Greater assumption of financial responsibilities by the federal gov for such costly services as educ, health, & welfare should free state funds. In turn, states would be in a position to act more aggressively in guiding & aiding cities, townships, & counties. AA.

The urban government administrator may soon receive much greater help from science, which can provide him with informational and rational bases from which to strive for excellence. Urban interaction analysis, end-product-oriented program budgeting, effectiveness analysis, and computerized information flow systems for planning and operating purposes hold promise for better decisions. Large-scale metropolitan consolidation has turned out to be an unlikely remedy for metropolitan problems. New voluntary forms of co-operation, made effective by state and federal financial inducements, are being proposed and tried. Many considerations point to a government serving 100,000 to 2 50,000 people as being of ideal size. Because of certain fiscal considerations, the sug gestion is that the federal government should assume increasing financial responsibility for those services with major interstate benefit and cost spillovers and in which income redistribution plays an important role. By the same rule, federal financing of public housing, urban renewal, community development, air- pollution control, urban transportation, and water projects should be de-emphasized, except in multistate areas. Greater assumption of financial responsibilities by the federal govern ment for such costly services as education, health, and welfare should free state funds. In turn, states would be in a position to act more aggressively in guiding and aiding cities, townships, and counties.

The increasing income & expanding leisure proceeding from the continuing growth of productivity in our society are generating a deep-seated cultural transition from the values of work & production toward those associated with consumption & leisure. Recreation policy can be a useful instrument in effecting this transition with a minimum of cultural dislocation, but there is a need to develop more effective frameworks for recreation policy-making. Leisure activity can be viewed as a quasimarket system whose performance results from the interaction of demand & supply factors subject to analysis. When costs are measured in terms of both money & time, & when transportation costs are specified as variables, it becomes possible to construct a model of the space economy of recreation activity which should become an important analytical perspective for the recreation planner in the future. Because the 'openness' of the system in which he plans is growing, he will need to relate his plans to the larger world, where the federal recreation policies can play a valuable role in providing the context for the planning of local recreation activity. AA.

The increasing income and expanding leisure which are proceeding from the continuing growth of produc tivity in our society are generating a deep-seated cultural transition from the values of work and production toward those associated with consumption and leisure. Recreation policy can be a useful instrument in effecting this transition with a minimum of cultural dislocation, but there is a need to develop more effective frameworks for recreation policy-making. Lei sure activity can be viewed as a quasi-market system whose performance results from the interaction of demand and supply factors which are subject to analysis. When costs are measured in terms of both money and time, and when transportation costs are specified as variables, it becomes possible to construct a model of the space economy of recreation activity which should become an important analytical perspective for the recreation planner in the future. Because the "openness" of the system in which he plans is growing, he will need more and more to relate his plans to the larger world, and it is here that the federal recreation policies can play a valuable role in provid ing the context for the planning of local recreation activity.

The fate of planned urban development and redevelopment largely depends on the political system. In the United States, political and governmental fragmentation has crucial consequences for development in physical, social, and political ways. The federal system, whatever its virtues, raises barriers which impede accommodation. The multiplicity of local units of government, not rationally determined, under mines co-ordination, power, and responsibility. The outcome of diffusion of power and dilution of responsibility is rigidity. Urban renewal is limited by the dichotomy of public and private control, tension between federal and municipal agencies, divi sion of power between different federal agencies, and fragmen tation of power at the local community level. Any change will require some adjustments in perspective. The possibilities for change, however, do not rest upon basic changes in political norms but, rather, on experimentation in their application. In conceptions of community, for example, the units have probably been too small, applying to limited, exclusive groups organized around shared activities. These come together, partially and fortuitously, in the urban scene. In that scene, the only en compassing organization is the political community. The political side of urban development and redevelopment is inescapable.—Ed.

The fate of planned Ur development & redevelopment largely depends on the pot system. In the US, pot & gov'al fragmentation has crucial consequences for development in physical, soc, & poi'al ways. The federal system raises barriers which impede accommodation. The multiplicity of local units of gov, not rationally determined, undermines co-ordination, power, & responsibility. The outcome of diffusion of power & dilution of responsibility is rigidity. Ur renewal is limited by the dichotomy of public & private control, tension between federal & municipal agencies, division of power between diff federal agencies, & fragmentation of power at the local community level. Any change will require some adjustments in perspective. The possibilities for change, however, do not rest upon basic changes in pol'al norms but on exp'tion in their application. In conceptions of community the units have probably been too small, applying to limited, exclusive groups organized around shared activities. These come together, partially & fortuitously, in the Ur scene, where the only encompassing org is the pol'al community. The pol'al side of Ur development & redevelopment is inescapable. AA.

The main aim of the social affairs section of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, in organising this workshop, was to analyse the economic aspects of the situation of women in African urban areas, and their importance in general economic development. Twenty-four women had been invited from as many African countries, representing the whole range of modern activities; 14 of them came, with another 10 representing the various regions of Nigeria, and more than 50 observers.