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There has been a misconception that there was no political party in Hong Kong before the 1980s, and that the Hong Kong people cared less about political reforms before the 1990s. This misconception is reinforced by various discourses such as the "lifeboat" theory, the "administrative absorption" theory, and the national characteristic of the Chinese people. Through a historical study of the Reform Club of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Civic Association in the early postwar period, we come to a clear picture of the history of political development in Hong Kong. First, Hong Kong people were not indifferent to politics, although constitutional reforms made little progress before the 1980s. Second, early form of political party did exist before the 1980s. ; The Reform Club of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Civic Association were more than pressure groups but could be defined as political parties to pursue political, economic and social reforms in Hong Kong. Serving as the bridge between the Government and the people, they were particularly interested in such social issues as the urban development, housing, medicare, economy, education, crime, and hawking. Although the two parties often took a critical stance towards the Government, the Government used them to communicate with the people and to balance of interest of different political forces. The historical role of the Reform Club of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Civic Association is largely forgotten and little-studied. This is the first academic treatment of these two earliest political parties in postwar Hong Kong. It aims to give a better understanding of the intricate relationship between the Colonial Government and the staff in London, the nature of colonial politics in early postwar Hong Kong, and the legacy of the Reform Club of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Civic Association in today's Hong Kong. ...

Tian Huan. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-134). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter Part I: --- Demography in Space --- p.13 ; Chapter Chapter One: --- Understanding the Data --- p.13 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Formation of the administrative structure in late Qing and its GIS representation --- p.13 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Population data reconsidered --- p.19 ; Chapter Chapter Two: --- Documenting the Demographic Patterns --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Economic Patterns --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Population density --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1.2 --- Area of cultivated land --- p.32 ; Chapter 2.1.3 --- Ratio of urban dwellers to rural dwellers --- p.36 ; Chapter 2.1.4 --- " Ratio of commercial (industry, agricultural) population" --- p.40 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Ethnic Patterns --- p.48 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Distribution pattern of schools --- p.54 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Distribution of political elite (guan and shi) --- p.55 ; Chapter Part II: --- Markets in Space --- p.60 ; Chapter Chapter Three: --- Trade Patterns in Geographic Context --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Trade of Grains --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Cotton and cotton cloth --- p.69 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Trade of fur and livestock --- p.82 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Trade of Herbal Medicines --- p.88 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Trade of Oil and Wine --- p.90 ; Chapter 3.6 --- Overview of the Xinjiang markets in space --- p.93 ; Chapter Chapter Four: --- Trades within and without Xinjiang --- p.95 ; Chapter 4.1. --- Foreign commercial relations --- p.95 ; Chapter 4.2. --- Local marketing system: the relationship between the economies of South and North Xinj iang --- p.102 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Trade with the China Proper --- p.107 ; Conclusion --- p.113 ; The economy and trade of Xinjiang: issues of integration and sinicization --- p.113 ; Methodological implication: GIS for historical regional research --- p.119 ; Appendixes --- p.121 ; Glossary --- p.121 ; Place Names --- p.121 ; Personal Names and Terms --- ...

by Pui-yee Connie Tang. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-252). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; ABSTRACT --- p.ii ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv ; LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii ; ABBREVIATIONS --- p.viii ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ix ; Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- HOUSING MARKET AND HOME OWNERSHIP --- p.6 ; The Hong Kong residential housing market --- p.7 ; Growth of home ownership --- p.23 ; Conclusion --- p.38 ; Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDYING HOUSING PROVISION --- p.40 ; Neo-classical economics --- p.41 ; Classical Marxism --- p.43 ; Urban political economy --- p.46 ; Beyond Marxian political economy --- p.56 ; Structures of housing provision --- p.58 ; Conclusion --- p.63 ; Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- HONG KONG PROPERTY DEVELOPERS --- p.64 ; Roles of property developers --- p.64 ; Types of property developers --- p.66 ; The research agenda --- p.68 ; Historical development of Hong Kong property developers --- p.70 ; British-controlled property companies --- p.79 ; Chinese-controlled property companies --- p.81 ; Overseas-controlled property companies --- p.91 ; Public-sector developers --- p.93 ; Other public companies --- p.96 ; Conclusion --- p.100 ; Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THE OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING PROVISION IN HONG KONG --- p.102 ; Forms of housing production --- p.103 ; The housing development process in Hong Kong --- p.107 ; Land search and assembly --- p.108 ; "Planning permission, development design and finance" --- p.128 ; Housing construction --- p.137 ; Marketing and selling --- p.142 ; Conclusion --- p.148 ; Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- PROPERTY DEVELOPERS AND THEIR POWER --- p.149 ; Developers' market power --- p.149 ; Developers' political power --- p.175 ; Conclusion --- p.186 ; Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- HONG KONG OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING AND THEIR FUTURE --- p.188 ; Expand owner-occupied housing sector --- p.189 ; Strategies to promote home ownership --- p.198 ; The future structure of ...

本文以北京798 艺术区作为研究对象,探讨它如何为中国当代艺术进入公共视野提供平台,并提出了艺术作为都市生产力的问题。本文根据时间顺序将其发展分为三个历史阶段,即1951-1993 年的718 联合厂时期、1995-2005 年的民间艺术社区、2006-2011 年的官方创意产业园区;并从三个方面展开讨论。首先,798这一空间本身的身份经历了两次转变--从工业生产的空间到以艺术创作为基础的创意社区;再到后来为政府收编,成为城市建设文化范本。本文为此历史发展做系统性研究。其次,798 的转型体现了建筑、族群与城市身份间的关系,一方面,民间自发改造工业遗留空间,另一方面,城市政策的制定与规划也对798产生直接和间接的影响;第三,本文重点讨论798 从民间自发形成的创意社区到政府收编后变身为文化创意产业区的过程中,艺术(包括艺术家)与经济(资本家和商业化)、与政治这三者之间的关系和张力。本文指出,此互动过程把798发展成一个创意产业园区,以798 为中心,向周边地区辐射,形成集生产、创作、展出、贩卖为产业链的艺术交易区域,即「泛798 区域」,798 成功地引起人们关注中国当代艺术,并从体制层面思考其未来的发展该如何与经济、政策相互平衡,同时798 作为一个个案,也提示我们关注有关城市文化用地的相关问题。 ; This article takes Beijing 798 Art District as its research subject. It focuses on how 798 provides the platform for the Chinese Contemporary Art to enter the public view, and it proposes that art can be productive power to urban development as well. This thesis is divided into three sections according to its historical development: the 718 joint factory period from 1951 to 1993, the folk art community from 1995 to 2005, and the official Creative Industrial district from 2006 till 2011. My discussion mainly focus on three aspects. Firstly, as a space, 798 has been transformed twicse, from an industrial space to an arts community, and then to an official cultural paradigm for other cities to follow. Secondly, the transformation of 798 embodies the relationship among people's living, business operation, and city's identities. For one thing, the artists transformed the space to a facilitate their creation; for another, the policy of the urban planning has influenced 798's development as well. Thirdly, the thesis discusses the tensions among art, capital and politics. The result of their negotiation is that 798 becomes a creative industrial district, in which the original 798 site occupies the centre position, its radiating its influences and coordination to the surrounding areas, and they form the industrial chain which is now generally called the "Greater 798 Zone". 798 brings public attention to Chinese contemporary art, which helps us to relate arts and ...

背景:中國在發展城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療的過程中,基於當地經濟社會發展情況和特點,主要形成了政府辦政府管、院辦院管、以及私營三種模式。近年來中國學者對大陸社區衞生服務/基層醫療的研究主要關注于服務的基本現狀與功能的描述性研究,以及患者主觀層面的滿意度調查等,對城市社區衞生/基層醫療組織形式與服務模式建設的研究相對缺乏。初級衞生評價工具( Primary Care Assessment Tool, PCAT) 由美國約翰霍普金斯大學初級衞生保健政策中心開發,將初級醫療的五個核心方面進行量化,從患者對社區衞生服務/層醫療服務的客觀體驗角度出發,客觀評價醫療服務品質。本研究關注於基層醫療服務的過程層面,作為珠江三角洲六城市基層醫療研究項目的一部分,聯合廣州醫學院公共衛生與全科醫學學院,在廣東省衞生署以及香港智經研究中心的大力支持下,其他學者將研究基層醫療服務的結構和結果層面。 ; 目的:本研究關注從病人體驗角度出發,在城市社區衞生/基層醫療服務的過程層面,評價和比較三種不同的社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式,以及不同地區在實施國家初級衞生政策時的不同策略所導致的在初級醫療五個核心方面的差異。 ; 方法:首先,本研究進行了全面的文獻檢索,回顧了PCAT工具在全球和地區的應用。其次,本研究根據國際上認可的跨文化翻譯過程將PCAT(成人簡化版)翻譯成中文官方語言(普通話)並使其與中國國情相適應,並通過問卷的信度和效度分析,證明中文PCAT成人簡化版在評價社區衞生服務/基層醫療的過程層面方面具有較高的可靠性和有效性。進而,本研究採用多階段整群抽樣方法,在珠江三角洲六個城市的社區衞生中心,由訓練有素的調查員進行現場訪談。最後,本研究採用多元線性回歸和多元方差分析統計分析,評估和比較了不同城市和不同模式下,社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務五個核心方面的PCAT分數的差異。 ; 結果:中文PCAT(成人簡化版)包含了九個不同維度,從五個方面評價初級保健服務過程,具有良好的結構效度。克隆巴赫係數反映了問卷具有良好的內部一致性。本研究共調查了3,360名在社區衞生服務中心接受基層醫療服務的成人患者,問卷整體回收率達86.1。本研究基於PCAT 分數從不同城市和不同服務模式角度分別評價和比較了社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務的過程。研究發現,與院辦院管及私營模式相比,政府主導模式下的社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務使用者具有更好的病人體驗,主要是因為政府主導模式下,社區衞生服務在首診利用及基層醫療服務協調統籌維度層面達到更高的水準。 ; 結論:本博士論文研究確立了中文PCAT(成人簡化版)在評價社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務過程的可靠性和有效性。本研究率先在中國大陸採用PCAT 工具對廣東省珠江三角洲地區城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式開展了大規模調查。該項研究可以填補目前中國大陸在PCAT應用以及城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式研究方面的空白,探索適合中國國情的社區衞生/基層醫療服務發展道路,為中國大陸進一步發展及完善初級衞生體系提供翔實的政策依據。 ; Backgrounds: China's current healthcare reform has an overall goal towards re-strengthening primary care. Establishment and expansion of primary care network based on community health centres (CHCs) in urban areas has been prioritized. Due to various socio-economic status of local population and policy context across urban areas in mainland China, primary care is delivered by three main organisational models: government-owned CHCs, hospital-owned CHCs, and privately-owned CHCs with each model being adopted in various localities. This PhD study focuses on studying the process of primary care provided under different CHC models in the six cities of Pearl River Delta (PRD) and it is part of a larger study entitled "A Study of Comparing Primary Care Services among ...

乌托邦社团和梦想更加美好的世界:关于生命禅园(中国),Christiania(丹麦),Damanhur(意大利)的民族志研究 ; 本博士论文探讨乌托邦社团的文化及其所在社会的背景。乌托邦社团的成员们选择了各自的乌托邦团体,作为其创造一个更美好世界的战略位置,并参与了种种变革世界的活动。本文从民族志观点的细节陈述三个社团:1.中国的生命禅园,以自由情爱和共产主义为天堂捷径,最终被当地机关取缔。2.丹麦的Christiania,一个多彩多姿的政治社团,提倡完全民主,为人人都有居住在城市中心的权力和自由而战,同时也是一个庞大的大麻市场,给来自各地的游客们提供了一个体验非主流文化的实验场所。3.Damanhur,一个意大利的灵修社团,那里每个成员都是拯救人类命运的战士。深入的调查显示这些乌托邦团体就像一面面扭曲的镜子,反映出的是该社会尚未解决的价值争议,而并非创建者的虚无幻想。乌托邦社团的出现往往与其所处的社会变革及其特定的历史背景有紧密关系。这份研究还将各邪教惊人的讲故事才能,成员们追捧怪诞信仰的现象与其抗争各社会政治经济领域中的主流文化的关系联系在一起。 ; This PhD thesis is an exploration into the cultures of utopian communities and the societies in which they are embedded. Members of utopian communities are engaged in transformation projects and have chosen their utopian community as a strategic place from where to make a better world. Three communities are presented in ethnographic detail: 1. Life Chanyuan in China, which has attempted to promote free-love and communism as a short-cut to heaven but was finally closed down by the state, 2. Christiania in Denmark, a colorful political community standing for consensus democracy, the fight for freedom and urban space for all, a massive market for hashish, and a counter-cultural entertainment experience for visitors, and 3. Damanhur, an Italian esoteric community, whose members see themselves as warriors on a mission to rescue humankind. Further analysis shows that all these utopian communities act as distorted mirrors of their societies by addressing their societies' unresolved value contests. They are not just fictional fantasies of their founders. Intentional communities with utopian aspirations are presented as a regular social phenomenon related to social innovation and change and are shown to engage in historically specific conversation with their societies. This research also connects the amazing capability of story-telling of cultish groups, as well as their members adopting beliefs which at times appear extremely bizarre, with counter-cultural opposition to the dominating paradigms in politics and the economy in different ...

本文的目的在於理解南潯作為一個繁榮的江南市鎮,如何在十九世紀的各個階段得到有效的管理,以及其領導層的組成如何隨著外界的政治經濟變遷而改變。作者選擇市鎮作為研究單位,其目的在於將市場和周邊的村落放在同一單位下檢視,以求更好地在經濟和社會層面認識中國之城鄉連續體的本質。通過細讀地方一手史料(包括地方志、族譜、報紙和文集),本文將不僅從制度的角度,同時也會通過地方權力持有者(包括地方官、下層士紳和商人)的具體活動,來觀察南潯鎮的權力結構。我的主要論點是,雖然地方的領導層從未放棄其自治權,但是該領導層的組成卻能夠靈活地在不同階段(1800-1842,1843-1864,1865-1890,1891-1911)進行重組,這造就了南潯鎮一整個世紀的社會穩定,除了其間遭受外來的太平天國戰爭的打擊。為了經營市場和經營更大的市鎮,地方領袖們成立了不同的組織且運用了不同的策略。概括而論,商人行會的成立是為了協調商業事務,而寺廟和善堂的維護則是為了建立一種社區共同體的意識并消弭潛在的社會衝突。在整個十九世紀,尤其是其後半段,地方領袖們的行政權和執法權都得到了擴張,其代價是官方權力的縮減,但其同時也確保了辛亥革命期間南潯的和平政權更迭。 ; This paper attempts to understand how a prosperous Jiangnan town, Nanxun, was managed in different periods of the 19th century and how its leadership evolved when the broad political and economic environment changed. The choice of a town as the unit for analysis was made under the intention to bring together the marketplace and the surrounding villages for examining the nature of Chinese urban-rural continuum both economically and socially. Through scrutiny of local primary sources, i.e., local gazetteers, genealogies, newspapers and literary collections, I am going to investigate the power structure of Nanxun town not only from an institutional perspective but also through the activities of local power agents, e.g., local officials, lower gentry and merchants. My thesis is that the local leadership never gave up autonomy over town management but its constitution changed flexibly in four stages (1800-1842, 1843-1864, 1865-1890, 1891-1911), resulting in long-term stability throughout the century except the major interruption by the exogenous Taiping war. For running the marketplace and the broad town, local leaders established different institutions and adopted different strategies. Generally speaking, the merchant guilds were founded for coordinating commercial affairs while the temples and charities were maintained for building a sense of community and easing potential conflicts over the town. Through the second half of the century, especially after several major mid-century structural changes, the ...