Suchergebnisse

Beginning in the late 1980s many developing countries turned to the private sector to provide basic infrastructure and utility services, such as highways, railroads, water, wastewater, electricity, gas, and telecommunications. Recent studies suggest that private involvement often benefited customers and reduced government fiscal problems without harming employees or enriching private providers excessively. There were enough high-profile failures, however, to discredit this reform in many quarters. Private involvement is likely to be more successful if it generates real efficiency gains rather than simply transferring costs among parties, if the systems of regulating the private companies are politically sensitive as well as technically competent, if the costs and constraints of private capital are not excessive, and if we are willing to adopt more modest and gradual schemes in difficult circumstances.

This article reviews trends in poverty, economic policies, and growth in a sample of African countries during the 1990s, drawing on the better household data now available. Experiences have varied. Some countries have seen sharp drops in income poverty, whereas others have witnessed marked increases. In some countries overall economic growth has been pro-poor and in others not. But the aggregate numbers hide systematic distributional effects. Taking both macro and micro perspectives of growth and poverty in Africa, the article draws four key conclusions. First, economic policy reforms (improving macroeconomic balances and liberalizing markets) appear conducive to reducing poverty. Second, market connectedness is crucial to enable participation in the gains from economic growth. Some regions and households by virtue of their remoteness were left behind when growth picked up. Third, education and access to land emerge as key private endowments to help households benefit from new economic opportunities. Finally, rainfall variations and ill health have profound effects on poverty outcomes, underscoring the significance of social risk management in poverty reduction strategies in Africa.

Priorities for future sustainable development within Europe and Central Asia are formulated in visions by governments and societal actors. Integrated scenario and modelling studies enable the assessment of impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people, and a good quality of life resulting from these priorities, and help to co-design and codeliver appropriate pathways to sustainable futures (established but incomplete) (5.1.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.3, 5.5.2). Priorities for future sustainable development are captured in regional visions, which describe a future desired by society or parts of society in Europe and Central Asia. Matching these priorities to the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets revealed that regional priorities include sustainable economic growth in tandem with sustainable industrialization (Goal 8, Goal 9), sustainable agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and management of natural resources (Goal 15, Target 7), all promoted by sustainable consumption and production patterns (Goal 12, Target 4). Climate action and sustainable energy (Goal 13, Goal 7) are also priorities. Reduced inequalities (Goal 10), gender equality (Goal 5) and peace, justice and strong institutions (Goal 16), as well as representation of a diverse range of values, are less emphasized (established but incomplete) (5.1.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.3). Integrated assessments of future interactions between the priorities for sustainable development and nature and its contributions to people, which support proactive decisionmaking that anticipates change, mitigates undesirable trade-offs and fosters societal transformation in pursuit of a good quality of life, are rare due to the complexity of human and environment interdependencies (well established) (5.1.1, 5.3.1, 5.5.3, 5.5.4). Nevertheless, ignoring these complexities is likely to cause undesired trade-offs and to prevent the realization of synergies (5.3.1). Cross-sectoral and cross-scale integration of adaptation, mitigation and transformative actions and policies by multiple actors is key to the co-design and co-delivery of appropriate pathways to realize visions of future sustainable development (established but incomplete) (5.4.2, 5.4.3, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.5, 5.5.6). The choices made by decision-makers and societal actors are expected to lead to large differences in future impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life within Europe and Central Asia (established but incomplete) (5.2.3, 5.3.3, 5.3.4). More positive impacts are projected under futures that assume proactive decision-making on environmental issues and promote a more holistic approach to managing human and environmental systems which supports multifunctionality and multiple contributions from nature to people (established but incomplete) (5.2.3, 5.3.3, 5.3.4). Projecting historical trends into the future under a businessas- usual scenario results in stable trends in nature (e.g. reflected in biodiversity vulnerability indices), negative trends in nature's regulating contributions (e.g. regulation of climate or hazards and extreme events) and mixed trends in nature's material contributions (e.g. food production) (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Different assumptions about future trends in drivers lead to widely varying projected impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people and a good quality of life. Under economic optimism scenarios, where global developments are steered by economic growth and environmental problems are only dealt with when solutions are of economic interest, an increase in the provision of most of nature's material contributions to people (e.g. food and timber) is projected associated with a general decline in nature and its regulating contributions to people (e.g. air and water quality regulation) (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Under regional competition scenarios there is a growing gap between rich and poor, increasing problems with crime, violence and terrorism, and strong trade barriers. Consequently, its impacts are highly mixed with generally large declines in nature (e.g. habitat maintenance and creation) and the most negative impacts of all scenarios on nature's non-material contributions to people (e.g. learning and inspiration) and good quality of life indicators (e.g. health and well-being) (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Inequality scenarios, which assume increasing economic, political and social inequalities, where power becomes concentrated in a relatively small political and business elite who invest in green technology, result in negative impacts on nature's regulating contributions to people (established CHAPTER 5. CURRENT AND FUTURE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURE AND SOCIETY 575 but incomplete), but mixed or unclear impacts on other indicators (inconclusive) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Under global sustainable development scenarios, which are characterized by an increasingly proactive attitude of global policymakers towards environmental issues and a high level of regulation, positive impacts are projected for nature and its regulating contributions to people. Predominantly positive trends are also projected for nature's material contributions to people and good quality of life indicators, with some regional variation (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Under regional sustainability scenarios, which show increased concern for environmental and social sustainability and a shift toward local and regional decision-making, similar impacts are projected as for global sustainable development. Regional sustainability, however, leads to slightly fewer benefits for nature's regulating and material contributions to people (with decreases in food provision) than global sustainable development and more positive impacts on nature's non-material contributions to people and good quality of life, particularly traditional knowledge and supporting identities reflecting the local focus of the regional sustainability scenario (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Trade-offs between nature and different contributions from nature to people are projected under all plausible futures for Europe and Central Asia (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.3.4). How these trade-offs are resolved depends on political and societal value judgements within each plausible future. In general, those futures where environmental issues are mainstreamed across sectors are more successful in mitigating undesirable cross-sector trade-offs, resulting in positive impacts across a broad range of indicators concerning nature, nature's contributions to people and good quality of life indicators (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Trade-offs between nature's material and regulating contributions to people are commonly projected in the economic optimism and regional competition scenarios, which tend to promote a limited number of nature's material contributions to people. For example, increases in food provision (generally associated with the expansion of agricultural land or the intensification of livestock production and fish captures) are often associated with decreases in the provision of nature's regulating contributions to people (e.g. prevention of soil erosion, regulation of water quality and quantity) and nature values. Similar trade-offs were projected between increases in timber provision and decreases in nature's regulating (e.g. carbon sequestration) and non-material (e.g. aesthetic value) contributions to people. Such trade-offs lead to strong positive effects in nature's contributions to people with market values and negative effects in nature's contributions to people without market values (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Trade-offs were also apparent under the sustainability scenario archetypes, particularly in relation to the use of land and water (e.g. effects of agricultural extensification – the opposite of agricultural intensification - or increases in bioenergy croplands on other land uses and biodiversity) (established but incomplete) (5.6.1). However, such scenarios proactively deal with such trade-offs through, for example, political choices aiming to maximize synergizes through mainstreaming and multifunctionality (global sustainable development) or through societal choices to live less resource-intensive lifestyles and, hence, reduce demand for nature's material contributions to people (regional sustainability). Impacts of plausible futures differ across the regions of Europe and Central Asia. Hence, regional and national decision-makers face different trade-offs between nature and its various contributions to people. Cooperation between countries opens up possibilities to mitigate undesirable crossscale impacts and to capitalize on opportunities (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). In Central Asia, significant water shortages are projected in the long-term. This affects farmers' choices between intensive crop production and more sustainable production with resulting impacts on nature's regulating contributions to people, such as water quality (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). Similar impacts on water stress are projected under future scenarios for Central Europe, including decreases in multiple contributions from nature to people from wetlands (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). Transboundary and integrated water management strategies that protect minimum water levels for the environment are projected to mitigate these negative impacts. In Eastern Europe, particularly Russia, trade-offs between wood extraction and carbon sequestration are projected. Sustainable forest management and reforestation of areas set aside from agricultural activities are suggested as having the potential to mitigate such trade-offs. Similarly, in mountain systems in Central and Western Europe and in marine systems in all subregions adaptive management strategies are projected to address the vulnerability of the majority of nature's contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). In the European Union (EU), significant differences between northern and southern countries are projected. Most scenarios indicate increases in agricultural production for food, feed and bioenergy for northern European Union countries, while decreases in agricultural and timber production, as well as increases in water stress, are projected for southern European Union countries. The latter is projected to have considerable negative impacts on nature's non-material contributions to people, such as national heritage and tourism-related services dependent on local food production. Scenarios which included international coordination of adaptive measures across THE REGIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 576 geographical areas were projected to have better capacity to cope with, or mitigate, undesirable cross-scale impacts (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). Future impacts of drivers of change on nature and its contributions to people in Europe and Central Asia are likely to be underestimated because scenario studies are dominated by a few individual drivers (e.g. climate change) and often omit other important drivers (e.g. pollution) that may adversely affect their impacts (well established) (5.2.2, 5.3.2). Scenario studies predominantly focus on single direct drivers and fail to capture interactions between drivers (well established) (5.2.2, 5.3.2). Climate change is the most represented single direct driver in scenarios of biodiversity and ecosystem change. By contrast other direct drivers, such as pollution and invasive alien species, which are known to have an adverse impact on nature and its contributions to people, are poorly represented in scenario studies (well established) (5.2.2). Single-driver scenarios fail to capture various dynamics such as feedbacks and synergies between and amongst indirect and direct drivers operating at different scales. Policy approaches that consider single drivers or single sectors are unlikely to successfully address environmental problems as they do not consider trade-offs between different drivers, impacts and responses. Integrated, multi-driver scenario studies offer a more realistic assessment of impacts to inform robust decision-making about future sustainable development pathways that avoid unintended consequences (established but incomplete) (5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.4, 5.3.1, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 5.5.5). Priorities for future sustainable development expressed by governments and other societal actors for Europe and Central Asia are more widely achieved under plausible futures that consider a diverse range of values (established but incomplete) (5.3.4, 5.5.4, 5.5.5, 5.6.1). Recognizing the different time frame of the scenarios of plausible futures (often 2050 or later) to those stated in the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2030 or 2020), continuing current trends under a business-as-usual scenario is estimated to lead to failure in achieving most of the Sustainable Development Goals (13 out of 17), but mixed effects on achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (8 achieved). Economic optimism is estimated to have a mixed level of success in achieving the goals (8 achieved), but would fail to achieve the majority of the targets (16 out of 20), while regional competition fails to reach the majority of all goals and targets (15 and 19, respectively). The focus of these scenarios on instrumental values and individualistic perspectives, with little acknowledgement of relational or intrinsic values, means they are unlikely to offer effective sustainable solutions to environmental and social challenges (established but incomplete) (5.3.4, 5.6.1). In contrast, the sustainability scenarios (regional sustainability and global sustainable development) are estimated to achieve the majority of the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Such scenarios attempt to support nature and its multiple nature's contributions to people and aspects of a good quality of life. Thus, they represent a greater diversity of values, but often at the acceptance of lower, or more extensive, production of nature's material contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.3.4, 5.6.1). Multiple alternative pathways exist to achieve the priorities for future sustainable development set by governments and societal actors within Europe and Central Asia and in particular for mitigating tradeoffs between nature and nature's contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.5.2). The most promising pathways include long-term societal transformation through continuous education, knowledge sharing and participatory decisionmaking. Such pathways emphasize nature's regulating contributions to people and the importance of relational values in facilitating a holistic and systematic consideration of nature and nature´s contribution to people across sectors and scales (established but incomplete) (5.5.3, 5.5.4). Four types of pathways have been developed to address trade-offs between food, water, energy, climate and biodiversity at different scales (5.5.2). Green economy pathways focus on sustainable intensification and diversification of production activities coupled with the protection and restoration of nature. Low carbon transformation pathways focus on biofuel production, reforestation and forest management. Both types of pathways include actions related to technological innovation, land sparing or land sharing. Green economy and low carbon transformation pathways do not fully mitigate trade-offs between nature's material contributions to people, nature conservation, and nature's regulating and non-material contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4). Ecotopian solutions pathways focus on radical social innovation to achieve local food and energy self-sufficiency and the production of multiple contributions from nature to people. They include actions on multifunctionality within individual land uses with connecting green infrastructure, urban design and food production (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4). Transition movements pathways emphasize a change towards relational values, promoting resource-sparing lifestyles, continuous education, new urban spatial structures and innovative forms of agriculture where different knowledge systems are combined with technological innovation. Transformation is achieved through local empowerment, participatory decision-making processes, community actions and voluntary agreements. As opposed to other pathways, transition movements CHAPTER 5. CURRENT AND FUTURE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURE AND SOCIETY 577 pathways address all of the Sustainable Development Goals identified as being important in the Europe and Central Asia visions (5.1.2, 5.5.4), except Goal 7 (sustainable energy). The narrative offers the broadest set of actions targeting elements of nature, multiple contributions from nature to people (material, regulating and non-material) and multiple dimensions of a good quality of life (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.6.1). Different sets of actions and combinations of policy instruments are suggested by the different pathways. Joint instruments suggested across pathways give priority to participation, education and awareness raising, and often cross-scale integration and mainstreaming of environmental objectives across sectors (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.6). The green economy and low carbon transformation pathways build towards sustainability without challenging the economic growth paradigm. They are implemented through combinations of top-down legal and regulatory instruments mixed with economic and financial instruments designed at regional (European Union) or national levels (Eastern Europe and Central Asia). Such pathways are often formulated at a sectoral level, and integration across sectoral pathways is critical. However, because green economy and low carbon transformation pathways do not fully mitigate trade-offs, they may not be sufficient alone to achieve sustainability (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.6.1). The trade-offs are better addressed by diverse local bottom-up transition movements or ecotopian solutions pathways (5.5.2). Such pathways reconsider fundamental values and lifestyles through sets of actions focusing on less resource-intensive lifestyles, education, knowledge sharing, good social relations and equity (e.g. food and dietary patterns, transport, energy and consumption patterns). Transition movements pathways also develop bottom-up transformative capabilities by combining rights-based instruments and customary norms (including indigenous and local knowledge) and social and information instruments (established but incomplete) (5.5.3, 5.5.4). The sets of actions proposed in the pathways are not mutually exclusive and can be combined. For example, actions from green economy and low carbon transformation pathways may pave the way towards more transformative transition movements pathways. Moreover, future transitions to sustainability may be fostered through cross-scale integration and mainstreaming of environmental issues into sectoral policies and decisions, along with nurturing diverse social, institutional and technological experiments (established but incomplete) (5.5.5). Participatory scenario, vision and pathway development is a powerful approach for knowledge co-production and has great potential for the explicit inclusion of indigenous and local knowledge (established but incomplete) (5.4.3, 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.6, 5.6.2). Many scenario, vision and pathways exercises include local stakeholders and their valuable knowledge and practices. However, the use of different knowledge systems, such as indigenous and local knowledge, was rarely explicitly mentioned in studies (5.6.2). Explicit examples that included indigenous and local knowledge (see Boxes 5.2, 5.6 and 5.10), show a clear added value from combining different forms of knowledge with technological innovations, and cultural diversity, norms and customary rights when pursuing goals of sustainable development (5.2.2, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.6). Knowledge gaps and resulting uncertainties in exploring future interactions between nature and society are substantial because integrated assessments of future impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people and a good quality of life that take account of the complex interdependencies in human and environmental systems are rare (well established) (5.6.2). Very few studies were available for Central Asia and to a lesser extent for Eastern Europe (well established) (5.6.2). Less information was also available for marine systems than for terrestrial and freshwater systems (well established) (5.6.2). Few integrated scenario and modelling studies include indicators of nature's nonmaterial contributions to people and good quality of life (5.3.2, 5.5.1, 5.6.2) and therefore existing assessments of synergies and trade-offs are limited in the interactions and feedbacks they represent (well established) (5.3.2). No studies were found that assessed future flows of nature's contributions to people across countries, which would have been important to assess the impacts of the scenarios and pathways for Europe and Central Asia on other parts of the world (well established) (5.6.2). There is also a significant gap in the current literature in recognizing the diversity of values, with the focus being mainly on instrumental values (well established) (5.6.2). Finally, scenario and modelling studies include many uncertainties in their projections of the future resulting from input data, scenario assumptions, model structure and propagation of uncertainties across the integrated components of the systems, which should be borne in mind when interpreting their results (well established).

Introducción La televisión es considerada como un instrumento socializador modelador de conciencias y, sobre todo, incitador de la creación de la opinión pública en programas de carácter sensacionalista. En este sentido, este estudio basado en la sociedad del espectáculo tiene como finalidad analizar los efectos negativos que pueden desarrollarse a través del consumo de los estereotipos, el discurso televisivo y las prácticas de la audiencia en el visionado de este modelo de programas. A partir de los criterios y bases de estudio seleccionadas, se pretende establecer una comparativa, a nivel europeo entre España e Italia, mediante una instrumentación adecuada para conocer los perfiles individuales de los programas, así como de sus audiencias. De esta manera, se han seleccionado los programas «Corazón» de «TVE1» de titularidad pública, «Sálvame» de «Telecinco», privado y, «La vita in diretta» de «RAI 1», de titularidad pública y «Pomeriggio Cinque » de «Canale 5» privado. La meta de este estudio es obtener unos resultados concretos que validen la repercusión mediática de este tipo de programas de carácter sensacionalista. A partir de este objetivo se propondrán una serie de propuestas formativas. Objetivos El objetivo general de esta Tesis Doctoral consiste en analizar la programación de las cadenas públicas y privadas de los países de la Unión Europea (España-Italia) para destacar las claves del discurso televisivo, los estereotipos ideológicos y los hábitos de la audiencia en la televisión de carácter sensacionalista. Además, se abordarán 5 objetivos específicos: analizar los hábitos y tipos de audiencia de programas televisivos para conocer perfiles individuales; examinar contenidos y hábitos en los programas sensacionalistas de canales públicos y privados de España e Italia desde la perspectiva de la audiencia; analizar los discursos televisivos en programas televisivos sensacionalistas de España e Italia; descubrir diferentes estereotipos en los programas sensacionalistas a partir de análisis de contenidos y los percibidos por la audiencia; y observar estrategias de percepción crítica en la audiencia para la recepción de los mensajes sensacionalista. Método Esta investigación está compuesta por dos estudios. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis cualitativo de la muestra audiovisual seleccionada en ambos países de la Unión Europea (España e Italia). Para ello, se llevó a cabo, con ayuda de la técnica conocida como la semana construida de Stempel, la transcripción de 16 emisiones (4 por programa). De esta manera, este primer estudio ha abordado a través de un análisis de contenido apoyado de observación no participante, así como un análisis sociodemográfico de los contenidos y sus protagonistas. Además, para conocer los valores comprendidos en las programaciones se ha tenido en cuenta la escala de Schwarzt. Por otro lado, en el segundo estudio, se ha validado un cuestionario para medir los hábitos de la audiencia frente al consumo de este modelo de programa. Por lo tanto, una vez validado y aceptado por expertos profesionales en materia de educomunicación se ha procedido a evaluar a la sociedad española e italiana. El cuestionario está conformado en dos bloques: por un lado, los primeros 15 ítems están relacionados con un estudio socio-demográfico de la población, y por otro lado, los 30 ítems restantes evalúan mediante escala Likert (donde el 1 es totalmente desacuerdo y el 5 totalmente de acuerdo) las prácticas de consumo de ambas sociedades europeas. Para analizar los resultados se ha utilizado el programa estadístico SPSS, estableciendo previamente las dimensiones y variables de estudio. Resultados Con respecto al estudio 1, el visionado de la muestra seleccionada «Corazón » y «Sálvame» (España) y «La vita in diretta» y «Pomeriggio cinque» (Italia) generan en el espectador ideas fundamentadas en el estatus social que se le presenta, así como representaciones de la calidad informativa en las distintas cadenas de televisión.El perfil de estos programas se caracteriza por utilizar los reportajes y crónicas, las entrevistas como los géneros televisivos más demandados en las cadenas de titularidad pública. Mientras que en las cadenas privadas se tiende a usar con mayor frecuencia las críticas y comentarios ante este mismo perfil. Además, se identifican por ser de producción nacional en máxima totalidad y desarrollados en escenarios artificiales exceptuando los reportajes que se realizan en escenarios naturales. En cuanto a la temática más frecuentada en sus contenidos, esta se vincula con temas relacionados con el amor, la familia, las noticias de divulgación y los «realities shows» perteneciendo este último tema solo a cadenas privadas. Por otro lado, atendiendo a las figuras protagonistas de los contenidos audiovisuales, se identifican en profesionales de la información y en personajes populares. Los periodistas que desarrollan los contenidos se identifican por ser en su mayoría mujeres debido a la carga emotiva de sus informaciones, así como el presentador específico o colaborador del programa. En cuanto a los personajes populares, en España, prevalece el sector femenino, de clase media, de origen nacional y de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 40 años. La única diferencia palpable en los cuatro programas se observa en la ocupación de los personajes populares, mientras que en la cadena pública optan por los meritócratas, la cadena privada prefiere los famosos por relación. Por su parte, el perfil de consumidor en Italia es el de hombre, de clase social media-alta, de procedencia nacional, meritócrata y de edades comprendidas entre los 20 y 60 años. Por último, en relación al lenguaje, este se determina por el uso del lenguaje periodístico apoyado de coloquialismo por parte de los profesionales de la información y el uso de lenguaje coloquial y discursivo por parte de los personajes del mundo de la farándula. Además, el sistema de signos y la comunicación no verbal están inmersos en el total de las retransmisiones, estableciendo un vínculo entre el receptor y el emisor del mensaje. En el estudio 2, el análisis de los resultados recogidos a través de la encuesta demuestra que el perfil español se caracteriza por consumir televisión durante toda la franja horaria de la cadena privada, «Telecinco» (43%) elegida en su mayoría, frente a la cadena de titularidad pública «TVE 1» (42%). Además, optan por el visionado del programa «Sálvame» con un 27% (privado), «Corazón» con un 12% (público) y un 61% niegan consumir ambos programas. Por otro lado, los programas de carácter sensacionalista son más consumidos en entornos rurales (2,81) que en entornos urbanos (2,71) según la media obtenida. En cuanto al perfil individual del espectador, este se identifica con una persona de una media de 65 años, mujer, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la ocupación que desempeñe y con estudios de nivel bajo. Por su parte, el perfil italiano se define por el visionado de la televisión en franja horaria de tarde. Además, apuestan por la cadena de titularidad pública «RAI 1» (56%) frente a la privada «Canale 5» (39%). En cuanto a la elección de los programas de carácter sensacionalista, consumen con un 28% «Pomeriggio cinque» (privado), frente al 21% de «La vita in diretta» (público) y al 51% que señalan que no frecuentan ninguno. Por otro lado, el entorno urbano asciende en la media (2,86) frente a los entornos rurales (2,76) a la hora de consumir los programas de crónica «rosa». Por último, el perfil particular del televidente italiano es una mujer con una media de 65 años dedicada a los cuidados del hogar y con estudios de nivel bajo. Conclusiones En relación al estudio 1 se concluye que la batalla constante a la que se ven sometidas las cadenas de titularidad pública y privada, provocan que los espectadores se encuentren expuestos a la sobresaturación e infoxicación de los mensajes que transmiten a diario en su programación. Sin duda, los contenidos basados en el entretenimiento y temas de variedad son aquellos que suscitan mayor interés en la audiencia, a pesar de las faltas de respetos y constantes vulgarismos arraigados. En este sentido, los valores negativos y el enmascaramiento de la realidad son candentes en sus contenidos y los entrevistados tienden a enlazar el sensacionalismo únicamente con los programas conocidos como «telebasura» o programas de corazón. Por otro lado, en relación a los estereotipos arraigados en este tipo de programas, la figura femenina ocupa un segundo lugar en la sociedad actual, señalada como el sexo débil, imperando el machismo en los contenidos televisivos. Asimismo, las minorías, etnias o grupos marginales no cuentan con el respeto a la imagen de sus colectivos, provocando discriminación y desigualdad entre los espectadores. En este sentido, es necesario educar a los telespectadores para evitar que se mantengan estas diferencias en la sociedad. Por su parte, en el estudio 2 se concluye que la población española se caracteriza por consumir con mayor frecuencia aquellos programas relacionados con la crónica «rosa» o el sensacionalismo frente a la población italiana. El ascenso imperante por estos contenidos ha provocado que existan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el estudio sociodemográfico de la muestra seleccionada. España incide en el consumo de la cadena privada, mientras que Italia prefiere la cadena de titularidad pública, apostando por el servicio público que ofrece a favor de la ciudadanía. Sin embargo, en relación al consumo de los programas seleccionados para el análisis de esta Tesis Doctoral, se ha demostrado que a pesar que los espectadores de ambas nacionalidades conocen la temática y los contenidos de los programas de crónica rosa, los resultados indican el escaso visionado sobre ellos. Esta conclusión se basa en el sentimiento de vergüenza relacionado por el consumo de contenidos basuras o inapropiados. Para finalizar, hay que destacar la necesidad de educar y formar a los ciudadanos en competencia mediática para que puedan convertirse en prosumidores empoderados. La falta de calidad informativa en los programas de carácter sensacionalista cobra un papel importante en los estudios de la comunidad académica, justificando la falta de códigos deontológicos que apoyen y desarrollen una correcta televisión de calidad. Asimismo, los estereotipos, creencias y prejuicios a través de los programas de crónica rosa deben ser erradicados, evitando la conformación de actitudes, sobre todo, en el público más vulnerable. ; Introduction Television is regarded as an instrument of consciousness and modeler socializing, above all, instigator of the creation of public opinion in sensationalist programs. In this way, this study based on the society of the spectacle has as purpose to analyze the negative effects that can be developed through consumption of stereotypes, the television discourse and the audience practices in the viewing of such programs. On the basis of the criteria and bases of selected study, we intend to establish a comparison at European level between Spain and Italy, using a suitable instrumentation for the profiles of individual programs as well as to their audiences. In this way, programs «Corazón» by «TVE1» public ownership, «Sálvame» by «Telecinco» private and «La vita in diretta» by «RAI l»public ownership and «Pomeriggio Cinque» by «Canale 5» private have been selected. The goal of this study is to obtain concrete results that validate the media impact of this type of sensationalist programs. From this objective a set of educational proposals will be offered. Objectives The overall objective of this thesis is to analyze the programming of public and private chains from the European Union countries (Spain and Italy) to highlight the keys of the television discourse, the ideological stereotypes and the habits of the audience on sensationalist TV. In addition,5 specific objectives will be addressed: to analyze the habits and types of audience of television programs for individual profiles; to browse contents and habits in the sensational programs of both public and private channels from Spain and Italy from the perspective of the audience; to analyze the television speeches in television sensationalist programs from Spain and Italy; to discover different stereotypes in the sensationalist programs based on the analysis of content and the perceived by the audience; and to observe strategies of critical perception in the audience for the receipt of sensationalist messages. Method This research is composed by two studies. In the first place, a qualitative analysis of the audiovisual show selected in both countries of the European Union (Spain and Italy) was performed. To do this, the transcription of 16 emissions (4 per program) was carried out with the help of the technique known as the week built of Stempel. In this way, this first study has addressed through a content analysis supported non-participant observation, as well as a socio-demographic analysis of the content and its protagonists. In addition, to know the values within the schedules the scale of Schwarzt has been taken into account. On the other hand, in the second study, a questionnaire to measure the habits of the audience before the consumption of this type of programs has been validated. Therefore, once validated and accepted by professional experts in the field of educommunication has proceeded to evaluate the Spanish and Italian society. The questionnaire is formed in two blocks: on the one hand, the first 15 items are related to a socio-demographic population study, and on the other hand, the remaining 30 items using Likert scale (where 1 is totally disagree and 5 fully agree) evaluated the practices of consumption of both European societies. To analyze the results the statistical program SPSS has been used, establishing beforehand the dimensions and study variables. Results With regard to the study 1, the viewing of the sample selected «Corazón» and «Sálvame» (Spain) and «La vita in diretta» and «Pomeriggio Cinque» (Italy) generating in the spectator of ideas based on the social status that is presented, as well as representations of the quality of information in the various television channels. The profile of these programs are characterised by the use of the reports and chronicles, the interviews as the genres most demanded in the public ownership chains. While in private chains tend to use more frequently the criticisms and comments before this same profile. In addition, are identified as being of national production in maximum entirety and developed in artificial scenarios except for reports that are made in natural settings. With regard to the thematic more frequented in its contents, this is linked to issues related with love, family, news of outreach and «reality shows» belonging tñe latter topic only to private broadcasters. On the other hand, the protagonists of audiovisual content figures are identified by information professionals and popular characters. Journalists who develop the contents are identified as being mostly women because of the emotional charge of their information, as well as specific program presenter or collaborator. Regarding popular personalities, in Spain, the female sector, middle class, national origin and aged between 20 and 40 years prevails. The only palpable difference in the four programs is observed in the occupation of popular personalities, while the public chain choose meritocrats, the private chain prefers famous for relationship. Meanwhile, the consumer profile in Italy is that of a man, upper-middle, class of national origin, meritocrat and aged between 20 and 60 years. Lastly, in relation to language, this is determined by the use of journalistic language colloquialism supported by information professionals and the use of colloquial and discursive language by characters from the world of entertainment. In addition, the system of signs and nonverbal communication are immersed in total retransmissions, establishing a link between the receiver and sender of the message. In study 2, analysis of the results collected through the survey shows that Spanish profile is characterized by consuming television throughout the time slot of the private channel, «Telecinco» (43%) chosen mostly against of public ownership chain «TVE 1» (42%). Also, they opt for the viewing of «Sálvame» program with 27% (private), «Corazón» with 12% (public) and 61% refuse to consume both programs. On the other hand, sensationalist programs are more consumed in rural areas (2.81) than in urban areas (2.71) according to the average obtained. As for the individual profile of the viewer, this is identified to a person from an average of 65 years old, female, with no statistically significant differences in occupation and perform low-level studies. Moreover, the Italian profile is defined by the viewing of television time slot afternoon. In addition, they opt for public ownership chain «RAI 1» (56%) versus private «Canale 5» (39%). Regarding the choice of sensationalist programs consume 28% «Pomeriggiocinque» (private), compared with 21% of «La vita in diretta» (public) and 51% indicating no frequenting none. On the other hand, the urban environment rises in average (2.86) compared to rural areas (2.76) when consuming chronic programs gossip TV. Lastly, the particular profile of the Italian television viewer is a woman with an average of 65 years dedicated to home care and low-level studies. Conclusions In relation to the study 1 it is concluded that the constant battle to which the chains of public and private ownership are subjected, cause that viewers are exposed to waterlogging and infoxication of the messages that are transmitted on a daily basis in their programming. Without doubt, the contents based on entertainment and themes of variety are those which give rise to a greater interest in audience, despite the lack of respect and constant vulgar words rooted. In this regard, negative values and masking of reality are burning in their contents and respondents tend to bind the sensationalism only with programs known as «trash TV». On the other hand, in relation to the stereotypes rooted in this type of program, the female figure occupies the second place in the current society, identified as the weaker sex, prevail sexism in the television content. In addition, minorities, ethnic groups or marginal groups do not count with respect to the image of their collective, causing discrimination and inequality among spectators. In this sense, it is necessary to educate viewers to prevent these differences remain in society. For its part, in study 2 it is concluded that the Spanish population is characterized by viewing more frequently those programs related with the chronic gossip TV or the sensationalism compared to Italian population. The prevailing ascent by these contents has caused that statistically significant differences exist in the socio¬demographic sample selected. Spain has an impact on the consumption of the private chain, while Italy prefer the chain of public ownership, betting on the public service that offers in favor of citizenship. However, in relation to the consumption of the programs selected for the analysis in this thesis, it has been demonstrated that despite viewers of both nationalities know the subject and the content of the gossip TV, the results indicate a limited viewing on them. This conclusion is based on the feeling of shame related by the consumption of rubbish or inappropriate contents. In conclusion, we must stress the need to educate and train citizens in media competence so that they can become prosumers empowered. The lack of quality information in the programs of sensational character takes a major role in the studies of the academic community, justifying the lack of codes of conduct to support and develop a correct quality television. Also, stereotypes, beliefs and biases through these programmes must be eradicated, avoiding the formation of attitudes, especially in the more vulnerable audience.

ÖSTERREICHISCHE PLAKATKUNST Österreichische Plakatkunst ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: 1. Hans Makart. Erste Internationale Kunstausstellung im Künstlerhause, Wien 1882. Druck von R. von Waldheim. Reproduktion der Druckerei- und Verlagsgesellschaft vormals R. v. Waldheim, Jos. Eberle & Co., Wien. ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Impressum ( - ) Vorwort. ( - ) Farbentafeln. ( - ) Vollbilder und Illustrationen im Text. ( - ) Druckfehlerberichtigung ( - ) [Abb.]: 2. Blasius Höfel. Realitätenlotterie eines Hauses in Kahlenbergdörfl bei Wien. Druck von Blasius Höfel, Reproduktion in Dreifarbenautotypie von J. Löwy, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: Abb. 1. Anonym. Wachskabinet, Figuren in Lebensgröße, 1818. Holzschnitt. (9) [Abb.]: Abb. 2. Anonym. Circus des Johann Porte. (Sammlung des H. Josef Wünsch, Wien). J. Tretsensky, Wien, lith. Zirka 1830. (10) [Abb.]: Abb. 3. L. Mohn lith. Große Realitäten- u. Geldlotterie Radetzkystiftung. 88:62. 1852. (11) [Abb.]: Abb. 4. Schlögl. Hotel zum Russischen Hof. Ed. Sieger, lith. 56:72. (12) [Abb.]: Abb. 5. Anonym, sig. Cjt. Elisium, Rahmenplakat. (Städtische Sammlung. Wien.) Reiffenstein & Rösch lith. (13) [Abb.]: Abb. 6. Moritz von Schwind. Münchner Künstlermaskenfest 1853. (Sammlung des Dr. August Heymann, Wien.) Bildausschnitt. (15) [Abb.]: Abb. 7. Franz Gerasch. Blumensäle im Carneval 1879. 209:111. Ed. Sieger lith. (16) [Abb.]: Abb. 8. Franz Gerasch. Eduard Sieger, Plakate. 247:102. Druck von Eduard Sieger, Wien. ([17]) [Abb.]: Abb. 9. Anonym. Etablissement Jautz. 176:113. Druck von Eduard Sieger, Wien. ([21]) [Abb.]: Abb. 10. L. E. Petrovits. Historische Ausstellung der Stadt Wien 1883. 63:42. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (23) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 11. Anonym. Elektrizitäts-Ausstellung Wien 1888. 60:46. Druck von Eduard Sieger, Wien. (2)Abb. 12. Anonym Hornicks Universum, Wien. 315:126. Druck von Eduard Sieger, Wien. (24) [Abb.]: Abb. 13. Appelrath. Schwenders Colosseum. 35:55. Sammlung Georg Eckl, Wien. ([25]) [Abb.]: Abb. 14. Anonym. Hotel Wimberger, Maskenball, 170:109. Druck von Eduard Sieger, Wien. (27) [4 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 15. Anonym. Champagner. 90:56. Druck v. J. Weiner, Wien. (2)Abb. 16. Blankoplakat für Maskenbälle. 58:90. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (3)Abb. 17. C. Th. v. Kempf. Blankoplakat für Maskenbälle. 125:88. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (4)Abb. 18. Gottfried Sieben. Blankoplakat für Wäschermädchenbälle. 59:89. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (28) [Abb.]: Abb. 19. Hans Schließmann. Wählerversammlung, Lumpenball, 1885. 121:130. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. ([29]) [Abb.]: Abb. 20. Hans Schließmann. An der Planke, Lumpenball, 1887. 85:120. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (31) [Abb.]: Abb. 21. Hans Schließmann. Wurzen, Lumpenball, 1888. 113:92. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (32) [Abb.]: Abb. 3. Hans Schliessmann. Trinkerquartett, Lumpenball 1884. Druck und Reproduktion von J. Weiner, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: Abb. 22. Hans Schließmann. Auswandererschiff, Lumpenball, 1890. 88:120. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (33) [Abb.]: Abb. 23. Hans Schließmann. Die Pülcher kommen! 88:121. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (34) [Abb.]: Abb. 24. E. Juch. Luftschiff, Lumpenball. 147:118. Ausschnitt des Mittelbildes. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. ([35]) [Abb.]: Abb. 25. Anonym. Auffahrt vor dem Orpheum. 120:91. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (37) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 26. Julius Schmidt und Leopold Theyer. II. Internationale Kunstausstellung in Wien 1888. 180:129. Druck von C. Grefe, Wien. (2)Abb. 27. Adolf Porsche. 4. Österr. Bundesschießen in Brünn 1892. Sammlung Adolf Porsche, Wien. Druck von Rud. M. Rohrer, Brünn. (3)Abb. 28. Eduard Veith. "Zum Ölbaum", Jos. & Em. Bratmann. 71:96. Druck von Ed. Sieger, Wien. (38) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 29. Eduard Veith. III. Internationale Kunstausstellung in Wien 1894. 45:33. (2)Abb. 30. Adalbert F. Seligmann. Wiener Konzertverein. 40:62. (39) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 31. E. R. Ranzenhofer. Wiener Blut im k. k. priv. Carlthetaer. 222:76. Druck der Gesellschaft für graphische Industrie, Wien. (2)Abb. 32. E. Ranzenhofer. Wiener Mode. 108:38. Druck der Gesellschaft für graphische Industrie, Wien. (3)Abb. 33. E. Ranzenhofer. Hofopernredoute 1900. 240:90. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (40) [Abb.]: 4. A. H. Schram. 35. Jahresausstellung der Genossenschaft Bildender Künstler im Künstlerhaus Wien 1902. Druck und Reproduktion von J. Weiner, Wien. ( - ) 5. Adolf Karpellus. 33. Jahresausstellung im Künstlerhause, Wien. Druck und Reproduktion von J. Weiner, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 6. E. Stella. Eine Nacht im Morgenlande, Schleierredoute. Druck und Reproduktion von A. Luigard, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 7. Theo Zasche. Silvester im Konzerthaus. Druck und Reproduktion v. J. Weiner, Wien. ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 34. E. Ranzenhofer. Ansichtskartenschreiber "Bediene dich selbst". 93:60. Druck der Gesellschaft für graphische Industrie, Wien. (2)Abb. 35. Ludwig Koch. Trabrennen. 58:90. Druck v. J. Weiner, Wien. (41) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 36. Karpellus. Figaro und Wiener Luft. Oberer Bildausschnitt. 15:24. Druck von Johann N. Vernay. Wien. (2)Abb. 37. A. Karpellus. Berson-Absätze. 29:27. (3)Abb. 38. Karpellus. Christophlack. 54:29. (42) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 39. A. Karpellus. Bärenlack. 122:90. Druck der Gesellschaft für graphische Industrie, Wien. (2)Abb. 40. Theo Zasche. Österreich auf der Stockholmer Ausstellung 1901. 105:63. Druck v. Ed. Sieger, Wien. (43) [Abb.]: Abb 41. Anonym. Laureol. 93:60. Druck von R. v. Waldheim, Wien. (44) [Abb.]: Abb. 42. Gustav Klimt. Secession, XVIII. Ausstellung 92:28. Druck v. A. Berger, Wien. (45) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 43. J. M. Olbrich. III. Ausstellung der Secession. 86:64. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 44. Alfred Roller. IV. Ausstellung der Secession. 106:145. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (46) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 45. Alfred Roller. IX. Ausstellung der Secession. 89:23. Druck v. Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 46. Alfred Roller. Slevogt-Ausstellung. 45:43. Druck von Jos. Eberle & Co., Wien. (47) [4 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 47. Alfred Roller. XVI. Ausstellung der Secession. 187:59. Druck v. Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 48. Alfred Roller. XIV. Ausstellung der Secession. 91:35. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (3)Abb. 49. Koloman Moser. XIII. Ausstellung der Secession. 90:31. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (3)Abb. 50. Koloman Moser. Richardsquelle. 39:173. (48) [Abb.]: 8. Gustav Klimt. Erste Kunstausstellung der Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs Secession. Druck und Reproduktion von Alb. Berger, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 9. Jos. M. Olbrich. Ausstellung der Künstlerkolonie Darmstadt 1901. Druck und Reproduktion von H. Hohmann, Darmstadt. ( - ) [Abb.]: 10. Alfred Roller. Schneebergbahn. Nach dem im Besitze des Künstlers befindlichen Originalentwurf. Reproduktion in Dreifarben-Autotypie von J. Löwy, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 11. Koloman Moser. 5. Kunstausstellung der Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs Secession. Druck und Reproduktion von Alb. Berger, Wien. ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 51. Koloman Moser. Österreichs Illustr. Zeitung. 78:108. Druck der Gesellschaft für graphische Industrie, Wien. (2)Abb. 52. Koloman Moser. Frommes Kalender. 94:59. Druck v. Albert Berger, Wien. (49) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 53. Bertold Löffler, Kabaret Fledermaus. 91:60. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 54. Bertold Löffler. Kaiser Huldigungsfestzug. 104:38. Druck von Christof Reissers Söhne, Wien. (3)Abb. 55. Bertold Löffler. Kunstschau 1908. 66:94. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (50) [Abb.]: Abb. 56. Bertold Löffler. Kunstschau 1909. 158:35. Druck von Alb. Berger, Wien. (51) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 57. Bertold Löffler. Fledermaus, Macara. 103:81. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 58. Bertold Löffler. Salzburger Volkskeller. 98:60. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (52) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 59. Dr. Rudolf Junk. Staatslotterie 1910. 118:86. Druck der k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien. (2)Abb. 60. Ferdinand Andri. 10. Ausstellung der Secession. 85:28. Druck v. Alb. Berger, Wien. (53) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 61. Maximilian Liebenwein. Schwarzquell. 60:50. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 62. August Keller. Böcklinausstellung im Hagenbund. 93:33. Druck von Christof Reissers Söhne, Wien. (54) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 63. J. Engelhart. Secessions - Ausstellung. 190:26. Druck v. Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 64. Ferdinand Kruis. Malschule. 80:55. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (55) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 65. Alois Haenisch. Secession 1910. 55:38. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 66. Rudolf Jettmar. 27. Ausstellung der Secession. 63:45. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (56) [Abb.]: 12. Bertold Löffler. Fledermaus, Thetaer und Kabarett. Druck und Reproduktion von Alb. Berger, Wien. ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 67 Heinrich Ranzoni. 5. Ausstellung des Hagenbundes. 50:35. Druck von Christof Raissers Söhne, Wien. (2)Abb. 68. Leopold Stolba. 23. Ausstellung der Secession. 92:61. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (57) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 69. Victor Krämer. 11. Ausstellung der Secession. 68:88. Druck v. Alb. Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 70. Max Kurzweil. 17. Ausstellung der Secession. 88:28. Druck v. A. Berger, Wien. (3)Abb. 71. Adolf Böhm. 8. Ausstellung der Secession. 60:46. Druck v. Alb. Berger, Wien. (58) [Abb.]: Abb. 72. Otto Friedrich. 33. Ausstellung der Secession. 56:42. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (59) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 73. Franz Wacik. Silhouettenredoute in der Secession. 121:38. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (2)Abb. 74. Karl Mediz. Hagenbund - Ausstellung. 70:42. Druck von Christof Reissers Söhne, Wien. (60) [Abb.]: Abb. 75. Josef Urban.Liebermannausstellung im Hagenbund. 106:78. Druck von Chr. Reissers Söhne, Wien. (61) [Abb.]: Abb. 76. Heinrich Lefler. Blumencorso in "Venedig in Wien". 121:89. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (62) [Abb.]: Abb. 76. Heinrich Lefler. Augartenfest 1894. 112:83. Druck von S. Czeiger, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 13. Heinrich Lefler. Die Hölle. Druck und Reproduktion der Druckerei- und Verlagsaktiengesellschaft vormals R. v. Waldheim, Jos. Eberle & Co., Wien. ([63]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 78. Jos. M. Auchenthaller. Ansichtskartenlotterie. 181:90. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (2)Abb. 79. Heinrich Schubert. Rübezahl-Fleckwasser. 105:59. Druck von Eduard Steger, Wien. (3)Abb. 80. Jos. M. Auchenthaller. 7. Ausstellung der Secession. 181:90. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (65) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 81. Erwin Puchinger. Wiener Kunstgewerbeverein. 123:90 Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (2)Abb. 82. R. Germela. II. Weihnachtsgruppenbazar. 126:95. Druck der Gesellschaft für graphische Industrie, Wien. (66) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 83. Hans Kalmsteiner. Jagdausstellung Wien 1910. 80:58. Druck von J. Weiner, Wien. (2)Abb. 84. Rudolf Pick. Bosnische Nutzviehausstellung. 88:116. Druck von S. Czeiger, Wien. (67) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 85. Emil Orlik. Die Weber. 65:97. (2)Abb. 86. Emil Orlik. Verein deutschböhmischer Künstler in Böhmen. 56:88. Druck von A. Haase in Prag. (68) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 87. Emil Orlik, Potolowsky. 68:45. Druck von Hollerbaum & Schmidt in Berlin. (2)Abb. 88. Emil Orlik. Schall und Rauch. 108:82. Druck von A Haase in Prag. (69) [Abb.]: Abb. 89. Emil Orlik. Japanalbum. Vor der Schrift. 66:94. (70) [Abb.]: Abb. 90. Hugo Steiner-Prag. Heimatland. 1907. 103:77. (71) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 91. Hugo Steiner. Prag. Bühne und Welt. 85:60. Druck von Meissner & Buch, Leipzig. (2)Abb. 92. Richard Teschner. Kunsthalle Karlsbad 1913. 115:70. (72) [Abb.]: Abb. 93. Richard Teschner. Wallensteinfestspiele in Eger. 1911. 118:99. Druck von A. Haase, Prag. ([73]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 94. Ferd. Michl. Hagenbund. 51:40. Druck von Christof Reissners Söhne, Wien. (2)Abb. 95. Irma Hütter. Verein Frauenvorschrift. 1909. 81:62. Druck von A. Haase, Prag. (75) [Abb.]: Abb. 96. O. Czeschka. Tausendjahrjubiläum der Stadt Mödling. 91:81. Mit Hinweglassung des Textes. Druck von Haufler & Lehmann, Wien. (76) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 97. Leinweber. Reichenberger Ausstellung 1906. 100:68. Druck von Gebr. Stiepel, Reichenberg. (2)Abb. 98. Gustav Jahn. Gesäuse. 99:64. 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Giorgio Graf Buonaccorsi. Zerreiss & Co., Nürnberg. 85:44. Druck von Zerreiss & Co., Nürnberg. (2)Abb. 106. Giorgio Graf Buonaccorsi. Ein deutsches Weihnachtsspiel. 104:74. Druck von J. Seemann, Nürnberg. (81) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 107. Hans Neumann. Elektor-Staubsauger. 123:93. Druck der Papier- und Blechdruckindustrie, Wien. (2)Abb. 108. Hans Neumann. Deutsche Heimat. 94:125. Druck der Papier- und Blechdruckindustrie, Wien. (82) [Abb.]: Abb. 109. Leonard Schuller. II. Bureau-Ausstellung, Wien. 91:59. Druck der Ges. für Graph. Industrie, Wien. (83) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 110. Julius Klinger. Notte Veneziana. 70:93. Druck von Hollerbaum & Schmidt in Berlin. (2)Abb. 111. Julius Klinger. Allgemeine Ausstellung für Büro-Bedarf. 67:91. Druck von Hollerbaum & Schmidt in Berlin. (84) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 112. Julius Klinger. Frühlingsschau. 7:95. Druck von Hollerbaum & Schmidt in Berlin. (2)Abb. 113. Ernst Deutsch. Admiralskasino. 71:95. Druck von Hollerbaum & Schmidt in Berlin. (85) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 114. Jo Steiner. Senta Söneland. 65:91. Druck von Arnold Weylandt, Berlin. (2)Abb. 115. Jo Steiner. Paul Goldler. 68:91. Druck von Arnold, Weylandt, Berlin. (87) [Abb.]: Abb. 116. Richard Seifert. Reklamekunst-Ausstellung Zürich. 70:44. Druck von Albert Lierow & Co in Basel. (88) [Abb.]: 16. Julius Klinger. Sofiensäle Redouten. Nach dem dem H. kais. Rate A. Weiner gehörigen Originalentwurfe des Künstlers. Reproduktion von J. Weiner, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 17. Ernst Deutsch. Hochschule für Zuschneidekunst in Berlin. Druck von Ernst Marx, Berlin. Reproduktion von J. Löwy, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: Abb. 117. Fritz Schönpflug. Ansichtskartenausstellung. 95:63. Druck der Gesellschaft für Graphische Industrie, Wien. (89) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 118. Carl Josef. Der Morgen I. 123:90. Druck der Gesellschaft für Graphische Industrie, Wien. (2)Abb. 119. Carl Josef. Der Morgen II. 126:95. Druck der Gesellschaft für Graphische Industrie, Wien. (90) [Abb.]: Abb. 120. Carl Josef. Der Morgen III. 189:66. Druck der Gesellschaft für Graph. Industrie, Wien. (91) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 121. Carl Alexander Wilke. Auf zum Cobenzl. 92:124. Druck von Christof Reissers Söhne, Wien. (2)Abb. 122. Grom-Rottmayer. Centralbad in Wien. I. Zustand. 57:94. Druck von Alb. Berger, Wien. (92) [4 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 123. Josef von Divéky. Max u. Moritz. 187:59. Druck v. Brüd. Rosenbaum. (2)Abb. 124. Erwin Lang. Grete Wiesenthal. 69:45. Druck von Hollerbaum & Schmidt, Berlin. (3)Abb. 125. Victor Schufinsky. Lucifer. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (4)Abb. 126. Walter Rusell. Humoristen in der Galerie Arnot. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (93) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 127. Blonder. Volksbühne, Kampf. 67:119. Druck der Ges. f. Graph. Industrie, vorm. Brüd. Rosenbaum. (2)Abb. 128. Urban Janke. Perrots letztes Abenteuer. 46:58. Druck von Brüder Rosenbaum, Wien. (94) [Abb.]: Abb. 129. Oskar Kokoschka. Sommertheater in der Kunstschau. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (96) [Abb.]: 18. Egon Schiele. Shaw oder die Ironie, Vorlesung Dr. Egon Friedell. Druck der Graph. Kunstanstalt Rosenbaum, Wien. Reproduktion der Gesellschaft für Graph. Industrie, Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 19. Gonda. Maier und Hruby, Teppichbetten. Druck und Reproduktion der Druckerei- und Verlagsaktiengesellschaft vormals R. v. Waldheim, Jos. Eberle & Co., Wien. ( - ) [Abb.]: 20. Tony Grubhofer. Rittnerbahn in Tirol. Druck und Reproduktion von Ed. Strache, Warnsdorf. ( - ) [Abb.]: Abb. 130. Artur Berger. Marx Emaillack. 91:58. Druck von Albert Berger, Wien. (97) [Abb.]: Abb. 131. Anonym. Makarts letztes Werk im Kunstverein Graz. 100:65. (99) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 132. Daniel Pauluzzi. E. v. Emperger u. Co. 58:90. Druck Senefelder, Graz. (2)Abb. 133. L. Resch. Kärntner Landes-Handwerker-Ausstellung 1911. 46:59. Druck Senefelder, Graz. (100) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 134. Albin Egger-Lienz. Passionsspiel Erl. 91:60. Druck der Wagnerschen Universitätsdruckerei, Innsbruck. (2)Abb. 135. Hugo Grimm. Passionsspiele Brixlegg. 40:21. Druck der Wagnerschen Universitätsdruckerei, Innsbruck. (101) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 136. Alfons Mucha. Sängerfest der Mährischen Lehrer. 106:78. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (2)Abb. 137. V. Hynais. Ethnographische Ausstellung in Prag 1895. 105:131. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (102) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 138. Arnošt Hofbauer. Kunstsalon Topič. (Buddah. 107:79. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (2)Abb. 139. Arnošt Hofbauer. Kunstsalon Topič. Der ertrinkende Künstler. 105:77. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (3)Abb. 140. Arnošt Hofbauer. Vortrag Anna Kvapil. 110:76. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (103) [Abb.]: Abb. 141. Vaclav Oliva. Jubiläums-Ausstellung in Prag 1908. 46:56. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (104) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 142. Vacláv Oliva. Zlatá Praha. 51:16. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (2)Abb. 143. Vacláv Oliva. Buchhandlung Otto. 104:53. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (3)Abb. 144. Vacláv Oliva. Kunstsalon Topič. P. Athene. 100:75. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (105) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 145. V. Štroff. Vilimeks Humoristische Blätter 76:103. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (2)Abb. 146. Štroff. Vilimeks Humoristische Blätter. 78:106. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (106) [Abb.]: Abb. 147. Štroff. Vilimeks Humoristische Blätter. 76:101. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (107) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 148. F. Urban. VI. Sokolfest in Prag. 157:105. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (2)Abb. 149. B. Jaronĕk. Stramberg. 96:66. Druck der Gebrüder Chrastin in Wallachisch-Meseritsch. (108) [Abb.]: Abb. 150. F. Naske. Künstlerkarnevalsfest in Prag 1911. 129:96. Druck von V. Neubert in Prag-Smichov. ( - ) [Abb.]: Abb. 151. Max Švabinský. XVI. Ausstellung des Manesbunds in Prag. 1905. 151:105. Druck der "Unie", Prag. ([109]) [Abb.]: 21. Ottokar 130104086. Baška. Druck und Reproduktion der Politika, Prag. ([111]) [5 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 152. Hornik. Sokolfest in Prag 1912. 290:143. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (2)Abb. 153. Županski. Rodinausstellung im Manesbund, Prag. 150:72. Druck der "Unie", Prag. (3)Abb. 154. Jozsá Úprka. Ausstellung in Göding 1913. 112:58. Druck von L. Klabusag. Kolešov. (4)Abb. 155. V. Preisler. Hagenbund, Manes. Prag. 123:91. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (5)Abb. 156. Vorlová-Vlčková. Fremdenverkehr in Mähren. 116:90. Dr. v. V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (113) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 157. Ottokar Štáfl. Künstlerkarneval Rokoko. Druck der Politika, Prag. (2)Abb. 158. Ottokar Štáfl. Naturtheater in der Šrárka. Druck der Politika in Prag. (3)Abb. 159. Vratislav Nechleba. Ausstellung der "Indépedents im Manesbund, Prag. 127:97. Druck von V. Neubert, Prag-Smichov. (114) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 160. Ottokar Štáfl. Steeple-Chaise. Druck der Politika, Prag. (2)Abb. 161. Ottokar Štáfl. Gemäldeausstellung Ullmann. Druck der Politika, Prag. (115) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 162. T. Axentowicz. 82:62. Druck von A. Pruszyński in Krakau. (2)Abb. 163. F. Zajchowski. Lemberger Jahrmarkt, 1911. 106:75. Druck von Piller-Neumann in Lemberg. (3)Abb. 164. Sichulsiki. Kunstausstellung in Lemberg, 1910. 73:108. Druck von Piller-Neumann in Lemberg. (116) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 165. K. Frycz. Krakau. 91:61. Druck von A. Pruszyński in Krakau. (2)Abb. 166. K. Frycz. Krynica-Verlag. 91:61. Druck von A. Prustyński in Krakau. (117) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 167. A. Orell. Ausstellung in Capodistria 1910. 155:93. Druck von E. Passero in Udine-Monfalcone. (2)Abb. 168. Arpad Basch. Rennerit. 68:48. Druck von Kunossy in Budapest. (118) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 169. Tolnay Ákos. Alt-Budapest. 90:70. Druck von Posner in Budapest. (2)Abb. 170. Michael Biró. Alkohol. Druck von Seidner in Budapest. (3)Abb. 171. Michael Biró. Wahlen. 123:91. Druck von Seidner, Budapest. (119) [Abb.]: Abb. 172. A. Tuszkay. Budapester Orpheum, Giampietro. 95:63. Druck von Athenaeum R. T. Nyomása. (120) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 173. P. A. von Lászlo. Wiener Musikfestwoche 1912. 95:62. Druck von Christof Reissers Söhne, Wien. (2)Abb. 174. Simay Imre. Ausstellung im Hagenbund. 100:80. Druck von Christof Reissers Söhne, Wien. (3)Abb. 175. J. Mestrović. 35. Ausstellung der Secession. 65:43. Druck von A. Berger, Wien. (121) [Abb.]: Abb. 176. Anonym. 91:59. (124) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

James Freeman's always excellent "best of the web" WSJ column today covers a Manhattan Institute report by Mark Mills itself referencing material deep in side an International Energy Agency report on battery powered electric cars. Like corn ethanol, this enthusiasm may also pass. The economic and environmental costs of batteries are slowly seeping out. One of my pet peeves in all of our command-and-control climate policy is that any comprehensive quantification of costs and benefits seems so rare, or at least so hidden. How many dollars for how many tons of carbon -- and especially the latter: how many tons of carbon, really, all in, including making the cars? (California only counts tailpipe emissions!) I have seen guesstimates that electric cars only breakeven in their carbon emissions at 50,000-70,000 miles. And, the point of the article, those estimates are likely undercounts especially if there is a huge expansion.  Parts I found interesting and novel: For all of history, the costs of a metal in both dollar and environmental terms are dictated primarily by ore grades, i.e., the share of the rock dug up that contains the metal sought... Ore grade is what accounts for the differences in the cost per pound of gold, $15,000, and iron, $0.05. The former ore grades are typically below 0.001% and the latter over 50%.... Average nickel ore grade is under 2% and for copper below 1%, ... Such geological realities determine the amount of energy used by big machines to do the digging, moving, grinding, refining, etc.The global mining industry today already accounts for about 40% of all industrial energy use, and that's before an epic expansion that will be needed to meet green plans. Petroleum itself typically accounts for half of mining-sector energy use.Thus, estimating future EV energy emissions requires including the trajectory for ore grades. There is no evidence that any study is doing so. [My emphasis] Every metal exhibits a long-run and significant decline in ore grades. [The International Energy Agency] acknowledges this, even if it tendentiously understates the reality: "Future [minerals] production is likely to gravitate towards more energy-intensive pathways." The word "likely" dodges the fact that the data and the trends are clear. Copper is typical and is one metal for which there are no substitutes for building EVs or wind and solar hardware. As a National Renewable Energy Laboratory paper pointed out, "a decrease in copper ore grade between 0.2% and 0.4%, will require seven times more energy than present-day operations." And copper ore grades are forecast to continue the long-run decline...Mr. Mills cites an IEA report showing a trend of increasingly energy-intensive mining to collect a number of other minerals needed for EVs and adds:All the trends for declining ore grades are visible, even if they are ignored. [my emphasis]Now any economist of a certain era like me remembers the resource limits arguments of the 1970s, and the fact that raw materials prices keep going down over time. How does this square with the above? Simple: over time energy prices go down, and a bit the cost of machinery goes down, so we can mine lower and lower quality ore at the same or lower price.  This is how we overcome the laws of thermodynamics. As the thing you want is more and more needle in a haystack of rubble, it takes more and more energy to pull it out. We could make copper from sea water with enough free energy. We could make copper from other elements in particle accelerators with enough free energy. Energy abundance drives declining resource prices. And, of course, current policy is driving us to more and more expensive energy.  So perhaps the resource limited crowd might be right after all, though only because of our self-imposed energy policies. (I don't see how one can use nuclear or solar power to run a mine. Maybe, which would at least help the carbon issue if not all the other externalities of mining.)Some of the environmental question around carbon is nicely stated as, what kind of earth do we want to leave our great grandchildren? A hotter earth is not a pleasant choice. But an earth with all of its high grade minerals removed, and only a tenth of a degree cooler, is not a great choice either. I recall from somewhere a speculation about whether industrial civilization could revive after a social collapse. The answer is no. We can't even have a new Bronze Age. All the easily accessible deposits are gone.  Second, an interesting forecast that our regulators will give up -- i.e. give up on the idea that replacing ICE vehicles with batteries and continuing as we do now will work: . . . Consumers are also to be persuaded, or forced, to drive less in general and travel more by bus, bicycle, rail, ride-share, or on foot, and to own fewer cars in the first place. As stated in the IEA net zero goal: the number of global households without a car needs to rise from 45% today to 70% by 2050, reversing a century-long trend of rising ownership. One researcher simply stated: "There is therefore a need for a wide range of policies that include measures to reduce vehicle ownership and usage." As usual, California regulators are ahead of the proverbial curve in admitting that the state's emissions goals will require citizens of that state—on top of being forced into EVs—to drive 25% fewer miles than they did 30 years ago . . . Reversing Americans' entire residential locations to something like a Manhattan where non-car transport can work is hard enough.  Carbon emissions in the next century means China, India and Africa. Do they join the modern world? Reducing "global" car ownership means, no. You walk. Not in the article, my own pet peeve about electric car mandates, current policy, and the coming total ban on ICE vehicles: Economics teaches you the wonder of tremendous variety in our economy. Lots of people use cars and trucks for lots of different things. If electrification saves carbon at all -- a big if, and the central point of this report -- but is expensive or range limited, then it makes sense to do it first where it's least costly and most beneficial, and leave the most high value and hard to substitute uses of gas power alone. For example, the natural first use for electric cars is a second or shared small car with small battery for around town. Most families have two cars. Or, you could own a small limited range car for daily driving and rent a Chevy Tahoe for a long road trip. Privately owned cars sit idle most of the time, and are not a great first use for expensive and environmentally costly batteries anyway. A fire truck that operates one month of the year in the middle of nowhere off the grid should probably stay gas powered forever. The earth does not require 100% elimination of ICE, 90% will do! Yet our policy makers see only one vision: each family has one car, Chevy Chase's family truckster, and must take that car on a long road trip. So the car needs to be huge, have a huge battery, and have a network of charging stations. All at once. Moonshot, not bit by bit. The pressure on materials will not just come from cars either. The current policy plan is to move home heating, AC, stoves, and industry to electricity, and to move electric production to solar panels and windmills. But those only work during the day. The current plan -- dream -- is battery powered grid scale electric storage. To obviate the need for backup fossil plants -- i.e. doubling the fixed cost -- we then need something like a week's worth of battery backup for the whole current electrical output, all the cars, houses, and industry that are going to be forced to move to electricity, and new economic growth. A total ban on gas power, a forced move to huge cars with huge batteries, and no clear quantitative understanding that this actually saves any carbon at all, let alone the other environmental consequences of massively increasing resource extraction, will obviously end badly. Freeman says "they're coming for your cars." They may, but we are still a democracy. More likely, this will join corn ethanol, switchgrass, high speed trains, urban mass transit, and a hundred other enthusiasms in a pile of eternal subsidies while the chattering classes move on to the next great enthusiasm. I can bet what will happen in California. The ban will take effect, but there will be a mechanism to plead for exemptions. Once again large well connected people and companies will get exemptions, smaller businesses will shut down, and everything gets more expensive.  The sad effect of all of this is that slow diffusion of sensible electric cars may be stalled, along with development of the technology--whatever it is--that will eventually win out 20 or 30 years from now.  

Tutkin väitöskirjassani kolmea 1800-luvun loppupuolella Ruotsissa ja Suomessa tehtyä aloitetta aikuiskasvatuksen toteuttamiseksi. Tutkin hankkeiden merkitystä tarkastelemalla aloitteentekijöitä, heidän ideoitaan, uusien instituutioiden perustamis- ja vakiintumisprosesseja sekä instituutioiden luonnetta ja asemaa paikallisyhteisössä 1800-luvun lopulla ja 1900-luvun alussa. Tarkastelu valottaa, miksi kyseessä ollut aikuiskasvatus nousi tärkeäksi ja millaisia muutoksia se sai aikaan kasvatuksen sosiaalisissa käytännöissä. Aikakauden aikuiskasvatuskäytännöt muotoutuivat yksityisten ja paikallisten aloitteiden pohjalta ilman valtiollisen aikuiskoulutuspolitiikan vaikutusta. Kohteena onkin paikallistaso, Göteborgin ja Tampereen kaupungit. Tutkin uusia aikuiskasvatuksen käytäntöjä sosiaalisina innovaatioina ja hankkeita innovaatioprosesseina, jotka ulottuvat ideoista, motiiveista ja esikuvista lopputuloksiin. Tarkastelen uusien käytäntöjen syntyä ja muotoutumista aikakauden yhteiskunnallisessa, poliittisessa ja kulttuurisessa kontekstissa, ja lähestymistapa on vertaileva. Lähdemateriaalina on käytetty arkistokokoelmia, toimintakertomuksia, sanomalehtiä ja muita aikalaisjulkaisuja. Hankkeet olivat luonteeltaan vapaata sivistystyötä, tarkoituksenaan yleissivistävän ei-ammatillisen opetuksen tarjoaminen. Göteborgin vapaa akatemia oli vuonna 1864 esitelty suunnitelma, joka ei koskaan toteutunut tarkoitetussa muodossa. Yhtenä sen tuloksena oli kuitenkin käytäntö, jossa Göteborgin korkeakoulu otti tehtäväkseen järjestää yleisölle avoimia akateemisia luentoja. Vapaan akatemian ideaa ja luentotoimintaa ei ole aikaisemmin tarkasteltu aikuiskasvatuksen näkökulmasta. Göteborgin työväenopisto perustettiin vuonna 1883 huolehtimaan työväenopetuksesta kansantajuisten tieteellisten luentojen avulla ja aloite Tampereen työväenopiston perustamiseksi tehtiin ensimmäisen kerran 1890-luvun alussa. Vaikka työväenopistot ovat tunnettuja aikuiskasvatuksen instituutioita, niiden historiasta on tehty vain vähän tieteellistä tutkimusta. Tämä koskee etenkin Ruotsia. Toiminta aikuisten opetuksen aikaansaamiseksi merkitsi muutoksia ajattelutavoissa. Ymmärrettiin että muutkin kuin lapset ja nuoret tarvitsivat opetusta samoin kuin ymmärrettiin, että sitä tarvitsivat myös ne, jotka olivat jääneet koulutusjärjestelmän ulkopuolelle tai ne, joille järjestelmä tarjosi vain vähän mahdollisuuksia. Sen lisäksi aikuiskasvatusaloitteiden tekijät muotoilivat elinikäisen tai jatkuvan oppimisen ajatuksen idun. Näin ollen vapaan akatemian ja työväenopistojen suunnitelmia ei kehitelty pelkästään paikkaamaan koulujärjestelmän puutteita vaan myös luomaan täysin uudenlaisia käytäntöjä ja tarjoamaan sellaista, mihin olemassa olleet oppilaitokset eivät pystyneet. Hankkeet saivat alkunsa murrosaikana ja liittyivät modernisaation erilai- siin puoliin: kansalaisen roolin muutokseen, naisten ja työläisten oikeuksien nousemiseen ajankohtaisiksi kysymyksiksi, uskonnonvapauden tavoitteluun sekä tiedon merkityksen kasvamiseen yksilöiden ja yhteiskunnan elämässä. Aloitteiden tekijät pyrkivät vastaamaan kasvavien kaupunkiyhteiskuntien tar- peisiin sivistyksen keinoin; tarpeet ja ratkaisut tosin vaihtelivat sen mukaan mihin yhteiskuntaluokkaan kiinnitettiin huomiota. Murroksesta nousevat syyt, erilaisia kussakin hankkeessa, saivat heidät toimimaan mutta lisäksi heillä oli myös omia erityisiä motiivejaan ja odotuksiaan. Nämä motiivit ja päämäärät muokkasivat heidän ideoitaan ja vaikuttivat siihen, mistä malleja haettiin suunnitelmille. Prosessit, joiden myötä uudet aikuiskasvatuksen käytännöt saivat alkunsa ja institutionalisoituivat, heijastavat aikalaisten asenteita uusia ideoita kohtaan. Lopputulokset eivät olleet itsestään selviä, sillä vaihtoehtoisia malleja oli olemassa, suunnitelmat ja uudet käytännöt kohtasivat vaikeuksia ja alkuperäisiä ideoita muokattiin paikallisiin oloihin sopiviksi. Yksityisten kansalaisten aloitteellisuus sivistyslaitosten perustamiseksi omissa kotikaupungeissaan samoin kuin kaupunkien tarjoama rahoitus ja muu tuki kertovat paikallisen toiminnan merkityksestä aikuiskasvatuksen muotoutumisen varhaisvaiheessa. Uudet toiminnan muodot vaikuttivat kasvatuksen sosiaalisiin käytäntöihin lisäämällä mahdollisuuksia sivistyksen hankkimiseen ja laajentamalla sivistystyön vaikutuspiiriä. Ne tarjosivat tilaisuuden aikaisempaa säännöllisempään osallistumiseen, vaikka eivät tuottaneetkaan muodollisia pätevyyksiä, sekä houkuttelivat piiriinsä huomattavia määriä kaupunkilaisia. Ne myös toivat sivistyksen ja opetuksen piiriin ihmisiä, joilla oli vain lyhyt pohjakoulutus, ja tarjosivat täydentävää opetusta niille, joiden ei ollut aikaisemmin mahdollista hankkia uusien instituutioiden tarjoaman tiedon ja taidon kaltaista oppia. Naiset olivat tärkeä kohderyhmä ja muodostivat myös tosiasiassa merkittävän osan yleisöstä. Osallistujat eivät olleet pelkästään aikuisia, sillä työväenopistojen iltakurssit vetivät puoleensa myös työssä käyvää nuorisoa, jonka asema opiskelun kannalta oli samanlainen kuin aikuisten. Työläisille suunnattujen oppilaitosten kyky saavuttaa kohderyhmänsä on joskus kyseenalaistettu, mutta sekä Göteborgin että Tampereen työväenopistot onnistuivat siinä. Suunnitelma Göteborgin vapaasta akatemiasta osoittaa, että varhaisen aikuiskasvatuksen kohderyhmä ei aina ollut työväestö tai rahvas, sillä sen opetus oli suunnattu kaupungin porvaristolle. Tampereen työväenopiston tapaus osoittaa, että sen tarjoamalla opetuksella oli vaikutuksia aktiivisen kansalaisuuden edistämiseen, sillä se osaltaan valmensi opiskelijoitaan kansalaisyhteiskunnassa ja kunnallispolitiikassa ja -hallinnossa toimimiseen. Inhimillisen ja sosiaalisen pääoman käsitteiden pohjalta jaoin opiston mahdollistamat resurssit tieto- ja taitoresursseihin sekä sosiaalisiin resursseihin. Edellisiä karttui luennoista ja käytännöllistä opetusta tarjonneista kursseista; jälkimmäisiä muodostui osittain suunniteltujen opetusjärjestelyjen avulla mutta myös opiskelun sivutuotteena sekä opiston piirissä vietetystä seuraelämästä. ; This study explores three adult education initiatives originating in Sweden and Finland during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Their significance is analysed by scrutinizing the initiators and their ideas, the processes whereby the ideas became established practices, the nature of these practices or institutions and their role in the local community at the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century. These analyses shed light on why the adult education at issue became important and what changes in social patterns of education the new practices brought about. The study focuses on the formative period of adult education prior to the era of governmental adult education policies. This period was characterized by private and local initiatives and thus the setting of the study is the local level, the Swedish city of Gothenburg and the Finnish city of Tampere. The new practices of adult education are regarded as social innovations and explored from the perspective of the innovation process, extending from the ideas, motives and models to the outcomes. The emergence and formation of the activities are examined in the social, political and cultural context of the period and the approach of the study is comparative. The sources consist of various archive materials, reports, newspapers and other publications. These three initiatives represented liberal adult education offering general, non-vocational education. Free Academy in Gothenburg was an adult education plan introduced in 1864. It was never implemented as envisaged but ultimately resulted in a practice whereby Gothenburg University College committed itself to organizing public lectures. The idea of Free Academy and the lecturing activities have not earlier been discussed in terms of adult education. The Gothenburg Workers' Institute was founded in 1883 to cater for workers' education in the form of popular scientific lectures and the initiative for the Tampere Workers' Institute was taken at the beginning of the 1890s. Although the workers' institutes are well-known institutions of adult education, very little scholarly research has been conducted on them, on the Swedish institutes in particular. Promoting the education of adults implied changes in contemporary thinking. It was recognized that children and adolescents were not the only ones needing education just as it was recognized that those outside the education system or those to whom this system had little to offer also needed education. In addition, the initiators raised an embryonic idea of continuing or lifelong education. Thus, the plans for Free Academy and the workers' institutes were not developed solely to compensate for the inadequacies of the education system but also to create entirely new educational practices and offer something the existing institutions could not. The initiatives originated in a period of transition and exemplified different aspects of modernization: the changing role of the citizen, the emerging questions of women's and workers' rights, the pursuit of religious freedom and the increasing importance of knowledge in the lives of individuals and society. The initiators attempted to meet the needs of expanding urban societies by means of education although the needs met and the solutions offered differed according to social class. Reasons arising from such transitions, different in each case, motivated the initiators but they also had more particular interests and expectations. Their motives and goals shaped their ideas and influenced their choices of models for their plans. This study also reveals how the processes whereby the adult education practices emerged and became institutionalized reflect the attitudes towards the initiatives and the esteem in which they were held. The outcomes were not self-evident as there were also other models, the plans and new institutions faced challenges and the original ideas were adapted to suit local conditions. The initiatives taken by private citizens to create institutions in their home towns and the essential role of local funding and other support indicate the significance of the action on local level for the formation of early adult education. The new practices influenced the social patterns of education by increasing educational opportunities and by extending the sphere of influence of education. They offered opportunities for more regular study, albeit not producing any qualifications, and attracted considerable numbers of townspeople. They extended the sphere of education to people who had short earlier schooling and offered further education to people who had previously lacked the opportunities for the kind of education the new institutions now offered. Women were both a target and an actual audience. Participants were not only adults; the workers' institutes with their evening courses also attracted young people in an adult-like position with regard to schooling due to their daily work. The ability of the educational institutions aimed at workers to reach their target group has sometimes been questioned but it is obvious that the Gothenburg and Tampere Workers' Institutes succeeded in this. The plan for Free Academy and the subsequent lecturing activities show that not all early adult education was intended for workers and the common people as in this case the target group was the local bourgeoisie. As regards the effects of adult education, the case of the Tampere Workers' Institute reveals that it contributed to active citizenship by preparing its students to act in civic society and in local government. Drawing on the ideas of human and social capital, the resources the institute could generate for them can be divided into knowledge and skills resources on the one hand, and social resources on the other. The former could be accumulated by attending lectures and practically oriented courses, the latter with the help of planned teaching arrangements but also as a by-product of educational and social activities.

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

En la segunda sección del evento Economía de la Informalidad Conferencia 2020, se presento el Keynote Speaker: Comercio e informalidad en presencia de las fricciones y regulaciones del mercado laboral a cargo de Costas Meghir (Profesor de Economía, Yale University) quien nos habló sobre las regulaciones del mercado en tiempos de Covid-19. Durante su charla, Costas se centró en la explicación y ampliación de sus paper, en el que trabajó en coautoría con Rafael Dix-Carneiro, Pinelopi Goldberg y Gabriel Ulyssea. Y con el que busca comprender los efectos del comercio sobre el mercado laboral y el bienestar, en un mercado laboral con un sector informal grande, muy regulado, pero con poca capacidad de hacer cumplir las normas. Dicho esto, según Meghir, a la informalidad se le puede definir para los trabajadores, como aquellos que no tienen un empleo permanente y estable, con contrato, y no tienen afiliación ni beneficios a salud y seguridad social; y, para las firmas, como aquellas que no son visibles para las autoridades tributarias y el gobierno, y evaden ilegalmente las regulaciones del mercado laboral. Es preciso mencionar que, las implicaciones de la existencia de informalidad son perniciosas principalmente por dos razones: en primer lugar, una importante evasión fiscal que obstaculiza la capacidad fiscal y el suministro de bienes públicos; en segundo lugar, podría implicar una asignación sustancialmente incorrecta de recursos y obstaculizar el crecimiento, ya que las empresas no productivas pueden sobrevivir evadiendo impuestos y evitando el cumplimiento de las regulaciones del mercado laboral. Adicionalmente, los empleados informales no tienen estabilidad laboral, seguro al desempleo, ni reciben contribuciones a la seguridad de parte de sus empleadores. Brasil, donde se experimentó un episodio de liberalización comercial relativamente rápido e intenso a principios de la década de 1990, pese a que sigue siendo una economía relativamente cerrada, constituye un caso de estudio relevante por varias razones. Primero, tiene regulaciones laborales estrictas y onerosas que se aplican de manera imperfecta y un gran sector informal: casi dos tercios de las empresas, el 40% del PIB y el 48% de los empleados son informales. En segundo lugar, el caso brasileño es típico de los países en desarrollo, especialmente en América Latina, donde la fuerza laboral urbana empleada informalmente promedia más del 50%, esta cifra varía del 35% en Chile al 80% en Perú. En tercer lugar, tiene una disponibilidad y calidad de datos únicas, lo que permite la observación directa de la informalidad para los trabajadores y las empresas. Las principales conclusiones de los experimentos hipotéticos que se llevaron a cabo fueron: 1). Los aranceles a las importaciones tienen efectos insignificantes sobre el bienestar y la informalidad. Aranceles por encima del 50% reducen el ingreso per capita, incrementan la informalidad principalmente en manufactura, e incrementan el desempleo. 2). En general, los efectos (relativos) de la liberalización del comercio sobre el bienestar y los resultados del mercado laboral no son muy diferentes en una economía con un gran sector informal en comparación con una economía sin un sector informal. Lo más interesante es que la erradicación de la informalidad tiene efectos positivos en la productividad, pero reduce el ingreso per capita dad la reducción que se presenta en las variedades. Pequeñas reducciones en la informalidad también reducen el desempleo. 3). Los efectos de eliminar la informalidad dependen de otras regulaciones como la del salario mínimo. Su eliminación podría incrementar el desempleo. 4). El incremento del salario mínimo incrementa el desempleo y la informalidad. 5). El sector informal funciona como un amortiguador cuando la economía se ve afectada por shocks negativos. Los efectos de un impacto negativo de la productividad agregada sobre el desempleo y el bienestar son mayores en una economía sin un sector informal. Sin embargo, las ganancias en bienestar derivadas de la erradicación de la informalidad son tan grandes que es difícil justificar la indulgencia hacia el sector informal sobre la base de que funciona como un amortiguador en tiempos económicos difíciles. 6).Un choque de productividad positivo no conduce a una menor informalidad. Los resultados sugieren lo contrario, ya que el progreso tecnológico aumenta los ingresos agregados, conduce a una reducción del umbral de productividad de entrada al sector informal. 7). El aumento de la apertura comercial, unas políticas más laxas en el mercado laboral y el crecimiento económico no son suficientes (por sí mismos) para compensar la mala asignación causada por una pobre supervisión de la regulación de las normas del mercado laboral. Por lo tanto, el artículo recomienda que los gobiernos se esfuercen por lograr una mejor vigilancia que force a los actores del mercado a cumplir con la normatividad que rige al mercado laboral, para por esa vía lograr reducir la informalidad. La forma en que los gobiernos deberían implementar este aumento en la aplicación es un tema interesante para futuras investigaciones. ; In the second section of the Economics of Informality Conference 2020 event, the Keynote Speaker: Trade and informality in the presence of labor market frictions and regulations was presented by Costas Meghir (Professor of Economics, Yale University) who spoke to us about the market regulations in times of Covid-19. During his talk, Costas focused on the explanation and expansion of his papers, in which he co-authored with Rafael Dix-Carneiro, Pinelopi Goldberg and Gabriel Ulyssea. And with the one that seeks to understand the effects of trade on the labor market and well-being, in a labor market with a large informal sector, highly regulated, but with little capacity to enforce the rules. That said, according to Meghir, informality can be defined for workers, as those who do not have a permanent and stable job, with a contract, and do not have affiliation or benefits to health and social security; and, for firms, such as those that are not visible to tax authorities and the government, and illegally evade labor market regulations. It should be mentioned that the implications of the existence of informality are pernicious mainly for two reasons: first, significant tax evasion that hinders fiscal capacity and the supply of public goods; second, it could involve a substantially misallocation of resources and hamper growth, as non-productive firms can survive by evading taxes and avoiding compliance with labor market regulations. Additionally, informal employees do not have job stability, unemployment insurance, nor do they receive security contributions from their employers. Brazil, where a relatively rapid and intense episode of trade liberalization was experienced in the early 1990s, despite still being a relatively closed economy, is a relevant case study for several reasons. First, it has strict and onerous labor regulations that are imperfectly enforced and a large informal sector: nearly two-thirds of companies, 40% of GDP, and 48% of employees are informal. Second, the Brazilian case is typical of developing countries, especially in Latin America, where the urban labor force employed informally averages more than 50%, this figure ranges from 35% in Chile to 80% in Peru. Third, it has unique data availability and quality, allowing direct observation of informality for workers and businesses. The main conclusions of the hypothetical experiments that were carried out were: 1). Import tariffs have negligible effects on welfare and informality. Tariffs above 50% reduce per capita income, increase informality, mainly in manufacturing, and increase unemployment. 2). In general, the (relative) effects of trade liberalization on welfare and labor market outcomes are not very different in an economy with a large informal sector compared to an economy without an informal sector. The most interesting thing is that the eradication of informality has positive effects on productivity, but reduces per capita income the reduction that occurs in varieties. Small reductions in informality also reduce unemployment. 3). The effects of eliminating informality depend on other regulations such as the minimum wage. Its elimination could increase unemployment. 4). Increasing the minimum wage increases unemployment and informality. 5). The informal sector functions as a buffer when the economy is hit by negative shocks. The effects of a negative impact of aggregate productivity on unemployment and welfare are greater in an economy without an informal sector. However, the welfare gains from the eradication of informality are so great that indulgence towards the informal sector is difficult to justify on the grounds that it functions as a buffer in difficult economic times. 6) A positive productivity shock does not lead to less informality. The results suggest the opposite, since technological progress increases aggregate income, leading to a reduction in the productivity threshold for entering the informal sector. 7). Increased trade openness, looser labor market policies, and economic growth are not enough (by themselves) to compensate for the misallocation caused by poor oversight of labor market regulations. Therefore, the article recommends that governments strive to achieve better surveillance that forces market actors to comply with the regulations that govern the labor market, in order to reduce informality. How governments should implement this increased enforcement is an interesting topic for future research.

This thesis explores and theorizes practices for generating knowledge and experience of possible futures in the present. Often, our unreflected everyday actions are clearly focused on the future. We plan future events into calendars, buy insurances, follow weather forecasts, and practice for performances of various kinds, all to reduce the uncertainties that the future brings. Various societal areas have developed specialized and systematic ways of generating knowledge in order for people to prepare for possible future events. A particular and extensive area is that involving societal security and preparedness for extraordinary events. The thesis explores various aspects of futures-making practices in the overall field of societal security, with a special focus on recent measures to strengthen the public's emergency preparedness. The overall aim is to deepen knowledge about the contemporary use of futures-making practices (such as imagination and enactment) and related techniques (such as scenario writing and simulations). Societal security and emergency preparedness have recently come to be recognized nationally and globally in ways that we have not experienced since the Cold War era. The empirical backdrop of the thesis tells about some major events that occurred during the first five years of the new millennium. During this period, a number of terrorist attacks and natural disasters occurred which greatly affected futures-making practices in areas related to societal security and preparedness. Following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, many actors in the security business began to implement new, or revived, ways of relating to the future. From previously focusing mainly on plausible events, interest now turned to possible and unexpected events. Following the criticized management of hurricane Katrina in 2005, a visionary work was initiated with the aim of creating an inclusive and all-encompassing culture of preparedness, a culture that would involve all sectors and actors of society, including the public. The examples may by from a unilateral American context, however the events can also be perceived as part of a global trend with local variations. A trend that includes new ideas about public participation in societal preparedness, as well as new ways in which we create preliminary representations of possible futures in order to prepare for them. In order to clarify different ways in which we relate to the future, I apply cultural geographer Ben Anderson's (2010) classification of anticipatory practices. Anderson highlights three principal practices: imagination, calculation, and performance. The thesis explores how futures are imagined and enacted through the techniques of scenario writing and simulation, in four separate studies (articles I-IV). Studies I and II examine how imaginations of future emergencies are articulated in interviews with local safety coordinators and volunteers in Sweden, as well as in institutional exercise scenarios in the US. The first study shows how collaboration between the public and professionals is perceived as an ideal for managing societal stress and, furthermore, how various forms for organizing the voluntary public may facilitate for or interfere with fruitful collaboration. The second study investigates how governmental authorities has popularized emergency preparedness through a campaign aiming to prepare people for a possible zombie invasion. The study shows how the campaign makes use of a dynamic interplay between reality and fiction, realism and irrealism, and affirmation and distancing. Studies III and IV examine the meanings of spatiality, materiality, and affect in large-scale disaster simulations for the public. The studies are based on documents and observations collected and conducted in Japan and Turkey in 2014 and 2015. With the third study, I wish to contribute to existing debates on experience design and affective atmospheres in disaster simulation, while in the fourth study I explore enactment-based exercises and experience design through a lens of Foucauldian governmentality and spatial rationality. The four articles are given a common theoretical framework consisting of sociological perspectives on time and temporality, which highlight how the conditions for futures-making practices has evolved through changes in people's relation to the future. The overall results in the thesis indicate that possibilities for the public to participate in enactment-based exercises are currently limited. However, when made publicly available, exercises are most often designed as entertaining, sensory, and affective learning experiences. Present imaginaries and enactments of negative futures are thus enmeshed with considerations regarding what is possible and probable, real and unreal, near and distant. Furthermore, facilities for public exercises are part of a complex apparatus involving political, economic, and educational perspectives, as well as aspects of entertainment, urban planning, educational technology, and public space. ; I den här avhandlingen utforskas praktiker för att generera kunskap om och erfarenhet av möjliga framtider i samtiden. Många av våra ofta oreflekterade vardagshandlingar är tydligt inriktade mot framtiden. Vi planerar in kommande händelser i kalendrar, köper försäkringar, följer väderprognoser, och övar inför uppträdanden av olika slag, allt för att minska de osäkerheter som framtiden innebär. Inom olika samhälleliga verksamhetsområden har det utvecklats specialiserade och systematiska sätt att generera kunskap för att människor ska kunna förbereda sig på eventuella kommande händelser. Ett omfattande område är det som inbegriper samhällelig säkerhet och beredskap inför extraordinära händelser. Avhandlingen utforskar olika aspekter av framtidsskapande praktiker inom det övergripande området samhällssäkerhet, med ett särskilt fokus på åtgärder för att stärka allmänhetens krisberedskap. Det övergripande syftet är att fördjupa kunskapen om den samtida användningen av framtidsskapande praktiker (såsom föreställning, fantasi och iscensättning) och tillhörande tekniker (såsom scenarioskrivande och simuleringar). Samhällssäkerhet och krisberedskap har på senare tid kommit att uppmärksammas nationellt och globalt på sätt som vi inte sett någon motsvarighet till sedan kalla krigets dagar. Avhandlingen tar avstamp i några större händelser som inträffade under det nya millenniets första fem år. Under denna period inträffade ett antal terrorattentat och naturkatastrofer, vilka kom att påverka framtidsskapande praktiker inom verksamheter kopplade till samhällssäkerhet och beredskap. Till avhandlingens bakgrund hör även det faktum att man sedan det kalla krigets slut i början av 1990-talet på många håll i världen minskat uppmärksamheten på nationell säkerhet för att i stället fokusera på samhällssäkerhet, det vill säga att beredskapen inför yttre hot mot nationella gränser under en period prioriterats ned till förmån för beredskap inför hot som kommer inifrån samhällen själva. Som en följd av attentaten den 11 september 2001 började man inom olika säkerhetsområden implementera nya sätt att förhålla sig till framtiden. Från att ha fokuserat huvudsakligen på troliga händelser började man i allt högre grad ta hänsyn till möjliga och mer oväntade händelser och utvecklingslinjer. Som en följd av hanteringen av orkanen Katrina 2005 initierades ett visionsarbete med syfte att skapa en allomfattande beredskapskultur, en kultur som skulle involvera alla samhällets sektorer och aktörer, även den enskilda individen. Exemplen är visserligen hämtade från en amerikansk kontext, men händelserna går också att uppfatta som upprinnelser till, eller delar av, en övergripande global trend med lokala varianter. Med andra ord, en trend som innefattar nya idéer kring allmänhetens deltagande i den samhälleliga krisberedskapen, liksom nya sätt genom vilka vi skapar preliminära representationer av möjliga framtider i syfte att förbereda oss på dem. För att tydliggöra olika sätt på vilka vi förhåller oss till framtiden tillämpar jag i avhandlingen kulturgeografen Ben Andersons klassificering av anticipatoriska praktiker. Anderson lyfter fram tre huvudsakliga praktiker: föreställning (imagination), beräkning (calculation), och iscensättning (performance). I avhandlingen utforskas föreställning och iscensättning av möjliga framtider utifrån teknikerna scenarioskrivning och simulering genom fyra delstudier (artikel I-IV). Delstudierna I och II undersöker hur föreställningar om framtida kriser artikuleras i intervjuer med kommunala säkerhetssamordnare och volontärer i Sverige, liksom i övningsscenarion för institutionell beredskap i USA. Delstudie I visar hur samverkan mellan allmänheten och professionella framhålls som ett ideal för hanteringen av samhälleliga påfrestningar, samt hur olika former av frivilligorganisering kan underlätta eller försvåra för samverkan. Delstudie II undersöker hur myndigheter försökt popularisera krisberedskap genom en kampanj för beredskap inför en möjlig stundande zombie-invasion. Studien visar hur kampanjen använder sig av ett dynamiskt växelspel mellan verklighet och fiktion, realism och irrealism, bejakande och avståndstagande. Delstudierna III och IV undersöker betydelser av rumslighet, materialitet, och affekt i storskaliga katastrofsimuleringar för allmänheten. Delstudierna baseras på dokument och observationer, insamlade och genomförda i Japan och Turkiet 2014 och 2015. Med delstudie III vill jag bidra till pågående diskussioner om upplevelsedesign och affekt i storskalig realistisk simulering, medan jag i delstudie IV utforskar iscensättning och upplevelsedesign utifrån ett Foucauldianskt styrningsperspektiv. De fyra delstudierna inramas av teori utifrån ett tidssociologiskt perspektiv, som belyser hur förutsättningarna för framtidsskapande praktiker vuxit fram genom förändringar i människans förhållningssätt till framtiden. På ett övergripande plan visar avhandlingen att möjligheterna är begränsade för den oorganiserade allmänheten att delta i avancerade simuleringsövningar. Men när sådana möjligheter väl skapas, designas övningarna i huvudsak som underhållande, sensoriska och affektiva upplevelser. Samtida föreställningar och iscensättningar av negativa framtider förutsätter överväganden kring vad som kan betraktas som troligt eller möjligt, realistiskt eller orealistiskt, avlägset eller nära. Vidare, anläggningar för simuleringsövningar med allmänheten som målgrupp är del i en komplex apparat som involverar politiska, ekonomiska och utbildningsmässiga mål, och som ska balansera aspekter av underhållning, utbildning, stadsplanering, och tillgången till offentliga rum. ; Seminariet kommer att hållas på svenska och engelska. Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 4 inskickat At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 4 submitted

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Esta tesis analiza la práctica del skate en Gran La Plata (Ensenada, Berisso y La Plata), Argentina, a la vez que indaga en sus relaciones con el campo de la Educación Física. La investigación ha profundizado en modos, características, sentidos y significados que tiene el skate para quienes lo practican, así como para una parte del resto de la sociedad. Estas prácticas son realizadas por sujetos en su mayoría jóvenes, aunque también por niños y adultos. Para ello hemos utilizado un abanico de conceptos y estrategias metodológicas que pusieron en diálogo a la antropología, la sociología, las ciencias de la educación y la Educación Física. De modo más específico, los postulados de la Praxiología Motriz fueron empleados para analizar la lógica interna y la lógica externa. La relación de los sujetos con los espacios (plazas, skateparks, y en particular con el espacio público) se destacó como un importante eje analítico en la tesis. Asimismo, fueron estudiadas las relaciones con los materiales, con el tiempo y con los otros participantes. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa y de corte interpretativo. Los instrumentos de construcción de datos fueron entrevistas, observación participante y fuentes secundarias (tales como documentos, páginas de internet, redes sociales y videos). Desde el surgimiento del skate como práctica recreativa y de tiempo libre, han existido formatos de competición que lo vincularon con el mundo del deporte; actualmente se observa que la organización de torneos ha fortalecido el avance del skate como práctica deportiva (vertiente que se ve potenciada por su inclusión en los próximos Juegos Olímpicos de Tokyo 2020). En este contexto se han generado intensos debates que retomamos y analizamos en los capítulos de la tesis. Comprender al skate como deporte permitió además ampliar la discusión en torno al propio concepto deporte y a sus alcances. Otro de los ejes analíticos lo constituyó el relevamiento de cómo se lleva adelante la enseñanza en el skate. Desde esos resultados, se introducen algunas sugerencias pedagógicas intentando contribuir a la enseñanza de esta práctica, a la vez que podría colaborar a reflexionar sobre la enseñanza de otras prácticas corporales en el campo de la Educación Física. El trabajo de investigación llega a conclusiones que nos permiten también visibilizar que los practicantes de skate en la región se manifiestan a través de acciones políticas en virtud de reclamos que consideran justos, y que se expresan y potencian por la grupalidad. El estudio pone también en evidencia la coexistencia de diferentes modos de práctica del skate, diversidad que se construye tanto en relación a los espacios utilizados (calle o street, y pista), así como en relación a la forma en que lo practican y lo entienden los propios skaters (sea de una manera más "libre" o más reglada y deportiva). En definitiva, se trata de una práctica corporal que exhibe diferentes facetas, mostrando un dinamismo que impide encorsetarla en rígidas conceptualizaciones. Sin lugar a dudas, el skateboarding se ha consolidado como un objeto de estudio reconocido internacionalmente, revelándose como una práctica que, al analizarla, nos permite una mejor comprensión de las sociedades urbanas actuales. ; This thesis analyses the practice of skate in Gran La Plata (Ensenada, Berisso y La Plata), Argentina, while it investigates its connections with the physical education field. The research deepens in ways, characteristics, senses and meanings for the people who practice skate and for a part of the rest of the society. These practices are realized mostly by young people, but also by children and adults. For this we have used a range of concepts and methodological strategies that combine the anthropology, the sociology, the educational sciences and the physical education. In a more specific way, the postulates of Motor Praxiology were used to analyse the internal logic and the external logic. The relations the subjects with the spaces (squares, skate parks and in particular with the public space) stood out as an important analytical axis in the thesis. As well, the relations with the materials were studied with time and other participants. The used methodology was qualitative and interpretive. The data construction instruments were interviews, participant observation and secondary sources (such as documents, websites, social networks and videos). Since the emergence of skateboarding as a recreational and free time practice, there have been competition formats that linked it to the world of sports; it is currently observed that the tournament organization has strengthened the progress of skateboarding as a sports practice (aspect that is enhanced by its inclusion in the next Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games). In this context, intense debates have been generated that we resume and analyze in the thesis chapters. Understanding skateboarding as a sport also allowed us to broaden the discussion about the concept of sport itself and its scope. Another of the analytical axes was the survey of how skate teaching is carried out. From these results, some pedagogical suggestions are introduced trying to contribute to the teaching of this practice, and at the same time it could help to reflect on the teaching of other bodily practices in the field of Physical Education. The research paper reaches conclusions that also allow us to make visible that skateboarders in the region manifest themselves through political actions by virtue of claims that they consider fair, and that they express and strengthen by the group. The study also highlights the coexistence of different modes of skate practice, diversity that is built both in relation to the spaces used (street and park), as well as in relation to the way they practice and understand it the skaters themselves (either in a more "free" or more regulated and sporty way). In short, it is a bodily practice that exhibits different facets, showing a dynamism that prevents being limited to rigid conceptualizations. Without a doubt, skateboarding has established itself as an internationally recognized object of study, revealing itself as a practice that, when analyzed, allows us a better understanding of today's urban societies. ; La présente thèse analyse la pratique du skate à Gran La Plata (Ensenada, Berisso et La Plata), Argentine, et en même temps, étudie ses liens avec le domaine de l'éducation physique. La recherche a mis l'accent sur les façons de faire, les caractéristiques, les sens et les significations du skate pour ceux qui le pratiquent, ainsi que pour une partie du reste de la société. La plupart de ces pratiques sont réalisées par des jeunes, mais aussi par des enfants et des adultes. Dans la cadre de notre recherche, nous avons mis en place un éventail de concepts et d'stratégies méthodologiques permettant de combiner l'anthropologie, la sociologie, les sciences de l'éducation et l'éducation physique. De façon plus spécifique, les postulats de la praxéologie motrice ont été employés dans l'analyse de la logique interne et de la logique externe. Le lien entre les sujets et les espaces (parcs, skateparks et particulièrement les espaces publics) a été soulevé comme un axe important de la thèse. Les rapports entre les sujets et les matériaux, le temps et les autres participants ont aussi été étudiés. La méthodologie employée a été qualitative, permettant une démarche interprétative. Les méthodes de collecte de données ont été des entretiens, l'observation participante, et des sources secondaires (tels que des documents, des pages Web, des réseaux sociaux et des vidéos). Depuis la naissance du skate en tant que pratique récréative et du loisir, différents formats de compétition, qui l'on rattaché au monde du sport, ont vu le jour. Actuellement, l'organisation de tournois a contribué au progrès du skate en tant que pratique sportive (volet qui s'est vu fortifié par l'inclusion du skate aux prochains Jeux olympiques de Tokyo 2020). Plusieurs débats intenses -que nous reprenons et analysons à travers les chapitres de cette thèse-, ont apparu dans ce contexte. Reconnaître le skate en tant que sport a permis d'élargir la discussion par rapport au concept de sport en soi et à son étendue. L étude en ce qui concerne la nature de l'enseignement du skate, a engendré un autre axe analytique. Les résultats obtenus constituent la base pour l'introduction de suggestions pédagogiques, dans le but de contribuer à l'enseignement de la pratique et elles pourraient pousser la réflexion sur la façon d'enseigner d'autres pratiques corporelles de l'éducation physique. Le travail de recherche aboutit à des conclusions qui nous permettent de visualiser que les pratiquants de skate de la région s'expriment à travers des actions politiques potentialisées par le phénomène de groupe, menant de réclamations qu'ils considèrent justes. L'étude souligne aussi la coexistence de modes variés dans la pratique du skate. Cette diversité est attribuée à la relation développée avec l'espace utilisé (rue ou street, ou piste), et à la façon dont le skate et pratiqué et conçu par les pratiquants (soit une façon plus « libre » ou plus sportive et réglementée.) Finalement, il s'agit d'une pratique corporelle qui expose différentes facettes, présentant un dynamisme qui empêche de la limiter à des conceptualisations rigides. Sans aucun doute, le skateboarding s'est consolidé en tant qu'objet d'étude de reconnaissance internationale, s'affirmant comme une pratique dont l'analyse nous permet une meilleure compréhension des sociétés urbaines actuelles. ; Fil: Saraví, Jorge Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Does a man who knits demonstrate courage? The question refers to the meanings attributed to knitting, which has traditionally been perceived as a female occupation performed in private space. In this article, referring to the past and the analysis of contemporary craft practice, I describe the process of deconstruction in this area. I am particularly interested in men knitting in public. The aim of my considerations is to analyze the difference between the meaning of what is male and female in knitting, and between hegemonic practice and subversive acts of deconstruction. ; Czy mężczyzna, który robi na drutach, wykazuje się dziś odwagą? Tak sformułowane pytanie odsyła do znaczeń przypisywanych dzierganiu, tradycyjnie postrzeganemu jako zajęcie kobiece, wykonywane w przestrzeni prywatnej. W ramach prezentowanego artykułu, odwołując się do przeszłości oraz w oparciu o analizę współczesnych praktyk rękodzielniczych, opisuję proces dekonstrukcji dokonujący się w tym obszarze. Szczególną uwagę poświęcam analizie aktywności mężczyzn, którzy robią na drutach publicznie, naruszając tym samym stabilność znaczeń rozpiętych pomiędzy tym, co męskie i niemęskie, pomiędzy praktyką hegemoniczną i subwersywnymi aktami jej kwestionowania. ; e.kepa@uwb.edu.pl ; Instytut Studiów Kulturowych, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku ; Anderson Eric (2015), Teoria męskości inkluzywnej, transl. Piotr Sobolczyk, "Teksty Drugie", no. 2, pp. 431–444. ; Anderson Eric, McGuire Rhidian (2010), Inclusive Masculinity Theory and the Gendered Politics of Men's Rugby, "Journal of Gender Studies", vol. 19, issue 3, pp. 249–261. ; Arcimowicz Krzysztof (2015), Współczesny ideał męskiego ciała – wybrane aspekty problematyki, "Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. 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