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An essential collection that advances our understanding of how cities influence our health Urban Health connects urban exposures -- the experiences, choices, and behaviors shaped by living in a city -- to their impact on population health. By using the ubiquitous urban experience as a lens to study these exposures across borders and demographics, this book offers a new, scalable framework for understanding health and disease. Its applications to public health, epidemiology, and social science are virtually unlimited.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Urban Health-A Historical Perspective -- Urban Health Issues -- Aging and Age-Friendly Communities -- Air Quality and Urban Smog -- City Spotlight: Mexico City-Gripped by a Nagging Air Pollution Problem -- Chemical Exposure -- Expert Commentary: Environmental Health Surveillance -- Climate Change -- City Spotlight: Venice-Will Anything Work to Stop the Flooding? -- Crime and Violence -- City Spotlight: New York City-An International Model of Criminal Justice Reform -- Drugs and Alcohol -- Expert Commentary: Substance Availability and Abuse -- Food Quality and Availability -- Green Buildings and Sustainable Development -- City Spotlight: Singapore-Proving Densely Populated Cities Can Be Both Livable and Sustainable -- Green Space and Natural Areas -- City Spotlight: Melbourne-The Many Benefits of More Trees -- Healthcare Access and Quality -- City Spotlight: Delhi-Reforming the Delivery of Urban Health Services -- Indoor Air Quality -- Infectious Diseases -- City Spotlight: Freetown-Checking the Spread of a Deadly Virus -- Expert Commentary: "One Health" Policies and Practices -- Light Pollution -- Noise Pollution -- Expert Commentary: Addressing Noise Pollution -- Odor Pollution -- Population Growth and Overcrowding -- City Spotlight: Karachi-Glimmers of Hope for the World's Largest Slum -- Expert Commentary: Immigrant Health and Safety -- Radiation Sources -- Social Support Networks -- Expert Commentary: Social Isolation among Older Adults -- Solid Waste Management and Recycling -- City Spotlight: Toronto-Green Living Made Easy and Fun -- Stress Management -- Walkable and Bike-Friendly Neighborhoods -- City Spotlight: Copenhagen-The City Where Bicycles Rule -- Water and Sanitation -- Workplace Health and Safety.

As India becomes ever more urbanised, urban health issues are becoming new impediments for future development. Yet, the topic has received only scant attention in research and politics. This contribution discusses determinants and outcomes of urbanisation on health and the effects of health on urbanisation. First, it provides a framework for the analysis of health in the urban context. After a brief description of the Indian urbanisation process, the paper analyses - on the basis of secondary data - the connections between (1) health and socio-economic structures, (2) health and environment and (3) health and the health care system. The finding show that urban India suffers from a double burden of disease and growing health disparities. In the conclusion, policy implications are described and areas for future research are defined.

"In clear and concise terms a distinguished list of contributors offer an introduction to the most critical issues in global and urban health. It reviews key themes with illustrative examples and cases, and contains the most current evidence. It links social determinants and urban life in developed and developing countries. It also contains assessment of primary determinants of well-being in cities: social and built environments, diet, and health care and social services. Also covered are topics on history of public health in cities, the impact of urban sprawl and urban renewal, and the common challenges"--Provided by publisher

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part I. Urban Health Risk and Disease -- Chapter 2. Geospatial Approaches to Measuring Personal Heat Exposure and Related Health Effects in Urban Settings -- Chapter 3. Geographic variation in Cardiovascular disease mortality: A study of linking risk factors and built environment at a local health unit in Canada -- Chapter 4. Evaluating the effect of domain size of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model on regional PM2.5 simulations -- Part II- Urban Health Service Access -- Chapter 5. Serving a Segregated Metropolitan Area: Disparities in Spatial Access to Primary Care Physicians in Baton Rouge, Louisiana -- Chapter 6. Considerations When Using Individual GPS Data in Food Environment Research: A Scoping Review of 'Selective (Daily) Mobility Bias' in GPS Exposure Studies and its Relevance to the Retail Food Environment -- Chapter 7. Dynamic Emergency Medical Service Dispatch: Role of Spatiotemporal Machine Learning -- Part III. Healthy Behavior and Urban Lifestyle -- Chapter 8. Incorporating Online Survey and Social Media Data into a GIS Analysis for Measuring Walkability -- Chapter 9. Leveraging social media to track urban park quality for improved citizen health -- Part IV. Health Policies and Urban Health Management -- Chapter 10. Spatio-temporal Analysis and Data Mining of the 2014-2016 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in West Africa -- Chapter 11. Extending Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) with Geospatial Software as a Service: Participatory Asset Mapping Infrastructures for Urban Health -- Chapter 12. Improving Urban and Peri-Urban Health Outcomes Through Early Detection and Aid Planning

Global urban health: inequalities: vulnerabilities, and challenges in the 21st century / Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil and Adriana Allen -- Urban health in the US and UK: the long 19th century / Susan Craddock and Tim Brown -- Sin in the city: an urban history of medicine and modern morality in Turkey / Emine Ó. Evered and Kyle T. Evered -- Healthcare and the city: a North American perspective / Mark W. Rosenberg -- Delivering urban health through urban planning and design / Laurence Carmichael -- Cities, immigration, and the patient protection and affordable care act / Michael K. Gusmano -- Voluntary sector and urban health systems / Andrew Power and Mark Skinner -- Urban policies and health in Latin America and the Caribbean / S. Claire Slesinski, Adriana C. Lein, Ana V. Diez Roux and Waleska T. Caiaffa -- Access to healthcare for the urban poor in Nairobi, Kenya: harnessing the role of the private sector in informal settlements and a human rights-based approach to health policy / Pauline Bakibinga and Elizabeth Bakibinga-Gaswaga -- Medical travel/tourism and the city / Meghann Ormond and Heidi Kaspar -- The health system and immigrants: a focus on urban France / Anne-Cécile Hoyez, Céline Bergeon and Clélia Gasquet-Blanchard -- Urban mental health / James Lowe -- Children's resilience and mental health in the urban context / Maureen Mooney -- Welfare facilities and happiness of the elderly in urban Korea / Danya Kim and Jangik Jin -- Public space and pedestrian stress perception: insights from Darmstadt, Germany / Martin Knöll, Marianne Halblaub Miranda, Thomas Cleff and Annette Rudolph-Cleff -- Cities and indigenous communities: the health and wellbeing of urban Maori in Aotearooa New Zealand / John Ryks, Naomi Simmonds and Jesse Whitehead -- Landscape restructuring in the shrinking city and implications for mental health / Jared Olson, Lora Daskalska, Kelly Hoormann and Kirsten Beyer -- Challenges to public health in the Favelas of metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Robert E. Snyder, Kathryn L. Lovero, Claudete A.A. Cardoso, Lee W. Riley and Alon Unger -- Taking action to improve indigenous health in the cities of Québec and elsewhere in Canada: the example of the Minowé Clinic at the Val-d'Or Native Friendship Centre / Carole Lévesque, Édith Cloutier, Ioana Radu, Dominique Parent-Manseau, Stéphane Laroche and Natasha Blanchet-Cohen -- Refugees and health: a European urban context / Gordana Rabrenovic, Danijela V. Spasic and Tibrine da Fonseca -- Refugees and health in urban Africa / Sheru Wanyua Muuo -- The urban hierarchy and spatial relationships between poverty and cancer: does location error matter? / Monghyeon Lee, Yongwan Chun and David A. Griffith -- African cities and ebola / Zacchaeus Anywaine and Ggayi Abubaker Mustapher -- Pedestrian injuries in cities: a global perspective / Marie-Soleil Cloutier and Andrew Howard -- Alcohol availability and crime in post-disaster Christchurch, New Zealand: implications for health in cities / Gregory D. Breetzke and Amber L. Pearson -- Urban gun violence / Janice A. Iwama and Jack McDevitt -- European street gangs and urban violence / Keir Irwin-Robers, Scott Decker, Amir Rostami, Svetlana Stephenson and Elke Van Hellemont -- Neighbourhood recovery and community wellbeing in cities following natural disasters: findings from Christchurch, New Zealand / Vivienne Ivory, Chris Bowie, Clare Robertson and Amber L. Pearson -- Urban slums, drinking water, and health: trends and lessons from sub-Saharan Africa / Ellis Adjei Adams, Heather PRice and Justin Stoler -- A greening but unequal city: environmental exposure disparities, gentrified inequalities, and public health in Seattle, Washington / Jonah White and Troy Abel -- Fighting for urban environmental health justice in Southside (Los Sures) Williamsburg, Brooklyn: a community-engaged pilot study / Ivan J. Ramírez, Ana Baptista, Jieun Lee, Ana Traverso-Krejcarek and Andreah Santos -- Ambient air pollution and health effects in Shanghai: trend, challenges and opportunities / Wei Tu, Zhijing Lin, Lili Du, Haidong Kan and Weichun Ma -- Transport, urban regeneration and health / Julie Clark and Angela Curl -- Rice, men, and other everyday anxieties: navigating obesogenic urban food environments in Osaka, Japan / Cindi SturtzSreetharan and Alexandra Brewis -- The built environment, physical activity, and obesity: exploring burdens on vulnerable U.S. populations / Igor Vojnovic, Zeenat Kotval-K, Jieun Lee, Jeanette Eckert, Jiang Chang, Wei Liu, Xiaomeng Li and Arika Ligmann-Zielinska -- Publib health challenges with sub-Saharan African informal settlements: a case study of malaria in Yaoundé / Roland Ngom -- Health-oriented urban planning in Germany: urban planning and design approaches going beyond professional boundaries / Angela Million and Andrea Rüdiger -- Flint, Michigan's food crisis: retail abandonment, social and economic burdens, and local food-oriented solutions / Richard C. Sadler -- Housing and urban health: a Los Angeles study / Edith Huarita and Victoria Basolo.

Over the past decade there has been much discussion of the challenges posed by rapid urbanization in the developing world; yet the health of the urban poor, and especially those residing in low- and middle-income countries, continues to receive little political priority in most developing countries and at the global level. This research applies social science scholarship and a public policy analytical framework to assess the factors that have challenged efforts to make health in urban poor settings a priority. We conducted 19 semi-structured phone interviews with key urban health proponents and experts representing agencies that shape opinions and manage resources in global health. We also conducted a literature review, which included published scholarly literature and reports from organizations involved in urban health provision and advocacy. Utilizing a process-tracing method, we triangulated among these sources of data to create a historical narrative and analyse the factors that shape the global level of attention to and resources for urban health. The urban health agenda continues to be challenged by six factors, three of which concern the political context or characteristics of the issue: long-standing competition with the dominant development agenda that is rural health oriented; limited data and measurement tools that can effectively gauge the extent of the problem; and lack of evidence on how to best to address the issue. The other three factors are directly under the control of the urban health community: the community's ineffective governance; little common understanding among its members of the problem and how to address it; and an unconvincing framing of the issue to the public. The study offers suggestions as to what advocates can do to secure greater attention and resources in order to help address the health needs of the urban poor.