Suchergebnisse

The objective of this paper is to give a short overview of the actual discussionsand actions concerning urban policy in the European Union.No complete picture is given but this survey covers some importantactors and activities. The paper is concentrated on how urban policy isimplemented within the European Union structural policy during thelast ten years, and the period 2000–2006. A short overview is also given of discussions on urban policy in otherinternational organisations and in Sweden. At the end of the paper there is an attempt to summerize the effectsof the actual discussion about urban policy for the European Unionand for Sweden, in the framework of regional development and structuralpolicy.

"Europe's towns and cities remain its primary source of wealth creation and the centre of its social and cultural development. However there are rising problems relating to rapid economic adjustments. It is clear that new efforts are necessary to strenghten or restore the role of Europe's cities as places of social and cultural integration, as sources of economic prosperity and sustainable development, and as bases of democracy" ["Towards an urban agenda in the European Union", European Commission, 1997]. The environment of cities has become increasingly competitive and complex. Cities need to anticipate and respond quickly to opportunities and threats that influence their position structurally. Although city governments develop policies and strategies to meet the challenges, at the same time higher layers of government pursue policies that influence the position of cities. National governments draw up financial and policy frameworks and create conditions in which cities have to manoeuvre and design their own policies. At the European level the interest for the strategic position of cities within regional development policy is growing. This harmonises with a major objective of the association of large European cities ('Eurocities') to bring the position of the large cities as engines of economic growth and at the same time as concentrations of social problems to the attention of the Europan Commission. Although the Commission recognises the important role of cities for European regional development, until now European urban policy initiatives have been blocked by a majority of national governments, as a consequence of the principle of subsidiarity. The objective of our contribution is to compare current developments as far as explicit national urban policies in the member states are concerned. However the scope will not be limited to explicit policies alone. National policies with a substantial impact on urban development will be dealt with too. The framework for the investigation is made up of four parts. The first two parts compare national urban patterns and structures (the urbanisation pattern and the administrative structure), while the remaining parts deal with the questions: (1) what do national authorities consider to be main issues for, and challenges to their (larger) cities?; and (2) how do national governments respond to these issues and challenges by policies targeted to the role and function of cities? The results of our investigation into current national urban policies are for an important part based on fifteen national case studies produced by colleagues from each of the member states according to the framework mentioned before. This contribution summarises the results of the comparison. The results might give ingredients for a future urban policy at the European level.

This title was first published in 2003.This book examines the development of urban policy instruments at the level of the EU primarily by the use of Structural Funds under the European Commission's Directorate-General for Regional Policy. This is the first book-length analysis of the politics of EU urban policy. The first section of the book concentrates on how and why the European Commission, with no clear mandate from the Treaties for an urban policy, has ventured into this area. The second section examines in detail the implementation of one of these instruments in two specific cases: London and Marseilles. This highlights the role of central, and other levels of government, in policy implementation. The comparison between the cases brings important insights into the differences in local political structures and practices in France and the United Kingdom. The book demonstrates in-depth knowledge and analysis of the policy area and relevant theoretical works. This includes a large volume of published and unpublished materials as well as valuable information obtained through a series of interviews. The findings have general implications for relations between the Commission and localities, particularly the difficulties of involving ordinary people in European issues.

Cover -- Half Title -- Dedication -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1. Federal Expansion and Urban Policy: What Can We Learn from the American Experience? -- 2. Supra-National Policy in a Multi-Level Government System: Tools for Analysis of Regional Policy after 1988 -- 3. The Birth of the European Union's Urban Policy 'Experiment' -- 4. Gatekeeping in a Multi-Level Government System: The Implementation of URBAN in the United Kingdom -- 5. Gatekeeping in a Multi-Level Government System: The Implementation of URBAN in France -- 6. Implementation of the URBAN Community Initiative in London: The Heart of the East End and Park Royal -- 7. Implementation of the URBAN Community Initiative in Marseille -- 8. Lessons from the European Union's Urban Policy 'Experiment' -- Bibliography -- Index of Authors

Cover -- Contents -- List of Illustrative Material -- Preface -- Authors' Notes -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Overview -- Institutional and external contexts -- The focus of this book -- 1 Theories and Concepts -- The changing vision of development -- Development and integration theory -- Where is the developing world? -- 2 The ACP: From Yaoundé to Cotonou -- The Yaoundé Conventions -- The Lomé Conventions: I and II (1976-85) -- The Lomé Conventions: III and IV (1985-2000) -- The 1996-2000 Reform Process -- Conclusion -- 3 Parallel Paradigms: Cotonou, Economic Partnership Agreements and Everything But Arms -- Negotiating Cotonou -- Implementing Cotonou -- Economic Partnership Agreements -- Everything But Arms -- Conclusion -- 4 The Changing Institutional Setting: Policy-Making, Commission Reforms, ECHO, EuropeAid and the EEAS -- Decision-taking in EU development policy -- Reforming development: from Santer to Barroso -- ECHO -- EuropeAid -- Lisbon Treaty reforms and development -- Conclusion -- 5 Latin America: Exporting Regionalism -- Early relations -- The aid dimension -- Conclusion -- 6 Asia: From Development to Dialogue -- Asia: beginning a dialogue -- The Association of Southeast Asian Nations -- The Asia-Europe Meeting -- The aid dimension -- Conclusion -- 7 Complementarity and Conditionality -- Complementarity -- Conditionality: good governance, democracy, human rights and the rule of law -- Economic conditionality: liberalization, structural adjustment and debt -- Implementing conditionality -- Conclusion -- 8 The EU and the Global Governance Development Agenda -- Official Development Assistance -- Prioritizing Africa -- MDGs: from consensus to momentum -- Conclusion -- 9 Conclusion: Themes and Future Directions -- Bibliography -- Index.

Energy Policy in the European Union analyses the development of energy policy in the EU focusing in particular on the key period between 1985 and 1995 and the role of the major states - Germany, France, Italy, and Britain - and their interaction with the Commission. The role of interest groups as well as other EU actors is also covered in-depth as well as the European Energy Charter, EU policy towards the East, and the relationship between energy and the environment

First published in 1998, this collection of essays compares the implementation of urban policies in 15 different countries across the European Union, with most articles' contributors hailing from their subject nation. The contributors include experts in geography and spatial, town, transport and urban planning, and their contributions reflect fundamental changes in the economy, technology, demography and politics of European towns and cities. They ask four main questions: what the urban development pattern is, what administrative and financial relations between national authorities and cities exist, which issues the national authorities consider to be prominent and how this impacts on the national urban planning policies. Through the provision of national perspectives, they ask what can be learned through the comparison of how each region has tailored its perspective and strategy.

5th International Conference on New Horizons in Education (INTE) -- JUN 25-27, 2014 -- Paris, FRANCE ; WOS: 000383740200122 ; Since its foundation EU aims to increase the number of members, to make the collaboration among its members. EU having the economic characteristics at this point has focuses its politic in some areas such as agriculture, social politics and economics. In order to arrive to its economical targets the education has been considered as instrument.In the field of education EU education cooperation initiatives carried out in accordance with economic objectives of the community. After the Second War, the knowledge, the developments in the communication technologies and the globalisation fact have played great role in the education approach of EU. According to respond the growing expectation of indviduals, EU has been forced to develop education policy with quality and efficient. Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals. Therefore All member states perceive a need to increase the quality of their education, develop accessed to learning at all stages of life. Its clear that Life-long learning has become the basic point in EU's educational strategy. This concept includes in itself all the stages and forms of education and besides combines them. The aim of this study was to focus on the educational policy of European Union which has the goal of maintaining collaboration and integration among the members of the union within the framework of common cultural values. And also with this study was stressed historical perspective of EU education programmes. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.