Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The concept of subaltern urbanisation refers to the growth of settlement agglomerations, whether denoted urban by the Census of India or not, that are independent of the metropolis and autonomous in their interactions with other settlements, local and global. Analysing conventional and new data sources "against the grain", this paper claims support for the existence of such economically vital small settlements, contrary to perceptions that India's urbanisation is slow, that its smaller settlements are stagnant and its cities are not productive. It offers a classification scheme for settlements using the axes of spatial proximity to metropolises and degree of administrative recognition, and looks at the potential factors for their transformation long economic, social and political dimensions. Instead of basing policy on illusions of control, understanding how agents make this world helps comprehend ongoing Indian transformations.

International audience ; The concept of subaltern urbanisation refers to the growth of settlement agglomerations, whether denoted urban by the Census of India or not, that are independent of the metropolis and autonomous in their interactions with other settlements, local and global. Analysing conventional and new data sources "against the grain", this paper claims support for the existence of such economically vital small settlements, contrary to perceptions that India's urbanisation is slow, that its smaller settlements are stagnant and its cities are not productive. It offers a classification scheme for settlements using the axes of spatial proximity to metropolises and degree of administrative recognition, and looks at the potential factors for their transformation long economic, social and political dimensions. Instead of basing policy on illusions of control, understanding how agents make this world helps comprehend ongoing Indian transformations.

International audience ; The concept of subaltern urbanisation refers to the growth of settlement agglomerations, whether denoted urban by the Census of India or not, that are independent of the metropolis and autonomous in their interactions with other settlements, local and global. Analysing conventional and new data sources "against the grain", this paper claims support for the existence of such economically vital small settlements, contrary to perceptions that India's urbanisation is slow, that its smaller settlements are stagnant and its cities are not productive. It offers a classification scheme for settlements using the axes of spatial proximity to metropolises and degree of administrative recognition, and looks at the potential factors for their transformation long economic, social and political dimensions. Instead of basing policy on illusions of control, understanding how agents make this world helps comprehend ongoing Indian transformations.

Throughout the last half-century of studies of the Roman North Africa, it has become an established notion in science that the reign of the Flavian dynasty was a decisive turning point in its history, and rightly so. This breakthrough embraced all areas of life, while the nature of the transformation is best reflected by the view that it was only thanks to the Flavians that Africa became fully Roman. What is more, this is accompanied by the well-founded thesis that without the achievements of the Flavians, the great prosperity of the Flavian provinces in the 2nd-3rd centuries would not have been possible: their successors reaped what the Flavians had sowed. Without going into too much detail, one should also recognise the rationality of the postulate to set apart the Flavian period in the history of Roman Africa as an era in its own right. Embarking on the great task of urbanisation in Africa was the Flavii's undoubted merit. Their principal effort of was concentrated in the northern part of Africa Proconsularis, on the territory of the former Africa Vetus. Lepcis Magna in the south of Proconsularis (in Tripolitania) and Icosium in Mauretania Caesariensis were exceptional cases. The newly created cities – colonies and municipia – were to perform an important strategic role, i.e. to protect the territories of Africa Proconsularis against the tribes from the south. The area was urbanised, had considerable economic significance and yielded high profit. Both extensive private latifundia and imperial domains which were to be found there, played an important role in supplying Rome with grain. From the point of view of the state, the changes also contributed to the internal consolidation of the province. Urbanisation of Africa, besides the introduction of cadastre, institutional forms of imperial cult and forcing nomadic tribes to settled life served that very end. This involved strictly military reorganisation of the province, which was best manifested in the relocation of the Legio III Augusta to Theveste and then to Lambaesis. The Flavians also embarked on expansion and repairs of the road network. Apart from their important economic and political functions, coloniae veteranorum – Ammaedara and Madauros – as well as the municipia Sufetula and Cillium had the task of guarding the access to the fertile lands of Africa Proconsularis. There is no doubt that the policy of the Flavians was a long-term one, while the actions of Trajan, Hadrian and the Severans represented its direct continuation.

Study conducted at Kurnul District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Intro -- Foreword I -- Foreword II -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of the Book -- 1.2 Why This Book Was Written -- 1.3 Who Should Read This Book -- 1.4 A Note on Sources -- 1.5 Structure of the Book -- References -- 2: Nigeria's Urbanisation History, Trends, Drivers and Implications -- 2.1 Urban Settlements and Urbanisation: Conceptual Clarification -- 2.2 Brief Historical Context of Urbanisation in Nigeria -- 2.3 Urban Data, Trends and Scale of Contemporary Urbanisation -- 2.3.1 GRUMP Dataset -- 2.3.2 WorldPop Dataset -- 2.3.3 Africapolis Dataset -- 2.3.4 United Nations World Urbanisation Prospects -- 2.3.5 Urbanisation Trends -- 2.3.6 Density and Expansion of Urban Frontiers -- 2.4 What Is Driving Urbanisation in Nigeria? -- 2.5 Cities as Forces of Transformation -- 2.6 A Diagnosis of Challenges Confronting Nigerian Cities and Urban Dwellers -- 2.7 Urbanisation and the Crime Challenge -- References -- 3: The Criminal Justice System: Actors, Processes and Policies -- 3.1 The Colonial Foundations of the Nigerian Criminal Justice System -- 3.2 Legal Frameworks for Criminal Proceedings in Nigeria -- 3.2.1 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 -- 3.2.2 Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) and Criminal Procedure Laws of the Various States of the Federation -- 3.2.3 Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) and Criminal Procedure Code Laws of the Various States -- 3.2.4 Criminal Procedure Code Act Cap 491, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 -- 3.2.5 Criminal Code Act Cap C 38 Laws of the Federation 2004 and Criminal Code Laws of the Southern States -- 3.2.6 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act, 2004 -- 3.2.7 Recovery of Public Property (Special Provisions) Act.

Increasing longevity and urbanisation are the two major trends facing development in the 21st century. It is widely accepted that urbanisation provides enormous potential for younger persons to secure greater economic opportunities and social freedom. What is less often recognised is that these potentials also apply to later life, increasing older persons' capabilities and the securing of their rights to dignity and self-definition. Yet there are risks of marginalisation, discrimination, deprivation and of the impacts of unsustainable development. The key question is not whether urban areas can afford to improve the lives of older persons but what prevents policy makers from realising the importance of intergenerational interdependence for development. The chapter demonstrates that recognising and enhancing older persons' social, economic and political inclusion will benefit everyone. It does so by focusing on the opportunities and constraints that urban centres represent for less advantaged people living in low- and middle-income countries.

Intro -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- General Overview -- I.I. Introduction -- I.II. The Notion of Urbanisation -- I.III. General Presentation of Cameroon -- I.IV. The Context of a City and a Town in Cameroon -- I.IV.I. The Urbanization Process in Cameroon -- I.IV.II. Origin and Growth of Cameroon Towns -- I.IV.III. Structure of Cameroon Towns -- I.V. Factors that Have Contributed to Urbanisation in Cameroon -- I.V.I. Historical Influence -- I.V.II. Demographic Influence -- I.V.II. Economic Influence -- I.V.III. Administrative Influence -- I.V.IV. Socio-Cultural Influence -- I.V.V. Environmental Influence -- Patterns of Urbanisation: The Internal Structure and Development of Cameroon Towns -- II.1. The Urban form and Structure -- II.I.I. Some Models of Urban Growth and Development -- II.II. The Internal Structure of Cameroon Towns -- II.II.I. High Order Towns (Towns above One Million People) -- II.II.II. Intermediate and Low Order Towns -- II.II.III. Culture-Dominated Towns -- II.III. The Demographic Structure of Cameroon Towns -- II.III.I. Age/Sex Groups -- II.III.II. Ethnic and Foreign Composition -- II.III.III. Religious Composition -- ii.iv. urban problems -- II.IV.I. Poor Housing and Building Structure -- II.IV.II. Land Speculation and High Rates of Land Values -- II.IV.III. Transportation (Traffic) Problems and Congestion -- II.IV.IV. Poor Management of Municipal Solid Waste -- II.IV.V. Other Problems Linked to the Urbanisation Process -- Spatial Distribution and Growth Strength of Cameroon Towns -- III.I. Spatial Distribution of Towns in Cameroon -- III.I.I. The Western Region: -- III.I.II. The Coastal Region: -- III.I.III. The Northern Region: -- III.I.IV. The Centre Region: -- III.I.V. Other Regions: -- III.II. Urban Centres as Growth Poles

This report provides a new perspective on Africa's urban economies that is unique in its breadth and level of detail. Based on data from more than 4 million individuals and firms in 2 600 cities across 34 countries, it presents compelling evidence that urbanisation contributes to better economic outcomes and higher living standards.