Suchergebnisse

This report provides a new perspective on Africa's urban economies that is unique in its breadth and level of detail. Based on data from more than 4 million individuals and firms in 2 600 cities across 34 countries, it presents compelling evidence that urbanisation contributes to better economic outcomes and higher living standards.

Réalisée dans le cadre du programme Africapolis de l'OCDE, la cartographie des agglomérations morphologiques de la RDC révèle l'existence d'un système de peuplement nouveau dont les structures spatiales n'ont jamais été formalisées conceptuellement jusqu'à présent. Contrairement à l'armature urbaine officielle de la RDC, largement héritée d'une logique coloniale, ce système de peuplement, suit des cheminements nouveaux le long des crêtes des interfluves. Il a donné naissances à d'innombrables agglomérations, dont la quasi-totalité n'est reconnue comme "urbaine" par aucune administration, aucune instance publique, au point que certaines n'ont même pas de nom sur les cartes. Plus de 400 d'entre elles ont entre 10 000 et 100 000 habitants. Dans ce vaste pays, dont la population a triplé entre 1984 et 2020, ce système de peuplement apparaît comme un réseau urbain supplétif, car il vient combler les carences d'un réseau urbain légal trop extensif. Dévoilée au prix d'une cartographie fine, l'analyse de la morphologie montre que, loin de l'informalité, ce processus produit des formes d'urbanisme particulièrement rationnelles.

The book is based on the presentation of the conferences Public Services in the Member States of the European Union (2017) and Urbanisation and local government(s) (2020) which were organised bv the Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest), Faculty of Law, Department of Administrative Law. The 2017 conference has been supported by the Ministry of Justice of Hungary and the 2020 conference has been supported by the Municipality of Budapest. The main aim of the book is to examine and analyse the urbanisation of local governments – especially in the light of the recent challenges of the urbanisation in the Eastern Central European countries. The scope of the book is a wide one: the methods – which are applied by the different chapters – are not only the methods of jurisprudence, but the wide range of administrative sciences (e.g. economics, sociology). First of all, the recent challenges and transformations of the urban areas and the government of the urban areas in several countries will be analysed. The general analysis of the urban governments and the organisational framework of these area will be followed by presentations by which the provision of urban services and several major issues of the urban life, especially the urban finances and the local taxation will be analysed. The impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic will be analysed, as well. The challenges, solutions and transformation of Germany, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Portugal will be shown by the presentations.

We are living through a global urban transition, but the timing of this transition has varied significantly across countries and regions. This geographic variation in timing matters, both theoretically and substantively. Yet contemporary debates around urbanism hinge primarily on questions of universalism versus particularism, at the expense of attention to how history and geography collide to shape urban processes. Specifically, they neglect the critical fact that urbanization in many countries today is late within the context of the global urban transition. We argue that trajectories of contemporary urbanization must be understood in relation to a suite of conditions unique to the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and partly shaped by early urbanization, including historically unprecedented demographic intensity, hyperglobalization, centripetal state politics and the spectre of environmental catastrophe in the late Anthropocene. These factors condition the range of possibilities for late urbanizers in ways that did not apply to early urbanizers yet can also produce diverse outcomes depending on local circumstances. We draw on a comparison between countries in sub-Saharan Africa and China to illustrate why the conditions of late urbanization matter, but also why they have produced highly variable outcomes and are not deterministic of urban futures.

This article considers a range of early twentieth-century projects in which rural space was made subject to an ensemble of institutional forms and practices grounded in emergent urban paradigms. The projects in rural reconstruction I consider here seized on village space and the minds and souls of villagers as their terrain of operation. Rural reconstruction entailed the production of intimate knowledge of the rural population, the development of affective modes of engagement with them, and investments of governmental power not only in state institutions but in more abstract concepts like the 'rural community'. Many projects were largely propagandistic; their concrete effects were minimal. But rural reconstruction brought urban logics, objects, and institutional forms directly into village milieus in ways that continue to shape how India's urban and rural areas are conceptualised and operate in relation to one another. If urbanism in India today is deeply enmeshed in agrarian processes, then this article attempts to reverse the gaze by asking how expert knowledge directed towards managing rural change in twentieth-century India depended crucially on emergent urban paradigms.

Agrarian urbanisation has gathered pace and intensity in the last few decades after economic liberalisation in India. A faster rate of economic growth has exacerbated the extraction of rural natural resources to supply increased urban demands. At the same time, rural landscapes have been transformed by expanded infrastructure, new industrial ventures, conservation projects and urban sprawl. These processes have been mediated by shifting patterns of caste power and political mobilisation. However, they also seem to have exacerbated social inequality while making historically marginalised groups such as Dalits and Adivasis suffer greater dispossession and livelihood precarity. Case studies from different regions of India reveal both the socio-economic dynamics of regional variation in these broad outcomes of agrarian urbanism, and the cross-regional patterns of environmental degradation, exacerbated inequality and difficulties faced by agrarian society in reproducing itself as an integral part of Indian prosperity and progress.

Urbanisation in India is reshaping established social and economic patterns of behaviour in ways that scholars are struggling to analyse. This article introduces this special issue presenting new empirical research on the interconnections between gender, social change and urbanisation in India. It does so by relying on a unique dataset drawn from nearly 15,000 households across four consequential urban clusters—Dhanbad, Indore, Patna and Varanasi—in North India. The collection of articles in this issue informs new inquiries into women's employment, women's agency and the construction and shaping of social attitudes. Specifically, the articles disentangle the practical barriers to women's economic empowerment, measure how employment and household dynamics shape women's agency and explore ways in which status hierarchies and variation in access to information colour women's social attitudes and political preferences. Collectively, they demonstrate the uneven nature of gender empowerment in the shadow of an urbanising, but highly stratified economy and society.

Drawing on fieldwork in Andean Bolivia, this article examines rural urbanisation as a process of disconnection between people and place impacted by flows of rural to urban migration. Ritual relations with place are perceived as particularly significant for Kallawaya healers in the municipality of Charazani. They take a disruption of acts that maintain bonds between people and place as a result of urbanisation – examined particularly in relation to house‐building rituals – as having knock‐on effects for indigenous communal identity. These same healers are conscious of this urbanisation as the present manifestation of a historical process.

Cover -- Endorsement Page -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of contributors -- Foreword: Urbanization in the Global South: Perspectives and Challenges -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Challenges of urbanization in the global south: Introduction and overview -- Chapter 2 Linkage between urbanization, economic development and urban poverty -- Chapter 3 Urbanization, livestock ownership, food security and child nutritional outcomes in Nigeria: Linkages and pathways -- Chapter 4 Impact of tanks and canals on livelihood security and implications for migration into cities: Study of the Bengaluru metropolis -- Chapter 5 Financial status of megacities in India: Emerging issues and challenges -- Chapter 6 Suburbanization and spatial inequality in the distribution of urban services in Indian cities -- Chapter 7 Urban civic service delivery and norms: A pilot study of two Indian cities -- Chapter 8 Water resource management by using system dynamics in Ahmedabad City -- Chapter 9 Reducing the water footprint of megacities in Asia: Addressing water reuse and groundwater recharge (case study of Delhi, India) -- Chapter 10 Sanitation, hygiene behavior and health implications: A situation analysis of slums in Bengaluru -- Chapter 11 Rapid urbanization in Nepal: What does it mean for public open space? -- Chapter 12 The air pollution conundrum in Delhi: Agenda setting in environmental policy and the politics of solution-making -- Chapter 13 The peri-urban poor and ecology in the megacity of Kolkata -- Chapter 14 State of local governance and urban development problems: A study of Bengaluru -- Chapter 15 Citizen participation in Shanghai's urban redevelopment under state-led neoliberal urbanism.

AbstractA large literature characterises urbanisation as resulting from productivity growth attracting rural workers to cities. Incorporating economic geography elements into a growth model, we suggest that causation runs the other way: when rural workers move to cities, the resulting urbanisation produces technological change and productivity growth. Urban density leads to knowledge exchange and innovation, thus creating a positive feedback loop between city size and productivity that initiates sustained economic growth. This model is consistent with the fact that urbanisation rates in western Europe, most notably England, reached unprecedented levels by the mid-eighteenth century, the eve of the Industrial Revolution.