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International audience ; The concept of subaltern urbanisation refers to the growth of settlement agglomerations, whether denoted urban by the Census of India or not, that are independent of the metropolis and autonomous in their interactions with other settlements, local and global. Analysing conventional and new data sources "against the grain", this paper claims support for the existence of such economically vital small settlements, contrary to perceptions that India's urbanisation is slow, that its smaller settlements are stagnant and its cities are not productive. It offers a classification scheme for settlements using the axes of spatial proximity to metropolises and degree of administrative recognition, and looks at the potential factors for their transformation long economic, social and political dimensions. Instead of basing policy on illusions of control, understanding how agents make this world helps comprehend ongoing Indian transformations.

International audience ; The concept of subaltern urbanisation refers to the growth of settlement agglomerations, whether denoted urban by the Census of India or not, that are independent of the metropolis and autonomous in their interactions with other settlements, local and global. Analysing conventional and new data sources "against the grain", this paper claims support for the existence of such economically vital small settlements, contrary to perceptions that India's urbanisation is slow, that its smaller settlements are stagnant and its cities are not productive. It offers a classification scheme for settlements using the axes of spatial proximity to metropolises and degree of administrative recognition, and looks at the potential factors for their transformation long economic, social and political dimensions. Instead of basing policy on illusions of control, understanding how agents make this world helps comprehend ongoing Indian transformations.

International audience ; The concept of subaltern urbanisation refers to the growth of settlement agglomerations, whether denoted urban by the Census of India or not, that are independent of the metropolis and autonomous in their interactions with other settlements, local and global. Analysing conventional and new data sources "against the grain", this paper claims support for the existence of such economically vital small settlements, contrary to perceptions that India's urbanisation is slow, that its smaller settlements are stagnant and its cities are not productive. It offers a classification scheme for settlements using the axes of spatial proximity to metropolises and degree of administrative recognition, and looks at the potential factors for their transformation long economic, social and political dimensions. Instead of basing policy on illusions of control, understanding how agents make this world helps comprehend ongoing Indian transformations.

Throughout the last half-century of studies of the Roman North Africa, it has become an established notion in science that the reign of the Flavian dynasty was a decisive turning point in its history, and rightly so. This breakthrough embraced all areas of life, while the nature of the transformation is best reflected by the view that it was only thanks to the Flavians that Africa became fully Roman. What is more, this is accompanied by the well-founded thesis that without the achievements of the Flavians, the great prosperity of the Flavian provinces in the 2nd-3rd centuries would not have been possible: their successors reaped what the Flavians had sowed. Without going into too much detail, one should also recognise the rationality of the postulate to set apart the Flavian period in the history of Roman Africa as an era in its own right. Embarking on the great task of urbanisation in Africa was the Flavii's undoubted merit. Their principal effort of was concentrated in the northern part of Africa Proconsularis, on the territory of the former Africa Vetus. Lepcis Magna in the south of Proconsularis (in Tripolitania) and Icosium in Mauretania Caesariensis were exceptional cases. The newly created cities – colonies and municipia – were to perform an important strategic role, i.e. to protect the territories of Africa Proconsularis against the tribes from the south. The area was urbanised, had considerable economic significance and yielded high profit. Both extensive private latifundia and imperial domains which were to be found there, played an important role in supplying Rome with grain. From the point of view of the state, the changes also contributed to the internal consolidation of the province. Urbanisation of Africa, besides the introduction of cadastre, institutional forms of imperial cult and forcing nomadic tribes to settled life served that very end. This involved strictly military reorganisation of the province, which was best manifested in the relocation of the Legio III Augusta to Theveste and then to Lambaesis. The Flavians also embarked on expansion and repairs of the road network. Apart from their important economic and political functions, coloniae veteranorum – Ammaedara and Madauros – as well as the municipia Sufetula and Cillium had the task of guarding the access to the fertile lands of Africa Proconsularis. There is no doubt that the policy of the Flavians was a long-term one, while the actions of Trajan, Hadrian and the Severans represented its direct continuation.

Increasing longevity and urbanisation are the two major trends facing development in the 21st century. It is widely accepted that urbanisation provides enormous potential for younger persons to secure greater economic opportunities and social freedom. What is less often recognised is that these potentials also apply to later life, increasing older persons' capabilities and the securing of their rights to dignity and self-definition. Yet there are risks of marginalisation, discrimination, deprivation and of the impacts of unsustainable development. The key question is not whether urban areas can afford to improve the lives of older persons but what prevents policy makers from realising the importance of intergenerational interdependence for development. The chapter demonstrates that recognising and enhancing older persons' social, economic and political inclusion will benefit everyone. It does so by focusing on the opportunities and constraints that urban centres represent for less advantaged people living in low- and middle-income countries.

Escalating mega-city concentrations, perpetuated by investment distortions and rural-urban imbalances in densely populated and economically undeveloped countries, endorse migration, generate pluralities, and create potential conditions for conflict, evoking planners' concern. In a globalising world, national policies tend to comply with international agreements, which do not necessarily synchronise with commitment of welfare states to domestic issues arising from inequities. This is more apparent in economies disadvantaged by large population sizes, sprawling urban agglomerations, preponderance of slums, a large proportion of untrained and illiterate human resources, and differential taxation laws. This paper appraises selected Indian Ocean countries characterised by development imbalances, lop-sided and unmanageable urbanisation on account of limited availability and poor allocation of resources, shift of rural poverty to urban areas, consumption inequities, etc. Most governments have embraced largely aggressive approaches to address this problem, evicting the 'destitute in-migrants', or forcibly shifting them. These cannot have a positive and far-reaching impact, and hence incentive-based 'inclusive' and 'participatory' resettlement strategies are urged.

We are living through a global urban transition, but the timing of this transition has varied significantly across countries and regions. This geographic variation in timing matters, both theoretically and substantively. Yet contemporary debates around urbanism hinge primarily on questions of universalism versus particularism, at the expense of attention to how history and geography collide to shape urban processes. Specifically, they neglect the critical fact that urbanization in many countries today is late within the context of the global urban transition. We argue that trajectories of contemporary urbanization must be understood in relation to a suite of conditions unique to the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and partly shaped by early urbanization, including historically unprecedented demographic intensity, hyperglobalization, centripetal state politics and the spectre of environmental catastrophe in the late Anthropocene. These factors condition the range of possibilities for late urbanizers in ways that did not apply to early urbanizers yet can also produce diverse outcomes depending on local circumstances. We draw on a comparison between countries in sub-Saharan Africa and China to illustrate why the conditions of late urbanization matter, but also why they have produced highly variable outcomes and are not deterministic of urban futures.

Zimbabwe's 2012 census report suggests that notable de-urbanisation occurred between 2002 and 2012. Some external commentators have cited urban–rural migration and the Fast Track Land Reform Programme – jambanja – initiated in 2000 as the principal drivers of this phenomenon. During field research in the second half of 2016, I found that ordinary citizens and key informants – in politics, government and civil society – expressed bewilderment at suggestions that the country is de-urbanising. While the populations of the large cities appear to be growing slowly, if at all, unadjusted boundaries mean that the demographic growth associated with urban sprawl has not been captured. In-depth analysis also reveals rapid population growth in peri-urban areas that should be designated as urban, and in small and intermediate urban settlements. Overestimation of the urban populations, and the rate at which urbanisation levels are increasing in African countries, is a consistent feature of international organisation reports.1 But for Zimbabwe, underestimation seems to have occurred. While the rate of urbanisation may have slowed, the extent of the slowdown appears exaggerated and it is likely to be reversed when boundary changes are made. It is not inconceivable that Zimbabwe could still be majority urban by 2050.

http://iconarp.selcuk.edu.tr/iconarp/article/view/47 ; The paper claims that the renewal schemes, which have been employed as an evolving model in resolving the urbanisation problem, are turned into the instruments of "urbicide" in Istanbul as a political "evolving" model of urban destruction. The concerns arising out of this change of emphasis encompass conflicts between theory and practice, as well as conflicts between marketing and planning, process and action, authenticity and diversity, users and owners, opportunities and threats. Within this scope, by constructing an urban renewal framework through the exploration of Law on the Protection and the Revitalisation of Deteriorated Historical and Cultural Immovable Assets (2005) and Law on the Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk (2012), the paper intents to discuss the evolving and declining urbanisation patterns in Istanbul by relating them with up-to-date political, economic, technological and socio-economic inferences. Considerable emphasis is placed on the use of examples in Historic Peninsula to illustrate and critically analyze meanings, inputs, outputs and impacts. The paper concludes by addressing in what ways the planning as a profession can manage these evolving and declining models in resolving contradictions stemming from the dichotomy of urbanisation and urbicide in Istanbul.

The paper claims that the renewal schemes, which have been employed as an evolving model in resolving the urbanisation problem, are turned into the instruments of "urbicide" in Istanbul as a political "evolving" model of urban destruction. The concerns arising out of this change of emphasis encompass conflicts between theory and practice, as well as conflicts between marketing and planning, process and action, authenticity and diversity, users and owners, opportunities and threats. Within this scope, by constructing an urban renewal framework through the exploration of Law on the Protection and the Revitalisation of Deteriorated Historical and Cultural Immovable Assets (2005) and Law on the Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk (2012), the paper intents to discuss the evolving and declining urbanisation patterns in Istanbul by relating them with up-to-date political, economic, technological and socio-economic inferences. Considerable emphasis is placed on the use of examples in Historic Peninsula to illustrate and critically analyze meanings, inputs, outputs and impacts. The paper concludes by addressing in what ways the planning as a profession can manage these evolving and declining models in resolving contradictions stemming from the dichotomy of urbanisation and urbicide in Istanbul.

Although the Netherlands is one of the most densely populated countries, two thirds of the land area are still under agricultural use. Major socio-economic changes are however expected for the agricultural sector. The increasing globalisation of economic relations in agriculture and the possible reduction of European price support to farmers are examples of such developments that may affect agricultural land use. At the same time other land use functions put increasing pressure on rural land in order to accommodate housing, employment, recreation and water storage. The present study takes a closer look at the expected spatial developments and simulates possible future land use patterns by using an economics based land use model. Two opposing scenarios of anticipated land use change are used to illustrate the possible extremes of future land use configurations. These scenarios vary both in their quantitative and qualitative description of the projected changes. The simulation of low-density residential areas in green areas will illustrate this approach. The development of these new rural living areas is currently a sensitive topic in the public debate on urbanisation. The simulated urbanisation patterns are evaluated in terms of their impact on spatial policy related issues through the application of newly developed indicators. For decades the Dutch government has strived for compact forms of urbanisation in order to preserve the remaining stretches of open space. The applied metrics of land use change will therefor focus on the concentration of urbanisation and the fragmentation of open space. The findings of this study may be especially interesting now Dutch spatial policy seems to be on the brink of loosening its traditional grip on spatial planning.

The present work aims to reconstruct and interpret the urban fabric of the main cities in Spain in order to understand their urbanisation processes during the 19th and 20th centuries. Using the technological innovations that took place during this period, these cities escaped the confines of their walls and spread outwards in a process that saw the sustained growth of transport networks and urban services. The main objective of this research is to interpret this phenomenon and to classify it in terms of its geographical, demographic, political and regional characteristics. ; El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reconstruir e interpretar el tejido urbano de las principales ciudades de España con el fin comprender sus procesos de urbanización durante los siglos XIX y XX. Usando la tecnología innovaciones que tuvieron lugar durante este período, estas ciudades escaparon de los confines de sus muros y se extendió hacia afuera en un proceso que vio el crecimiento sostenido de las redes de transporte y los servicios urbanos. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es interpretar este fenómeno y clasificarlo en términos de su características geográficas, demográficas, políticas y regionales. ; El present treball té com a objectiu reconstruir i interpretar el teixit urbà de les principals ciutats d'Espanya amb la fi comprendre els seus processos d'urbanització durant els segles XIX i XX. Usant la tecnologia innovacions que van tenir lloc durant aquest període, aquestes ciutats van escapar dels confinis dels seus murs i es va estendre cap a fora en un procés que va veure el creixement sostingut de les xarxes de transport i els serveis urbans. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta recerca és interpretar aquest fenomen i classificar-ho en termes de la seva característiques geogràfiques, demogràfiques, polítiques i regionals.

In recent decades the rate and extent of urbanisation has increased markedly and the majority of the world's people now live in urban areas. These trends are clearly apparent in low and middle income countries, particularly those in South and East Asia (World Bank recent list of LMIC by region). Much of this urban growth is relatively unplanned and has increased the vulnerability of the urban population to the increasing risk of natural disasters and extreme weather events. In addition, vulnerability is further aggravated by other risk factors such as widespread poverty and illiteracy, population migration, increased population density, poor access to services, inadequate nutrition, and poor water and sanitation.Major gaps exist in information on the interface between urbanisation and natural disasters, especially if the added dimensions of risk, vulnerability and resilience are considered. The concept that the impact of disasters is an outcome of ongoing risk processes interacting with hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities is comparatively recent. It is suggested that there are valuable lessons to be learnt from local level initiatives, people's participation or adaptation of suitable and applicable legislation in the face of such hazards and disasters happening in these cities, countries and regions.

This article addresses a gap in the historical literature concerning Māori urbanisation and economic development by exploring intellectual exchanges surrounding these developments. It argues that a series of key figures transmitted a network of ideas relating to Māori acculturation and urbanisation from the inter-war through the post-war period and considers the evolution, interpenetration and divergence of their perspectives. Although primarily an examination of discourse rather than policy or resulting lived experience, the paper also traces some of the ways in which this discourse informed the actions of government officials as they attempted to manage the exodus of Māori from the countryside.