During the study of the formation, formation and development of spatial and architectural-planning organization of settlements, the main attention is mostly paid to the processes of urbanization.The purpose of the article is to find out the theoretical preconditions and peculiarities of the influence of urban ecological factors on the development of mountain settlements, their role in solving urgent ecological, spatial and architectural-urban problems of recreational settlements on the way to sustainable development.The study of urban-ecological interactions in the Ukrainian Carpathians is a rather difficult task due to the significant variability of environmental factors, rather tense ecological situation in the region, lack of effective mechanisms of nature management, imperfection of regulatory framework, in particular, in the field of environmental legislation. approaches to the identification and typology of environmental phenomena, which complicates the process of managing them.Nowadays, the problems of sustainable development of mountain areas are insufficiently studied, in particular, insufficient attention is paid to the study of the effects of environmental factors on the development of spatial organization and architectural and urban planning problems of mountain settlements. The ecological situation of the vast majority of mountain settlements of recreational profile is tense, the priority is to diagnose the state of urban ecosystems and solve environmental problems, which should guarantee the improvement of the ecological situation in the region and successful development of recreational and tourist potential of the Ukrainian Carpathians.Based on the analysis of the studied literature sources, we can assume that the planning structure of mountain settlements in the Ukrainian Carpathians directly depends on the ecological situation in the region and on urban-ecological interactions between various factors of natural and man-made environment.In terms of environmental factors that have or may have an impact on the development of mountain areas, the most significant, in our opinion, are or may be: landslides, excessive devastating floods, forest fires, biodiversity loss. Degradation of mountainous areas in water intake zones is especially dangerous not only for the mountain population, but also for the surrounding plains.One of the priority and strategically important tasks is the implementation of effective local and regional policy in the field of nature management, aimed primarily at solving environmental problems of the region and the formation of ecological culture, which in the long run can be a key to successful development of mountain areas and recreational potential. Urboecological interactions and their influence on the spatial and architectural-planning organization of mountain settlements of the recreational profile of the Ukrainian Carpathians need further study. ; Розглянуто роль екологічних факторів у формуванні планувальної структури гірських поселень рекреаційного профілю в Українських Карпатах, проаналізовано значення урбоекологічних взаємодій в умовах сталого розвитку населених пунктів Карпатського регіону. Встановлено, що рекреаційний потенціал гірських населених пунктів безпосередньо залежить від екологічної ситуації, ефективного природокористування, збереження ландшафтного та біологічного різноманіття, формування екологічної свідомості населення. Гірські поселення Українських Карпат відіграють важливе значення в просторовій та архітектурно-містобудівній організації регіону, є необхідним елементом системи розселення, центрами культури, туризму, рекреації.
During the study of the formation, formation and development of spatial and architectural-planning organization of settlements, the main attention is mostly paid to the processes of urbanization.The purpose of the article is to find out the theoretical preconditions and peculiarities of the influence of urban ecological factors on the development of mountain settlements, their role in solving urgent ecological, spatial and architectural-urban problems of recreational settlements on the way to sustainable development.The study of urban-ecological interactions in the Ukrainian Carpathians is a rather difficult task due to the significant variability of environmental factors, rather tense ecological situation in the region, lack of effective mechanisms of nature management, imperfection of regulatory framework, in particular, in the field of environmental legislation. approaches to the identification and typology of environmental phenomena, which complicates the process of managing them.Nowadays, the problems of sustainable development of mountain areas are insufficiently studied, in particular, insufficient attention is paid to the study of the effects of environmental factors on the development of spatial organization and architectural and urban planning problems of mountain settlements. The ecological situation of the vast majority of mountain settlements of recreational profile is tense, the priority is to diagnose the state of urban ecosystems and solve environmental problems, which should guarantee the improvement of the ecological situation in the region and successful development of recreational and tourist potential of the Ukrainian Carpathians.Based on the analysis of the studied literature sources, we can assume that the planning structure of mountain settlements in the Ukrainian Carpathians directly depends on the ecological situation in the region and on urban-ecological interactions between various factors of natural and man-made environment.In terms of environmental factors that have or may have an impact on the development of mountain areas, the most significant, in our opinion, are or may be: landslides, excessive devastating floods, forest fires, biodiversity loss. Degradation of mountainous areas in water intake zones is especially dangerous not only for the mountain population, but also for the surrounding plains.One of the priority and strategically important tasks is the implementation of effective local and regional policy in the field of nature management, aimed primarily at solving environmental problems of the region and the formation of ecological culture, which in the long run can be a key to successful development of mountain areas and recreational potential. Urboecological interactions and their influence on the spatial and architectural-planning organization of mountain settlements of the recreational profile of the Ukrainian Carpathians need further study. ; Розглянуто роль екологічних факторів у формуванні планувальної структури гірських поселень рекреаційного профілю в Українських Карпатах, проаналізовано значення урбоекологічних взаємодій в умовах сталого розвитку населених пунктів Карпатського регіону. Встановлено, що рекреаційний потенціал гірських населених пунктів безпосередньо залежить від екологічної ситуації, ефективного природокористування, збереження ландшафтного та біологічного різноманіття, формування екологічної свідомості населення. Гірські поселення Українських Карпат відіграють важливе значення в просторовій та архітектурно-містобудівній організації регіону, є необхідним елементом системи розселення, центрами культури, туризму, рекреації.
The influence of urban ecological factors on the formation of the planning structure of recreational mountain settlements in the Ukrainian Carpathians, the peculiarities of settlement in mountain conditions in terms of its compatibility with the natural environment, the importance of urban ecological interactions in terms of sustainable development of Carpathian region. It is proved that urban ecological factors of mountain settlements significantly affect the state of resource provision, architectural and spatial structure, features of recreational potential, development of tourist infrastructure, and the structure of recreational economy of the mountain region in general. The purpose of the article is to find out the features of the spatial structure of mountain settlements of recreational profile under the influence of urban environmental factors and their role in solving urgent ecological, spatial and architectural problems of settlements of recreational profile on the way to sustainable development. The study of urban-ecological interactions in mountain settlements of recreational profile is quite a difficult task, given the variability of environmental factors, tense ecological situation in the region, lack of effective environmental management mechanisms, imperfect legal framework in environmental legislation, lack of strategic spatial planning and unification of environmental approaches. phenomena and processes. The urgency of the work is primarily due to the need to find effective ways to solve environmental problems in the mountain settlements of the Ukrainian Carpathians, to increase the recreational and tourist potential of the region. Based on the theoretical generalization of the studied literature sources, we can assume that the planning structure of mountain settlements in the Ukrainian Carpathians directly depends on the ecological situation in the region and on urban-ecological interactions between various factors of natural and man-made environment. Regarding environmental factors that have or may have an impact on the development of mountain areas, the most significant, in our opinion, are or may be: landslides, excessive devastating floods, forest fires, anthropogenic pressure, environmental pollution, biodiversity loss. Especially dangerous for not only the mountain population, but also the surrounding plains is the degradation of mountain areas in the areas of water intake. That is why, in our opinion, one of the priority and strategically important tasks is to conduct effective local and regional policy in the field of efficient and rational use of nature, aimed primarily at solving urban environmental problems in the region, which in the long run can be a key to successful mountain development. ; Розглянуто вплив урбоекологічних факторів на формування планувальної структури гірських поселень рекреаційного профілю в Українських Карпатах, особливості розселення в гірських умовах з погляду його сумісності з природним середовищем, проаналізовано значення урбоекологічних взаємодій в умовах сталого розвитку населених пунктів Карпатського регіону. Доведено, що урбоекологічні фактори гірських населених пунктів суттєво впливають на стан ресурсного забезпечення, архітектурно-просторову структуру особливості використання рекреаційного потенціалу, розвиток туристичної інфраструктури,та структуру рекреаційного господарства гірського регіону, загалом.
Territorial (local and regional) identities and processes which are contributed to their decline require interdisciplinary research. The city becomes one of the main specific and autonomous objects of social and humanities knowledge, such as sociology, urbanism, economics, political science, demography, cultural studies, cultural anthropology, cultural geography. It becomes also a certain socio-cultural «knot», and it is not only methodological, but also the historical origin of the coordinates in the social space. Style is a form of presentation of the identity of any real social community. Unfortunately, there are no good researchings concerning the territorial identity of Odessits. Among the most important principles that caused the decline of territorial identities, researchers call the rapid urbanization and industrialization and imperfect policies for the formation of national identity. Thanks to the accelerated urbanization, the city of the Soviet period created the type of «first-generation city dweller», which has not lost contact with the peasant subculture and psychology. They come into conflict with the meanings and behavior patterns that shapes the information society and imposes the commercialized mass culture. As a result, certain socio-cultural differences are fixed. The key problem is the comprehension of its own history, a political consensus around the assessment of its turning events. During the years of Ukraine's independence, it was in the symbolic space of Odessa city and a new Odessa identity was made by the most active attempts of regional authorities. The program of positioning of Odessa as the center of development of transport, trade and tourist spheres, IT-technologies, as well as safe and reliable investment process «Odessa 5T» is accepted. The mechanisms for implementation of projects related to culture, branding and rebranding of Odessa is becoming urgent. Positive Odessa identity can not be associated with only one epoch or one symbol, it requires expression, incarnation in the system of recognizable characters, signs, attributes, gestures, and in a natural way should absorb the most significant symbols and images of all epochs. ; В статье актуализируются проблемы городской идентичности в междисциплинарных исследованиях города, одним из направлений которого становится внимание к определенному локальному пространству и идентичности. Целью данной статьи является попытка раскрыть некоторые аспекты антропологии городского пространства и идентичности на примере Одессы. Положительная одесская идентичность не может ассоциироваться исключительно с какой-то одной эпохой или одним мифом, символом, с жесткой национальной идентичности. ; У статті актуалізуються проблеми міської ідентичності у міждисциплінарних дослідженнях міста, одним з напрямків якого стає увага до певного локального простору та ідентичності. Метою даної статті є спроба розкрити певні аспекти антропології міського простору та ідентичності на прикладі Одеси. Позитивна одеська ідентичність не може асоціюватися виключно з якоюсь однією епохою або одним мифом, символом, з жорсткою національною ідентичностю.
Territorial (local and regional) identities and processes which are contributed to their decline require interdisciplinary research. The city becomes one of the main specific and autonomous objects of social and humanities knowledge, such as sociology, urbanism, economics, political science, demography, cultural studies, cultural anthropology, cultural geography. It becomes also a certain socio-cultural «knot», and it is not only methodological, but also the historical origin of the coordinates in the social space. Style is a form of presentation of the identity of any real social community. Unfortunately, there are no good researchings concerning the territorial identity of Odessits. Among the most important principles that caused the decline of territorial identities, researchers call the rapid urbanization and industrialization and imperfect policies for the formation of national identity. Thanks to the accelerated urbanization, the city of the Soviet period created the type of «first-generation city dweller», which has not lost contact with the peasant subculture and psychology. They come into conflict with the meanings and behavior patterns that shapes the information society and imposes the commercialized mass culture. As a result, certain socio-cultural differences are fixed. The key problem is the comprehension of its own history, a political consensus around the assessment of its turning events. During the years of Ukraine's independence, it was in the symbolic space of Odessa city and a new Odessa identity was made by the most active attempts of regional authorities. The program of positioning of Odessa as the center of development of transport, trade and tourist spheres, IT-technologies, as well as safe and reliable investment process «Odessa 5T» is accepted. The mechanisms for implementation of projects related to culture, branding and rebranding of Odessa is becoming urgent. Positive Odessa identity can not be associated with only one epoch or one symbol, it requires expression, incarnation in the system of recognizable characters, signs, attributes, gestures, and in a natural way should absorb the most significant symbols and images of all epochs. ; В статье актуализируются проблемы городской идентичности в междисциплинарных исследованиях города, одним из направлений которого становится внимание к определенному локальному пространству и идентичности. Целью данной статьи является попытка раскрыть некоторые аспекты антропологии городского пространства и идентичности на примере Одессы. Положительная одесская идентичность не может ассоциироваться исключительно с какой-то одной эпохой или одним мифом, символом, с жесткой национальной идентичности. ; У статті актуалізуються проблеми міської ідентичності у міждисциплінарних дослідженнях міста, одним з напрямків якого стає увага до певного локального простору та ідентичності. Метою даної статті є спроба розкрити певні аспекти антропології міського простору та ідентичності на прикладі Одеси. Позитивна одеська ідентичність не може асоціюватися виключно з якоюсь однією епохою або одним мифом, символом, з жорсткою національною ідентичностю.
The article is focused on analyzing current state of land use by categories, regional economic and financial data to propose new robust model for economically efficient land use planning for commercial and non-commercial enterprises. The research results can serve as an important material for decision making process on how to develop the land and the City areas in context в new global economic development. It provides extensive overview of existing land use trends for in Kyiv city based on analytical data and scientific assumptions. The Author believe that this research will be beneficial for government, city government, international organizations, private institutions, and researchers. The goal of the research paper is to build a solid scientific model based on general understanding of underlying economic challenges of efficient land use considering past data, short term and in long term planning. The paper has an overview of city planning documentation and city statistical data in context of real estate, urban population, economic data, including research of real estate and currency exchange rate data to median salary in Kyiv starting from 2000s. It is important not to put too much focus on the existing models and systems, as they rely too much on the assumptions and complicated calculations, that are hard to make use of in real world planning. Instead we build our research on real-world data and developed a forecast of the size of investment in land use, average real estate prices for the next 5 years. The paper noted an existing problem of inconsistency of the existing norms and regulations in Ukraine concerning rational and effective land use and planning, especially for local authorities and commercial organizations. The author substantiates why the economy in the context of urbanization needs a new look. The paper uses the planning of the city of Kiev. It is a suitable example of a developing city, so the proposed model can be developed based on the city economical and land use data. This research can help solve the existing problems of urbanization in Ukraine and have a positive impact on the economic development of the city and the region.In present times large urban agglomerations serve as none of the major catalysts of economic trends. Urbanization, as process, plays key role in transformation of the local, regional and world economies. Urbanization should be considered an important factor in the development of the economy of both the city and the state. It dictates the path of development of micro- and macroeconomics of regions, although not directly. And in the context of long-term land use and spatial development, this process can play a significant role. The issues of suburban development, industrialization, post-industrialization, environmental problems and the issues of further existence and development of agricultural regions bordering on urban centers (urban agglomerations) cannot be excluded from the field of view. Alongside with new possibilities that arise from large urban economy, great number of challenges that need to be addressed appear. Besides to the economic related issues, irreversible ecology changes (rise of sea level, forest fires etc.) global pandemics and new technologies, manufacturing process must be included in urbanization research. This requires novel approach to how we view city, build economic models, and make forecasts for future development. In this paper we set initial stage for development of such robust economic model, while using data and statistics of Kyiv city. This city can serve as great test ground for proposed model, as it is relatively new urban center, that is part of the developing country economy.The goal of this research work is to analyze current and past land use patterns, outline existing issues and economical inefficiencies in those patterns in large urban city. In addition, we plan to look at land use from several viewpoints, that of the researcher, governmental institutions, commercial company, personal level. This will enable us to make correct assumptions and help build economical model for future land use development. Research work is based on official statistics data, provided by State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Kyiv city council, Municipal Enterprise "Kyivgenplan", private real estate companies, economists, and Public cadastral map of Ukraine. We used statistical analytics, mathematical correlation, polynomial and linear approximations, Ratio analysis, utility curves, profit curves and growth models. For predictions modeling key economic parameters were identified. This data was used to build linear dependency models of functions and plotted charts, diagrams based on calculations data.Ukraine does not stand aside from the global challenges of time related to globalization and urbanization. These are indicators such as: significant labor migration, outdated land legislation and inefficient use of land resources. Therefore, the author of the study analyzed the social, environmental, and economic factors influencing the development of the economy of individual united territorial communities of Ukraine with emphasis on the Kyiv city. The main reason for focusing research work on this city is general availability of statistical information and economic data from 2000s.In recent history several events have happened that made dramatic effects on Ukraine and Kyiv land use economics situation. Global financial crisis of 2008 has affected real estate price in Ukraine, in addition to Ukraine currency devaluation. In 2014 military conflict, war, in the east part of Ukraine and Russian annexation of Crimea, had it impact on the housing market, as well as further currency devaluation.Current land area of Kyiv is 82,64 thousand hectares with population of 2 967,4 million people. Land use in Kyiv is classified by following types: Residential buildings; Public buildings; Industrial, research and production and utility territories; Transport infrastructure; Green areas; Water resources; Agricultural companies and other. Analysis of the types of buildings in the capital shows that the largest share in the Residential housing are – private houses 3.76 thousand hectares, and high-rise buildings 8.4 thousand hectares. Non-residential real estate - buildings, premises that are not classified in accordance with the law to the housing stock, are divided into the following types: hotel buildings, office buildings, commercial buildings, garages, industrial buildings and warehouses, buildings for public performances, outbuildings and other buildings.To make better predictions and effectively analyze land use data, we will start with real estate data and general social information - such as monthly salary, average numebr of employees per company, followed by currency exchange rate, average office rent prices and average living apartments price in USD. According to official data, the average salary for full-time employees in 2020 was 16,186 UAH. As of 2018 the highest monthly wage was in the mining industry (44,405 UAH) and the lowest in construction (8,311 UAH), and health care (8,406 UAH). The prices in Kyiv suburbs are much lower than in the city, with average cost of sq. m being around 13,500 UAH.Based on the State Statistics Service of Ukraine Kyiv city data the housing stock in Kyiv in 2019 had a total area of 59.1 million m2, and an average of 20.2 m2 per person. The total number of apartments in Kyiv was 991.6 thousand. If we look at the state building codes as of 2019, the minimal the minimum area of a one-room apartment is 28 sq. m. At the same time according to State Statistics Service of Ukraine Kyiv city data in 2019 the average available housing area per single person living in Kyiv was 20,2 sq. m. Let's look at 26600 $ for 28 sq. meters apartment, with average monthly wage of 16,186 UAH, which is 575 $, for an average it will take 46 month to buy an apartment, if there will be no other expenses and salary is tax free. Median flat rent in Kyiv 2020 – 9.4 $ per sq. m., which makes 263.2$ for 28 sq. meters apartment per month or 7401 UAH.Afterwards we conducted study of enterprise operations statistics between 2018 and 2019. The following data was produced as a result - the number of business entities was 294,458 companies, number of full-time employees was 1,149,074 people, the volume of sold products produced by one (average) enterprise was 36,843.35 thousand UAH per year or 3070.2 thousand UAH per month, with the average number of employees in one company being 16 people. Today there are about 500,000 sq. m. of commercial real estate in Kyiv, and according to experts, by the end of 2020 this figure will increase by at least another 150,000 square meters. m.Based on available data we analyzed the average rent price that company need to pay for one month in Kyiv. If one office employee needs at least 6 sq. meters of office space, then the average company that consist of 16 employees will need to rent 96 sq. of office space. Using 2020 data, on average the monthly rent is 2400$ per month, so the company will need to pay 28,800$ per year. The study showed that the average cost of office space as following - 1200$ per sq. m in 2020; 1500$ per sq. m in 2019; 1300$ per sq. m in 2018; 903$ per sq. m in 2017.The author analyzed the dynamics of increasing the number of living apartments by year. In 1995 their number was (in thousands) - 889,4; 2000 – 926,9; 2005 - 984,4; 2010 - 1037,9; 2015 -1112,1; 2018 - 1081,7; 2019 - 991,6. It should be noted that since 2001 the total area is determined taking into account the summer premises with the established reduction factors. Since 2004, the total area of the housing stock and the number of apartments has included data on bankrupt enterprises and those that have completely ceased operations [stat data]. The population of Kyiv, according to official statistics is as following, by year: 1995 – 2643,8 thou. ppl.; 2000 – 2615,3 thou. ppl.; 2005 – 2666,4 thou. ppl.; 2010 – 2785,1 thou. ppl.; 2015 – 2888,0 thou. ppl.; 2018 – 2934,5 thou. ppl.; 2019 – 2950,8 thou. ppl.; 2020 - 2 967,4 thou. ppl. Total income per all officially employed in Kyiv city: 2010 - 5286,46 UAH, 2015 - 6255,92 UAH; 2018 - 13243,96 UAH; 2019 - 17546,89 UAH. The total share of business income and self-employment as compared to total income in Kyiv per year: 2010 – 8%; 2015 – 4,5; 2018 – 6.3%; 2019 – 6.2%.Another trend is the rapid reduction of vacancies in the Kyiv office centers. During the first half of 2019 the growth in demand and the small amount of new supply of office space led to a decrease in the average vacancy rate from 6.5 to 6%, this data was taken from international real estate agency report. In some office buildings the vacancy was in the range of 4-5%. For comparison: in 2016 on average 16% of the areas were vacant in Kyiv business centers, and in 2015 - more than 20% of spaces were vacant. We analyzed which types of industries have formed the highest demand for real estate office rent in Kyiv in recent years to form this trend. The highest percentage is 52% by IT technologies companies; professional services in various fields – 35%; FMCG – 7%; pharmaceutical companies – 3%, energy companies – 2% and agricultural companies – 1%.A new period of urban development requires new theories and qualitatively new research. It is an indisputable fact that urbanization is a process that will continue. Its pace will be determined by the state of the world and regional economy, as well as innovation and the results of the fourth industrial revolution. In our future research, special attention will need to be paid not only to the economic and social components of the urbanization process, but also to environmental factors. Environmental issues are one of the main problems in the process of urbanization. This is due to the rapid development of infrastructure, development of cities and adjacent areas. And as a result - an uncontrolled very rapid increase in population, an increase in the number of personal transport and the development of new enterprises. All these factors negatively affect the quality of life in cities and can reduce the attractiveness of real estate. Therefore, people do not move to such centers, but begin to build others. The proposed Index of economic feasibility of land use by purpose is a result of mathematical modeling of main economic parameters that include land use, such as land price, real estate prices, investments ratios and personal income levels. It will serve as a foundation to build a more robust economic model that will describe conditions needed for future economic growth, efficient land used patterns in urban and sub-urban areas. It should be noted that for making more accurate future predictions, land use patterns and economic data of close (up to 50 km) and distant sub-urban areas (region) should be studied and added to the model. ; У статті автор зосередив увагу на аналізі поточного стану землекористування за видами економічної діяльності підприємств, регіональними економічними та фінансовими даними, щоби запропонувати нову сучасну модель економічно ефективного планування землекористування для комерційних та некомерційних підприємств та установ. Результати досліджень можуть слугувати важливим матеріалом для процесу прийняття рішень про те, як розвивати наявні земельні ділянки та райони міста в контексті нового глобального економічного розвитку. Наведено детальний огляд нинішніх тенденцій землекористування в місті Києві на основі аналітичних даних та наукових гіпотез. Автор статті вважає, що це дослідження буде корисним для урядових організацій, органів місцевого самоврядування, міжнародних організацій, приватних установ та деяких науковців і дослідників.Метою цієї роботи є побудова сучасної наукової моделі, що ґрунтується на загальному розумінні основних економічних проблем ефективного землекористування з урахуванням нинішніх даних, а також короткострокового та довгострокового планування. У статті наведено огляд містобудівної документації та статистичних даних столиці в контексті інформації про нерухомість, міське населення, економічні дані, включно з дослідженнями даних про нерухомість і курс валют до середньостатистичної зарплати в Києві, починаючи з 2000 років. Важливо не надто суттєво зосередитися на нинішніх моделях і системах, оскільки вони занадто покладаються на припущення і складні розрахунки, які важко використовувати в реальному плануванні. Замість цього ми будуємо наші дослідження на реальних даних, тому розробляємо прогноз розміру інвестицій у землекористуванні та середні ціни на нерухомість на найближчі 5 років.У статті відзначено наявну проблему невідповідності сучасних норм і нормативно-правових актів в Україні щодо раціонального та ефективного землекористування та планування, особливо для місцевих органів влади та комерційних організацій. Автор дослідження обґрунтує, чому економіка в умовах урбанізації потребує нового погляду. У статті використовується інформація про планування міста Києва. Київ – вдалий приклад європейського міста, яке інтенсивно розвивається, тому запропоновану модель можна розробити на основі даних міського економічного планування та землекористування. Це дослідження може допомогти вирішити наявні проблеми урбанізації в Україні та позитивно вплинути на економічний розвиток міста та регіону.
There is a sharp increase in the share of urban population around the world, and Ukraine, unfortunately, is no exception. Analyzing the UN-Habitat study [1], about half of the world's population will live in urban areas, and by 2050 this share is projected to increase by 66%. It is known that a high level of urbanization has a negative impact on the environment, creating the preconditions for man-made disasters, destruction of the biosphere, depletion of natural resources, which in turn leads to serious irreversible environmental disasters. Also, modern urban planning formations cause social isolation and encourage car dependence, thus creating poor living conditions for the population. Therefore, today, the main goal for planners and urban planners is to provide the population with quality and necessary conditions for a comfortable life, reproduction of basic elements of the natural environment and preservation of ecological balance. One of the clearest examples of how to solve acute environmental problems associated with a high level of urbanization and not threaten the future of the planet is the creation of energy-efficient ecological settlements that will provide favorable and comfortable living conditions for the population. New legislative changes have recently entered into force, emphasizing that local communities have the same powers and opportunities. New political reforms envisage reaching a new level and qualitative changes for territorial communities. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the main strategic objectives for the development of social, economic, environmental, energy efficient and urban conditions. For a detailed study, in the course of the article used such methods as: - method of strategic analysis (use of published materials of the development strategy of the Malodanilivka territorial community to determine measures for the period up to 2025); -method of urban planning and spatial analysis (determination of the features of the territories regarding the location of energy-efficient ecological settlements on the territory of the Malodanilivka territorial community, which are the most attractive, rational and ecological); - method of cartographic analysis (analysis of the public cadastral map of Ukraine (Public cadastral map of Ukraine) of Ukraine and town-planning substantiations). The Strategy of development of Malodanilivka settlement territorial community for the period up to 2025 is analyzed, characteristic indicators (strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats) are revealed, the planning structure is investigated, and potential opportunities for further design of energy efficient ecological settlements on the territory of Malodanilivka territorial community are revealed. former Dergachiv district), Kharkiv region. ; Нещодавно вступили в силу нові законодавчі зміни, які наголошують, щотериторіальні громади мають однакові повноваження та можливості [1].Нові політичні реформи передбачають вихід на новий рівень та якісні змінидля територіальних громад. Тому надважливо, саме зараз визначити основністратегічні завдання для розвитку соціальних, економічних, екологічних,енергоефективних та містобудівних умов. Тому, в статті проаналізованоСтратегію розвитку Малоданилівської селищної територіальної громади наперіод до 2025 року, виявлено характерні показники (сильні та слабкі сторони,можливості та загрози), досліджено планувальну структуру, та виявленопотенційні можливості для подальшого проектування енергоефективнихекологічних поселень на території Малоданилівської територіальної громади,Харківського (колишнього Дергачівського) району, Харківської області.
The article analyzes the specifics of the ethnopolitical situation in Donbas as a consequence of socioeconomic, sociopolitical, ethnocultural processes of the interwar period. The author focuses on the total Russification policy, denationalization of the Soviet regime, the complex interplay of urbanization, competition and dominance of two divergent historical vectors - Russian and Ukrainian, which influenced the formation and the specifics of the region. According to the fact that Ukraine is at the epicentre of geopolitical confrontation, scientific knowledge about the ethnopolitical specifics of Ukrainianregions is important to ensure balance and implementation of the ethnic interests of local communities in Ukraine. First of all it concerns Donbas – the region with a significant concentration of Russian population where armed confrontations killed people, so it is important to find ways to mutual understanding for the territorial integrity and democratic foundations ofcoexistence. ; Artykuł analizuje specyfikę etniczno-politycznej sytuacji na Donbasie jakokonsekwencję społeczno-ekonomicznych, społeczno-politycznych, etnicznokulturowych procesów. Autor robi akcent na całkowitej polityce rusyfikacji, denacjonalizacji rezimu radzieckiego, skomplikowanym kompleksem procesów urbanizacji, konkurencji i dominacji dwóch rozbieżnych historycznych wektorów – rosyjskiego i ukraińskiego, które wpłynęli na powstanie i specyfikę regionu. ; У статті аналізується специфіка етнополітичної ситуації у Донбасіяк наслідку соціально-економічних, суспільно-політичних, етнокультурних процесів. Автор акцентує увагу на тотальній політиці русифікації, денаціоналізації радянського режиму, складному переплетенні процесів урбанізації, змаганні і домінуванні двох різноспрямованих історичних векторів – російського та українського, які вплинули на становлення і специфіку регіону.
The article considers the social conditions for the development of secondary education in Great Britain (XIX – first half of the XX century). It was founded that an important factor in the formation of the British education system was the influence of the ruling class of aristocrats (landlords) and the petty nobility. It was founded that education of the majority of the population depended on the area, financial status of the family and religion. It was emphasized that religion played a significant role in the field of mass education. It has been shown that in the early nineteenth century, English society was engulfed in a movement of evangelical revival, as a result of which the Anglican Church could not control all its faithful, unlike the Catholic Church in Europe. It is determined that industrialization, urbanization and democratization have created conditions for social, political and economic transformations that required educated personnel. As a result, a number of laws were passed initiating reforms in primary and secondary education. ; У статті розглянуто суспільні умови розвитку середньої освіти у Великій Британії (ХІХ – перша половина ХХ ст.). З'ясовано, що важливою обставиною при становленні британської системи освіти був вплив панівного класу аристократів (лендлордів) і дрібнопомісного дворянства. Встановлено, що освіта основної частини населення залежала від місцевості, матеріального стану сім'ї та віросповідання. Наголошено, що значну роль у сфері масової освіти відігравала релігія. Доведено, що на початку ХІХ століття англійське суспільство було охоплено рухом євангельського відродження, внаслідок чого англіканська церква не могла контролювати всіх своїх вірних, на відміну від католицької церкви в країнах Європи. Визначено, що індустріалізація, урбанізація та демократизація створили умови для соціальних, політичних і економічних перетворень, які вимагали освічених кадрів. Як наслідок, було прийнято низку законів, що ініціювали реформи в галузі початкової і середньої освіти.
The article considers the social conditions for the development of secondary education in Great Britain (XIX – first half of the XX century). It was founded that an important factor in the formation of the British education system was the influence of the ruling class of aristocrats (landlords) and the petty nobility. It was founded that education of the majority of the population depended on the area, financial status of the family and religion. It was emphasized that religion played a significant role in the field of mass education. It has been shown that in the early nineteenth century, English society was engulfed in a movement of evangelical revival, as a result of which the Anglican Church could not control all its faithful, unlike the Catholic Church in Europe. It is determined that industrialization, urbanization and democratization have created conditions for social, political and economic transformations that required educated personnel. As a result, a number of laws were passed initiating reforms in primary and secondary education. ; У статті розглянуто суспільні умови розвитку середньої освіти у Великій Британії (ХІХ – перша половина ХХ ст.). З'ясовано, що важливою обставиною при становленні британської системи освіти був вплив панівного класу аристократів (лендлордів) і дрібнопомісного дворянства. Встановлено, що освіта основної частини населення залежала від місцевості, матеріального стану сім'ї та віросповідання. Наголошено, що значну роль у сфері масової освіти відігравала релігія. Доведено, що на початку ХІХ століття англійське суспільство було охоплено рухом євангельського відродження, внаслідок чого англіканська церква не могла контролювати всіх своїх вірних, на відміну від католицької церкви в країнах Європи. Визначено, що індустріалізація, урбанізація та демократизація створили умови для соціальних, політичних і економічних перетворень, які вимагали освічених кадрів. Як наслідок, було прийнято низку законів, що ініціювали реформи в галузі початкової і середньої освіти.
Taras Shevchenko is one of the most researched and discussed figures in Ukrainian society. In each historical period receptions and assessments around Shevchenko` personality differentiates, depending on the public circumstances or prevailing trends in humanitarian discourse. Theseperceptions swayed between positive and critical judgment. Authors identified several key perceptions of Shevchenko in Ukrainian public space, for instance, «national hero», «father of the nation», «poet», «revolutionary democrat». In their opinion, modern Ukraine still faces the searchfor Shevchenko` new image. New forms of public honour (commemoration) are being developed, including through museum exhibition projects. Authors also analyze the significance of the museum narrative expositions and exhibitions for the creation of new public images, giving theexample of the exhibition project «Shevchenko by the urban tongue», which took place in the Taras Shevchenko national museum from November 4th to January 31th in 2021. Curators attempted to explore how personal experience in the city changed due to the process of urbanization from theXIX-th century and how the urban space influenced the shaping of the Taras Shevchenko figure. Specifically, in the XIX-th century, cities ultimately transformed into an environment, which created trends, emphases of the global public development that influenced Shevchenko, since exactly in the city he gained domestic freedom, profession and widened his social circle. The city gave him a sense of understanding of the culture, its influence and importance not only for consumer purposes or acceptance but also for the creation of new meanings. According to the authors, this approach allows us to better understand the significance of Taras Shevchenko, his connection to modernUkrainian realities and world context.Key words: Taras Shevchenko, narrative exposition, commemoration, urbanization, Taras Shevchenko national museum, exhibition. ; Тарас Шевченко є однією з найбільш досліджуваних та обговорюваних постатей в українському суспільстві. Рецепції та оцінка постаті Шевченка в різні епохи були різними. Часто вони залежали від суспільної ситуації чи переважаючих трендів у гуманітарному дискурсі. Ця рецепція коливалась від дуже позитивної оцінки до критичної. Автори виділяють декілька ключових рецепцій Шевченка в українському суспільному просторі («народний герой», «Батько нації», «Поет революційний демократ»). На їхню думку в сучасній Україні тривають процеси пошуку нового образу Т. Шевченка. Відбувається витворення нових форм суспільного вшанування (комеморації), в тому числі через музейні виставкові проекти. Автори аналізують значення музейних наративних експозицій та виставок для формування нових суспільних образів на прикладі виставкового проєкту«Шевченко мовою міста», який проходив в Національному музеї Тараса Шевченка з 4 листопада 2020 по 31 січня 2021 року. Куратори намагалися дослідити, дослідити, як змінювався особистий досвід людини в місті у процесі урбанізації з ХІХ століття та як міське середовище впливало на формування постаті Тараса Шевченка. Саме у цей час міста ХІХ столітті міста остаточно стають просторами, які формують тренди, акценти суспільного світового розвитку, що впливає і на Т. Шевченка, оскільки саме у місті він отримує побутову свободу, професію та розширює коло спілкування. Місто дає йому розуміння культури, її сили і важливості не тільки для споживання та прийняття, але і для творення нових смислів. Такий підхід, на думку авторів, дозволяє краще зрозуміти значення постаті Тараса Шевченка, його включення у сучасний український та світовий контекст.Ключові слова: Тарас Шевченко, наративна експозиція, комеморація, урбанізація, Національний музей Тараса Шевченка, виставка.
The historical role of elite (elites) in formation of the public ecological consciousness and in solving of environmental problems from the beginning of industrial revolution of 16-17 centuries in England which resulted in drastic impacts on the environment until our days are considered in the article. It was discovered the evolution of the environmental concerns from the worry of the elites about nature to the modern global mass movement. The first concern of elites over the human impacts on nature and over the loss of harmony between man and nature is related to the time of Romanticism. It was articulated in the most expressive form in the English Romanticism (Percy Bashi Shelley, William Blake, George Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, John Clare) and in the German Romanticism (Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, Novalis). The concern of the public elites (writers, scientists-naturalists, public figures, artists) of the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries over the state of the environment, natural resources depletion, species extinction and over the decline of the natural and cultural heritage in total due to rapid industrialization and urbanization created the preconditions for the modern ecologim. During that period nature is still considered as a source of harmony and stability which is able to resist to destructive power of industrial civilization, which rapidly transforms the environment. Particular features of development of the European movement for nature protection were shaped by the national, cultural, economic and political peculiarities of the countries of the Western Europe, as well as by dominating social moral and aesthetic values of particular country. The joint result of the activities of the broad spectrum of environmental organizations and groups was the adoption of legislative acts aimed at natural-cultural heritage protection of the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries in a number of European countries. This created favorable conditions for networking the European environmental movement and for internationalization of its activities and for forming the first phase of the environmental mobilization of the society, initiated by the public elites of the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. After the Second World War the broad strata of population in the Western Europe and the North America were involved in the environmental movement. At the same time this movement was split in two principal branches, namely: the nature conservation movement and the movement which considers the quality and safety of human environment as a part of human rights in a democratic society. From 1960s there are two relatively autonomous main branches of the public movement, which, however, closely interact with each other. The formation of the second phase of environmentalism is related to the penetration of the ideas of environmental protection in all spheres of social and political life during 1960s-1970s («Silent Spring», the Club of Rome) and celebration of the Earths Day in April of the year 1970. Thus, the elitist movement for nature protection was transformed into the mass movement for human rights to live in the save environment. In spite of the environmental movement has gone the way from concerns of the elites over the growth of industrialization, urbanization and negative environmental impacts of economic growth and, consequently, overconsumption to the mass movement of thousands and millions of people, the elites still continue to play a significant role in it.
(EBA) є ініціативою Групи Світового Банку, яка визначає та контролює правила політики, що впливають на ринки сільського господарства та агробізнесу. Проект представляє глобально-порівнянний характер даних, які можуть інформувати уряд щодо прийняття рішень та заохочувати політичний діалог з залученням зацікавлених сторін з метою створення середовища, що сприяє місцевому, регіональному та міжнародному бізнесу в сільському господарстві.Проект «Сприяння розвитку бізнесу в сільському господарстві 2017» ставить собі за мету сприяти створенню умов для агробізнесу. Надаючи ключові дані про нормативно-правові документи, зіставлені на глобальному рівні, проект нарощує інформаційну базу, яка може бути використана для проведення діалогу з питань розробки політики та реформ. Такі зусилля можуть стимулювати діяльність приватного сектора і привести до створення більш ефективних і дієвих ланцюжків цінностей в сільському господарстві.Ключові слова: ВВП, агробізнес, стратегія, глобалізація, урбанізація ; (EBA) is an initiative of the World Bank Group, which defines and controls policy rules which affect agricultural and agribusiness markets. The project presents globally comparable nature of data that can inform the government about decision-making processes and encourage it to conduct policy dialogues with stakeholders to create a facilitate environment for local, regional and international business in agriculture.The project "Promoting business development in agricultural holding 2017" aims to assist creation of more favorable conditions for agricultural business. By providing the key information about regulatory documents whic hare compared at the global level, the project builds a data base that can be used to start a dialogue about policy and reforms development. These challenges can stimulate activities of a private sector and lead to create more efficient and effective chains of values in agriculture economy.Key words: GDP, agribusiness, strategy, globalization, urbanization
Significant growth in the population of the planet, migration processes, rapid economic, political, social and technological progress have led not only to the development of the human and technical capabilities, but also to the evolution of the criminal activity. Throughout its existence the mankind has actively countered the criminal manifestations of its socially dangerous representatives, but the success of these measures was largely dependent on a well thought-out and effective strategy to prevent the crimes. The modern period of development of criminology is marked by diversity of ideas and concepts that try to explain the causes and conditions of committing the crimes, as well as to find a key "lever" in their avoidance. The XXI century is characterized by a high degree of urbanization and an outflow of people from countryside to large cities. A significant number of large cities and cities-millionaires dictate the need to ensure safety of their population from criminal acts and accidents. To this end, dozens of crime prevention programs are being developed and implemented annually at the local, regional and state levels. One of such programs is creation of a secure space, which involves the safe city-planning and architectural-spatial features that can adversely affect the criminality level of a territory, since most of situational and street crimes are committed under significant influence of a particular life situation. Thus, the effective use of these developments will significantly reduce the number of criminal offenses committed on the streets, near houses, enclosed premises and territories which are isolated and inaccessible to visual surveillance.
The subject of research. there are typologies of territories of EU member states The purpose of the study. is a study of the methodological foundations of the typology of the territories of EU member states. Methods of research. The dialectical method of scientific cognition, the method of comparison and generalization of data, graphic methods are used in the work. Results of the work. The article considers the territorial and spatial approach to the formation of regional policy of EU member states. An analysis of a number of pan–European documents on regional development has been carried out. Emphasis is placed on the territorial dimension of cohesion policy and the importance of achieving polycentric and balanced territorial development of EU member states. It is noted that the local level, in particular the level of urban settlements, is important in the EU countries to develop local / local typologies for statistical purposes. Changes in the formation and implementation of regional development policy in the EU are studied. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the experience of typology of the system of local (local) administrative units (LAU), conducted by EU member states and OECD countries to harmonize the territorial basis of regional statistics and improve its quality and accessibility, the main criteria for distinguishing urban centers at this level, in particular: population , the degree of urbanization in terms of population density and the share of pendulum migrants. The EU methodology combines a variety of approaches to the typology of regions: and a simple ranking of GRP per person, and taking into account structural, social, institutional, geographical factors. It should be noted that this typology is used in making important management decisions and implementing state regional policy in the EU.
