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A remarkable trait of the 21st century has been the high rate of urbanization which has characterized the growth and development of cities especially in developing countries. This situation has fuelled the rapid and unguided development and expansion of peri-urban areas as urban dwellers relocate to cities' peripheries. Focusing on Abuakwa a peri-urban area in Kumasi, the second largest city in Ghana, this paper assesses the nature and extent of physical development in peri-urban areas, and identifies the factors contributing to the rapid development of peri-urban areas. The paper further examines the effects of the increasing physical growth on the development of peri-urban Abuakwa. Using a case study approach, both primary and secondary sources of data were collected from decentralized government institutions of Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) and Atwima Nwabiagya District Assembly (ANDA), as well as the indigenous residents and relocated urban dwellers in Abuakwa. The paper reveals that the outward drift has manifested itself in an increased scramble for land for residential and commercial purposes in the peri-urban area. The resultant effect has been the fast and spontaneous physical development in the urban periphery which has significantly altered the peri-urban morphology. The paper recommends the establishment of Customary Land Secretariat (CLS) and the application of settlement growth management approaches to ensure the creation of functional city and liveable peri-urban areas.

In recent years, urban soils have been extensively researched. The growing interest in the related issues contributes to better understanding of the soil cover diversity in the cities, identification of changes and threats resulting from urbanization and industrialisation. This book presents the state of the art of knowledge about diverse technogenic soils in Poland. It includes many examples of urban soil studies conducted in miscellaneous Polish scientific centres. The presented issues concern not only morphology and properties of technogenic soils, but also their genesis, functioning in the environment, classification and reclamation. For the purpose of accurate terminology, this book distinguishes between intentional human activity in agricultural areas, aiming at increasing the soil productivity, which leads to the development of Anthrosols, and in most cases, unintentional human activity related to life, industrial production or transport. The latter results in profound transformations of the soil cover in urban areas and formation of different technogenic soils. This term was used to describe soils of urban areas because not all of them meet the criteria defined by WRB for Technosols. The process of their development was defined as technogenesis, and all human activities related to construction, industry, transportation, mining and military, a³ecting (both intentionally and unintentionally) the formation of technogenic soils, were defined as technopressure. The editors hope that this monograph will provide new information on technogenic soils and will contribute to improvement of classification of this group of soils, and will further influence the growth of urban soil science.

Baotou owes its existence to its raw material resource, and iron and rare earth industry. Because of cheap labor, low cost and lax vat the world rare earth political economy with more than 95% of production. Increasing demand of rare earth due to our modern culture and consumption has turned the 12km2 tailing pond as a 'toxic leftover of global capitalism'. My thesis is asking questions of how a city at the edge will survive in the future. In this case, it is an extreme scenario of resource depletion, environmental destruction, and large number of unemployment caused by modern consumerism. The thesis is a questioning imaginary of a waste urbanism, that intentionally propose a major transformation of urban metamorphosis by rethinking the economic and ecological value of industrial waste, especially with its complicated connection to globval network. By understanding the operational mechanisms of the city globally, the operational mechanisms of the city globally, nationally and locally, I intervene into the flows of material, migration, economy and politics at regional and local scale. This thesis is asking a question and exploring the alternative future of a resource-extract industry city like Baotou. Connect how a global modern culture reflects on a local landscape. And explore the extreme potential of economy as driving force of urbanization. ; published_or_final_version ; Architecture ; Master ; Master of Landscape Architecture

Afghan Higher Education has become the most sensitive field of reforms on all levels of governance: rule of law, welfare and security. Compared to primary and secondary education, access to the universities is still a neuralgic point for status distribution and the stabilization of the entire system of education. Admission policies and traditional forms of reproduc- ing disciplinary elites endanger a differentiated development of qualifications and diversified status. The Afghan system will need its own research in Higher Education, and then must develop a minimal base for disciplinary research. It is likely that Higher Education will play an important role during the transformation period 2014-2024 in fields like urbanization, emerg- ing middle class elite, and serving schools by improved teacher training. It will be central to peace-building processes by comprehensive reforms in its governance structure. How much state will be needed in order to provide fair and equal access to the common good of Higher Education, and how much private and individual initiative must emerge in order to create quality and stability of the system? – These are central questions of this working paper. ; Das afghanische Hochschulsystem hat unter den Gewalteinwirkungen eines dreißigjährigen Krieges stark gelitten und kann die Erfordernisse eines modernen tertiären Sektors nicht erfüllen. Diese sind ihm durch die Intervention ab 2001 und die Aussicht auf eine Transfor- mationsperiode 2014-2024 aber auferlegt. Die Governance von Hochschulsystemen greift tief in das Rechtssystem, in die Wohlfahrtspolitik und in die Gewährleistung von Sicherheit ein. Nicht nur Legitimation durch Statuszuweisung und Effektivität durch Allokation von Quali- fikationen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt sind gefragt. Die Zulassungspolitik zur Universität kann schon vor der Politisierung durch die Hochschule zu gewaltsamer Destabilisierung führen. Die Einbettung der afghanischen Hochschulen in das globale System der akademischen Re- geln wird ebenso erörtert wie ...

Estimates suggest that over 90 % of population increase in the least developed countries over the next four decades will occur in urban areas. These increases will be driven both by natural population growth and rural–urban migration. Moreover, despite its status as the world's least urbanized region, the urban population in the sub-Saharan Africa region is projected to increase from under 40 % currently to over 60 % by 2050. Currently, approximately 70 % of all urban residents in the region live in slums or slum-like conditions. Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) risks for the urban poor are severe and include high rates of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and poor maternal and child health outcomes. However, the links between poverty, urbanization, and reproductive health priorities are still not a major focus in the broader development agenda. Building on theoretical and empirical data, we show that SRH in urban contexts is critical to the development of healthy productive urban populations and, ultimately, the improvement of quality of life. We posit that a strategic focus on the sexual and reproductive health of urban residents will enable developing country governments achieve international goals and national targets by reducing health risks among a large and rapidly growing segment of the population. To that end, we identify key research, policy and program recommendations and strategies required for bringing sexual and reproductive health in urban contexts to the forefront of the development agenda.

La corona de Castilla promovió procesos de repoblación y de fundación de ciudades, como una de sus prioridades en antiguas áreas fronterizas tras la finalización de la guerra contra el reino de Granada. Estos proyectos experimentaron un gran impulso con los Reyes Católicos, prolongándose en tiempos de la reina Juana y su hijo, Carlos V (1517-1556). Nuestro objetivo será analizar esta cuestión, prestando especial atención a las características de estos nuevos núcleos: existencia de un programa y un ideario definido en materias de política y administración, pero también en materia urbanística, por ejemplo; advirtiendo la existencia de elementos comunes o por el contrario, rasgos singulares respecto a otras áreas fronterizas localizadas en Europa en este período.The Crown of Castile promoted different projects of repopulation and foundation of towns, as one of its priorities in the old frontier areas after the end of the war against the Reign of Grenade. These projects increased from the reign of the Catholic Kings until the government of the queen Juana and her son Charles V (1517-1556). Our objective is analysing this question, paying special attention to the characteristics of these new towns: the existence of a plan or a defined ideology for their government or administration, but also for their urbanization, for example. We study the common elements or the specific features in relation to other european frontier areas in this period.

Through the multi-layered social study on the term "border", the special relationship between Hong Kong and Shenzhen extract the complex of politics and emotion with the cross-border co-operation. In the past 100 years, the counter relationship between Hong Kong and Shenzhen kept changing with the metamorphoses of political nature borderline. From the completely closed condition to the optional acceptation and further trans-boundary co-operation, the landscape of border zone was critically influenced by the gravitation. For the special geological location, the border zone urbanization in Shenzhen was practically controlled by trans-border economics. But Hong Kong kept its "closed area ordinance" in the border zone until 2016. With the warmer communication of the two cities, the trend for the border zone landscape could be derived to a relatively steady conclusion according to the study of socio-economic on border zone typologies and development. The development of Lok Ma Chau is set as the assumed opportunity for the thesis. According to the requirement of the future development of the border zone for the two cities, a proposal on sustainability of city is framed by the trans-boundary planning project. A resource and environment activating plan which is specialized for the border zone would be the crucial region for the co-operation and developing balance of future would be designed by the project. ; published_or_final_version ; Architecture ; Master ; Master of Landscape Architecture

Developments in the residential neighborhood of Kuta area is notseparated from the rapid rate of population growth, population growth due toboth the city itself and because of urbanization. As we know also that the Kutaarea is one of the tourist destinations of Indonesia, has certainly done a lot ofdevelopment in the area that led to the attraction of the city is considered toprovide a better future for rural communities or outside the city. Variousdevelopment projects such as Hotel, Restaurant, Cafe, Disco, Bar, MoneyChanger, Mall and much more development can be established in the region to beable to support as one of the most visited tourist city and is required by foreignand local tourists. Along with population growth in the region, Variousdevelopment projects such as Hotel, Restaurant, Cafe, Disco, Bar, MoneyChanger, Mall and much more development can be established in the region to beable to support as one of the most visited tourist city and is required by foreignand local tourists. Along with population growth in the region will need for theprovision of infrastructure and housing will increase as well, either throughenhancements or new construction and industrial activities either by local ormodern technology can still be done. Further fulfillment of the needs ofresidential facilities and infrastructure both in terms of environmental complianceand affordable housing and livable yet fully provided by the community itself andthe government, so that the carrying capacity of the facilities and infrastructure ofexisting neighborhoods began to decline

Africa is currently experiencing the world's fastest urbanization rate at 3.5 percent annually-placing increasing pressure on resource-constrained local governments to maintain and improve livability standards of their cities. But simultaneously, an 'Information and Communication Technologies' (ICT) revolution has swept across the continent-as evidenced by vastly improved telecommunications and internet infrastructure, leapfrogging mobile communications penetration rates, and emergence of a successful homegrown IT applications industry. This report aims to: 1) synthesize the role currently played by ICT towards improved governance, management and accountability of urban service providers in Africa as well as other regions, 2) explore current ICT initiatives that are relevant to the World Bank's thematic concerns, 3) reconcile existing deficiencies/barriers towards potential for replication, and 4) develop a roadmap to render easy strategy implementation by project teams. Section one outlines evolving trends in urban governance and presents ICT as a potential tool in the environment of modern governance. Section two discusses the role of ICT in some of the Bank's core areas of urban focus, namely: local governance and economic development; intergovernmental fiscal relations and municipal finance; urban poverty and slum upgrading; urban planning, land and housing; urban environment and climate change; and water and sanitation service delivery. An analysis of fundamental ICT methodologies employed is discussed in section three. Section four, in conclusion, suggests an action-plan for enhancing ICT initiatives as a component of the Bank's lending activities.

Over the past 60 years, metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, has been among the fastest-growing urban areas in the United States, and this rapid urbanization has resulted in an urban heat island (UHI) of substantial size and intensity. During this time, an uncommon amount of UHI-specific research, relative to other cities in North America, occurred within its boundaries. This review investigates the possible reasons and motivations underpinning the large body of work, as well as summarizing specific themes, approaches, and theoretical contributions arising from such study. It is argued that several factors intrinsic to Phoenix were responsible for the prodigious output: strong applied urban climate research partnerships between several agencies (such as the academy, the National Weather Service, private energy firms, and municipal governments); a high-quality, long-standing network of urban meteorological stations allowing for relatively fine spatial resolution of near-surface temperature data; and a high level of public and media interest in the UHI. Three major research themes can be discerned: 1) theoretical contributions from documenting, modeling, and analyzing the physical characteristics of the UHI; 2) interdisciplinary investigation into its biophysical and social consequences; and 3) assessment and evaluation of several UHI mitigation techniques. Also examined herein is the successful implementation of sustainable urban climate policies within the metropolitan area. The authors note the importance of understanding and applying local research results during the policy formation process.

One distinguishing feature of mainstream social science is its growing regard for model building and formal hypothesis testing. In South Asian studies this is most evident in accounts of ethnic riots or communal violence. This paper examines a model of votes and violence proposed by Steven Wilkinson. We first examine how well the model performs against a data set that we have assembled on the twenty worst incidents of communal violence in India since 1950. The Wilkinson model is consistent with some important key facts in our data set, most notably in terms of levels of urbanization and "percentage Muslims" in riot-affected towns and cities. However, proximity to national or state elections is not found to be a strong driver of prolonged ethnic rioting. Nor is it the case that India's worst instances of communal violence occurred mainly where there was direct electoral competition between less than 3.5 effective political parties, the other main predictive variable in the Wilkinson model. We then discuss the limitations more broadly of attempts to explain and even predict ethnic violence within the framework of a quantitative model. We pay attention to time inconsistencies, principal-agent problems, religiosity and the homogenization of riot events, and omitted variables (notably, memory work and ideological fervour). We conclude with some general remarks on the search for order in social science. (Pac Aff/GIGA)

China's unprecedented urbanization since the 1978 economic reform has left many rural villages engulfed by expanding urban jurisdictions. Because of the collective ownership of land, these villages have not vanished over night. On the contrary, they have maneuvered to bypass planning and construction codes and rebuilt themselves into high-density neighborhoods, housing millions of migrants in the cities. This paper analyzes the continued survival of the collective economy of these villages-in-the-city ( chengzhongcun) from the perspective of public finance. Urbanized villages remain financially responsible for public services within their jurisdictions, including infrastructure, sanitation, policing, social welfare, and even education. Neither the problem of urban—rural disparities, nor the consequent lack of adequate public services has been resolved by the integration of these villages into urban areas. These villages have had to find new ways to cope with rapid population growth, finance an urbanized community, and at the same time, bear the burden of their stigmatization as a cancerous growth within otherwise 'modern' cities. Using the rapidly urbanized Pearl River Delta region as an empirical case, this paper explores how the urban villages are asymmetrically integrated within the cities: they contribute to the city's growth, but receive little or no public support. In contrast with the common sense that incorporation into an urban jurisdiction will bring about rising fiscal investment, in China, it is the rural villages that are financing the growth of cities.

AbstractAlong with the threat of climate change and its related hazards, rapid urban growth is leading to unplanned urbanization, high population density and environmental degradation of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Already the severity of climate‐related hazards, especially flooding, is increasing. It is predicted that among the coastal mega‐cities Dhaka would be the most vulnerable to climate change. This research measures the existing level of climate disaster resilience of Dhaka City Corporation by assessing the problems and potentialities in different sectors. The Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) was calculated for 10 different zones of Dhaka City Corporation. CDRI analysis comprises five different dimensions (physical, social, economic, institutional and natural), 25 parameters and 125 variables (development issues). Findings show that besides location, the utility services, accessibility to roads, housing and land‐use, health, social capital and environmental conditions are each playing a role in determining the resilience level of different zones. It is interesting to note that the planned residential areas have relatively higher levels of climate disaster resilience, while old parts of the city and densely populated low income areas have lower levels of resilience. Dhaka, being the primate city of the country, continuously faces numerous challenges and opportunities. It is expected that by utilizing CDRI results in policy formulation and development planning, these challenges could be minimized and opportunities enhanced, leading to a more resilient city in the future.

The growing urbanization of poverty poses a significant challenge to governments and donors alike, particularly in Asia, which houses 60 per cent of the world's slum dwellers. Donors have been slow to respond to the urban challenge, however, both in their funding patterns and their priorities. There remains, therefore, significant scope for tangible benefits for the urban poor through greater formal and informal recognition, and in the process, through improved access to services and infrastructure, and improved health outcomes. Key to meeting these goals, however, is overcoming the social and political exclusion of the urban poor, which has so far been a key obstacle to donor involvement in the urban sector. Where national governments in developing countries remain reluctant to recognize the urban poor, donors must seek new funding mechanisms for urban poverty reduction, as discussed here. Where there have been successes in improved service delivery for the urban poor, it has been generated by collective mobilization of low-income households themselves, as active agents, allowing them to press their demands for greater legitimacy and recognition in rules and regulations, entitlements, and service provision. New forms of partnership will be required. For greater progress in urban poverty reduction to be made, however, the ability to support new forms of decentralized aid must be accompanied by a greater commitment from donors to urban poverty within their priorities and funding patterns.

Lithuanian society has to revaluate the scientific heritage and past experience of the independent Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940) and to examin e the contemporary experience of the Western European countries in sustainable development of regions with the different level of urbanization. The main obstacle for the realization of new strategies in Lithuania also lies in the old-fashioned view to agrarian sector and current possibilities of rural areas. Education of civil society in the post-soviet regions has to be recognized as the most difficult challenge to the restoration of democracy. The current situation in Lithuania's low urbanized and remote area s should be seen as extremely complicated. The population in these localities is waiting for radical economic and social changes to avoid the stagnancy and to start the implementation of new rural development policy. It has to include the wide diversification of economic activity, creation of new jobs, planning of modern settlements and homesteads for educated people, etc. One of the most important issues for the new social policy lies in the amplification of citizens with native land and their own state. Increasing in the number of land owners can serve as one of the most powerful factors for the revaluation of people notions and creation of the new citizen's position. Rural areas have to become a valuable part of the overall state economy.