Suchergebnisse

The aim of this article is to explain educational reproduction in the Czech Lands between 1906 and 2003 from the perspective of educational mobility. Mobility trends in the intergenerational transmission of educational status identified in an analysis are presented in the context of findings on odds ratios in education and in a historical context. The analysis is based on observations of the intergenerational transmission of educational status, i.e. educational mobility, in two educational transitions between three educational levels (lower secondary, upper secondary, and higher education). Mobility tables and their log-linear analysis are used to help explain what mobility processes shape the educational inequalities that have proved stable over the long term and also odds ratios between the main levels of education. The article helps fill in the gap in knowledge about the long-term development of the educational structure in the historical Czech Lands and Czechoslovakia and provides information about typical mobility trajectories and varying mobility patterns in periods before 1948, between 1948 and 1989, and after 1989. An understanding of these structural contexts helps clarify what occurred in the past and what is occurring now in the area of unequal access to education and to explain one of the main findings from the analysis – that in Czech society the transmission of a family's educational status from one generation to the next continuously follows the same patterns.

The level of political participation of American citizens is commonly considered to be high. However, voter turnout is in fact relatively low, even in highly attractive presidential elections. The article focuses on this phenomenon and the particular factors that, according to the literature, affect turnout negatively. The first part describes various methods being used to measure voter turnout in the USA. The difference can even be several percentage points, depending on the method of calculation. With regard to these distinctions, American data cannot be directly compared with voter turnout statistics in European countries that use a different methodology. The main part of the article analyses several factors that are generally considered to influence voter turnout in the USA negatively, and counts their real impact. One important factor is that voter registration methods can lower the turnout by up to 11 per cent. Also significant is the lowering of the voting-age limit in 1971. Neither gradual changes in population age structure nor enactment of election-day holidays have proven to negatively influence turnout. The principal findings reveal a permanent increase of inhabitants without voting rights (esp. non-citizens). These persons are included in voting-age population figures, and due to inexact methodology, cause a merely statistical decrease at the level of at least 3 per cent of voter turnout. Adapted from the source document.

The paper deals with lobbying in the EU & CR. The starting point is the selected definitions of lobbying & lobbying efforts to integrate into the broader context of promoting economic interests in society. The text therefore considers the criteria for defining lobbying, the defining of the environment for lobbying & the role of interest groups & tries to map the relevant literature on the topic. When you define the issues of lobbying in the EU, the emphasis is on structural differences between the EU in terms of influence & being influenced & the bureaucratic apparatus throughout the countries. For various interest groups operating in the European political market is important to know the position of the EU institutions to lobbying & their willingness to create binding standards of behavior & conduct (codes), as well as the need to define the line between lobbying & corruption. The text also deals with the assessment & measurement capabilities of different forms & methods of lobbing; it compares the direct & indirect data of the EU-15, the CR & the new EU Member States which regulate lobbying (unlike the CR). Adapted from the source document.

Třiatřicet příspěvků v této kolektivní monografii spojuje ústřední téma – kolektivizace zemědělství v Československu. Kniha je rozdělena do sedmi oddílů a čtenář v ní najde texty českých a slovenských autorů, jež nahlížejí dané téma z pohledu historika, archiváře či právníka. Vedle vývoje vztahu člověka k půdě na vesnici a násilného zpřetrhání tradičního způsobu hospodaření je pozornost věnována také perzekuci sedláků, vyvlastňování majetku církví, využívání bývalých zemědělských usedlostí nápravnými zařízeními, komunistické propagandě či různým formám odporu proti zabavování majetku. Několik příspěvků zaznamenává průběh kolektivizace na příkladu konkrétní obce a jednotlivých hospodářských rodů. Publikována je i známá studie bývalého agrárního politika Ladislava Feierabenda "Jak z komunistického kolektivního vlastnictví půdy vytvořit nový systém", kterou národohospodář napsal v červnu 1954 v exilu a jež představuje tehdejší plán nápravy zemědělství po násilném združstevňování.