Suchergebnisse

Three national & 2 local daily newspapers in the Philippines were surveyed for statements & events (total N = 878) involving vigilantes in 1987/88, to examine the congruence between the concerns of human rights groups about violations by counterinsurgent vigilantes & those of the mass public. Quantitative analysis revealed that rights violations were indeed a major source of anxiety among the public; concerns about the most serious violations, injuries & killings, were the most frequently expressed. Social sectors, however, reflected specific anxieties about particular violations; eg, rights groups were much more concerned about violations in rural areas (eg, forcible evacuations from villages) than were nonrights groups. It is concluded that the mass media, including local sources, may be a rich source of information for the public about violations, & a forum for the expression of concern by rights groups. More liberal papers, however, were more open to reportage about abuses. 4 Tables. AA

LOYALIST PARAMILITARIES HAVE BEEN CARRYING OUT VIGILANTE ATTACKS SINCE THE EARLIEST YEARS OF THE TROUBLES. IN FOUR OF THE PAST SIX YEARS, THEY HAVE ACTUALLY CARRIED OUT MORE VIGILANTE ATTACKS THAN REPUBLICAN PARAMILITARIES. YET DESPITE THIS HISTORY, VIRTUALLY NOTHING HAS BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT THIS ASPECT OF PARAMILITARISM IN NORTHERN IRELAND. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE ORIGINS AND GROWTH OF LOYALIST VIGILANTISM. THE IMPACT OF PIVOTAL EVENTS SUCH AS THE 1985 ANGLO-IRISH AGREEMENT AND THE 1994 CEASE-FIRES ARE DISCUSSED. THE VIGILANTISM CLEARLY FULFILS A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS FOR THE LOYALISTS BUT IT ALSO CARRIES HEAVY COSTS. THE ARTICLE EXAMINES HOW THE POLITICAL PARTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PARAMILITARIES HAVE STRUGGLED TO ACCOMMODATE THE VIGILANTE CAMPAIGNS WHILE ATTEMPTING TO BUILD WIDER POLITICAL APPEAL. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES THAT DESPITE THE POLITICAL COSTS, CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND APPEAR TO FAVOR AN INTENSIFICATION RATHER THAN A DIMINUTION OF LOYALIST VIGILANTISM.

Discusses the emergence & development of the community-initiated Civil Guard in Israel, a movement that emerged in 1974 from a growing fear of terrorism. This grass-roots initiative has raised government's concern over its ability to monitor, inspect, & control the volunteers. It is shown how the national police co-opted the movement. What began as a neighborhood-based, self-help initiative was molded into a quasi-governmental, police-oriented, voluntary organization. 1 Table, 35 References. Adapted from the source document.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO IDENTIFY THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF RIGHT-WING TERRORISM AND TO DEVELOP AN ANALYTICAL TYPOLOGY OF PARTICULARISTIC TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. THE ARTICLE IS BASED ON THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PROCESS OF DELEGITIMIZATION DEVELOPED EARLIER BY THE AUTHOR. IT ARGUES THAT RIGHT-WING RADICALS USUALLY REACH TERRORISM THROUGH A TRAJECTORY OF SPLIT DELEGITIMIZATION, WHICH IMPLIES A PRIMARY CONFLICT WITH AN 'INFERIOR' COMMUNITY AND A SECONDARY CONFLICT WITH THE GOVERNMENT. SIX SUB-TYPES OF RIGHT-WING TERRORISM ARE IDENTIFIED: REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM, REACTIVE TERRORISM, VIGILANTE TERRORISM, RACIST TERRORISM, MILLENARIAN TERRORISM AND YOUTH COUNTERCULTURE TERRORISM.

THE 40-MONTH PERIOD WHICH HAS FOLLOWED THE INTRODUCTION OF THE IRA'S 1994 CEASE-FIRE HAS WITNESSED THE MOST INTENSIVE VIGILANTE CAMPAIGN EVER CARRIED OUT BY THE MOVEMENT. A COMMITMENT TO VIGILANTISM HAS PROFOUNDLY AFFECTED THE EVOLUTION OF BOTH THE POLICY AND STRUCTURE OF SINN FEIN AND THE IRA. HOWEVER, VIGILANTISM BEARS THE COSTS FOR THE TWO ORGANIZATIONS AND SEVERAL SERIOUS ATTEMPTS HAVE BEEN MADE BY SENIOR FIGURES TO END THE PRACTICE. THIS ARTICLE SETS OUT TO UNDERSTAND AND DESCRIBE THE DYNAMICS OF MILITANT REPUBLICANISM'S FLUCTUATING COMMITMENT TO VIGILANTE VIOLENCE, AND IN PARTICULAR TO UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEX ISSUES VIGILANTISM HAS RAISED WITHIN SINN FEIN AND THE IRA IN THE PAST THREE DECADES. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES THAT THE TWO ORGANIZATIONS ARE NOW IRRETRIEVABLY COMMITTED TO VIGILANTISM, AND SHORT OF MAJOR REFORM, THEY WILL BE UNABLE TO END WHAT HAS BECOME A POLITICALLY-DAMAGING POLICY.