IN HIS ARTICLE (THIS ISSUE) VILLALOBOS ARGUES THAT THE DEMISE OF THE CENTRIST CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS MARKS THE COLLAPSE OF A FACADE BEHIND WHICH THE UNITED STATES HAS CONDUCTED COUNTERINSURGENCY WAR. IF THE FMLN IS CORRECT IN ITS SOCIAL EXPLOSION PROGNOSIS, IT MAY BE ABLE TO CONVINCE U.S. POLICYMAKERS JUST HOW DANGEROUS IT IS TO CONTINUE THIS WAR. AT THAT POINT, LATIN AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS, BUILDING UPON THEIR CONTADORA AND ESQUIPULAS DIPLOMACY, CAN PLAY A KEY ROLE IN GUIDING WASHINGTON TOWARD ENDING A WAR THAT THE UNITED STATES CANNOT WIN.
Not available. ; El juez oidor de la Audiencia de Santa Fe, ex-rector de la Universidad de Sevilla, Dr. Juan de Villabona Zubiaurre, fue enviado a Cartagena de Indias a visitar esa provincia y las de Santa Marta y Antioquia en 1609. El juez, de ideas claras y determinación firme, se enfrentó a la autoridad política, militar y eclesiástica de la ciudad, y especialmente, al poder de extorsión de los encomenderos sobre los indios a través de una tributación abusiva en servicio personal, que él se encargó de corregir. Cifró los remedios de la visita no sólo en las 82 ordenanzas, sino en la agregación de pueblos y en el establecimiento de doctrinas en los nuevos pueblos durante todo el año. La oposición de los encomenderos con apoyo del gobernador y las gestiones de un procurador en Madrid le llevaron a recomendar la supresión de la encomienda.
33 Pags., 8 Tabls., 7 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://link.springer.com/journal/271 ; Latent (LE) and two sets of sensible (H) heat fluxes (H ec and H t 2) were measured with an eddy covariance system (sonic anemometer, krypton hygrometer, two fine-wire thermocouples) over grass (6 days, summer 1997) and wheat (7 days, late spring 1999) in NE Spain. The objective was to evaluate a method to correct eddy covariance underestimation due to horizontal sensor displacement, based upon the similarity of covariance loss for both LE and H. First, this assumption was examined by regression analyses of measured lysimeter LE (LE lys ) versus eddy covariance LE (LE ec ) and H ec versus H t 2. In general, regression slopes of LE and H were broadly similar, although this similarity depended upon the atmospheric stability conditions. For grass, LE ec was significantly lower than LE lys , while for wheat there was a close agreement between LE lys and LE ec . Ratios of horizontal sensor displacement to measurement sensor height above zero plane displacement (s:z d ) were about 0.36–0.40 for grass and 0.11 for wheat. A further regression analysis was performed to compare LE lys with corrected eddy covariance LE (LE ecv ) values. That correction significantly improved eddy covariance LE values measured over grass but only in some cases, mostly under unstable (near to neutral) atmospheric conditions. It can be concluded that low s:z d ratios (less than 0.1) are preferable to reduce loss in covariance of LE. If the use of higher s:z d ratios cannot be avoided, the Villalobos method may reduce the expected loss in covariance but only under limited conditions. In these situations other solutions to reduce loss in covariance should be investigated further. ; This work has been funded by the project HID96-1295-C04-04 (Ministry of Education, Government of Spain). ; Peer reviewed
La entrevista gira alrededor de la propuesta del FMLN, en especial sobre el cambio dado por el FMLN en cuanto a las elecciones. La entrevista indaga las causas que han llevado al FMLN a pasar a la ofensiva en este terreno, las condiciones para enfrentar el reto electoral, las principales objeciones contra la propuesta hechas desde la derecha y la izquierda y los riesgos que tiene para el FMLN. También se discute el papel de las masas y su relación con el FMLN, el estado de ánimo de las tropas insurgentes ante la propuesta y el papel del FDR y de Convergencia Democrática.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 211-228.
Este trabajo trata sobre la relación entre la clase gobernante y la educación como aparato ideológico al servicio del estado y la educación como factor de desarrollo económico, político y social del país. Lo educativo se convierte en un instrumento al servicio de la "democracia" para formar un pueblo domesticado al cual los gobernantes han pretendido, mediante modelos importados, ajustar a las diversas realidades socio-históricas del país.
This article deals with the relationship between the governing class and education as ideological machinery at the State service. It also addresses the issue of education as an economic, political and social development factor. Education turns into an instrument at the service of democracy to form a tamed people whom the political class in government has tried, by means of imported models, to adjust them to the diverse socio-historical realities of our country. ; Este trabajo trata sobre la relación entre la clase gobernante y la educación como aparato ideológico al servicio del estado y la educación como factor de desarrollo económico, político y social del país. Lo educativo se convierte en un instrumento al servicio de la "democracia" para formar un pueblo domesticado al cual los gobernantes han pretendido, mediante modelos importados, ajustar a las diversas realidades socio-históricas del país.
A central argument of this article by one of the senior FMLN commanders is that the stalemate thesis focuses too narrowly on military aspects of a war that is fundamentally political in nature. Furthermore, he argues that the FMLN has the capacity to break the military stalemate by transforming an impending "social explosion" into a popular insurrection and victory. His purpose is to help the United States and its Salvadoran allies take off ideological blinders, develop a more realistic assessment of their deteriorating position in the war, and consider entering into negotiations which would end the conflict
