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"Þú veist þú vilt það": Skýringar á kynferðisofbeldi á samfélagsmiðlum
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 151-171
ISSN: 2298-8513
Explanations of sexual violence are an important topic because they reveal the societal context of violence. Perpetrators of violence commonly reject blame, explaining their actions with survivor behavior or the situation. In this study, 397 Icelandic social media posts from Facebook and Twitter were analyzed for explanations of violence. Societal explanations included general negative attitudes towards women, biological essentialism (that men cannot control their sex drive), the entitlement of men to sex and objectification. Survivor explanations included that the survivor had been drinking alcohol at the time of the violence, and that the survivor was expected to fight back to justify the event being classified as violence. The monster stereotype of perpetrators was salient in the accounts, either as fact, or to specifically challenge that idea. The results reveal powerful societal stereotypes when it comes to sexual violence, which need to be counteracted in the future.
"Reif hann hennar stakkinn, reif hann hennar serk": Nokkur orð um konur og kynbundið ofbeldi í íslenskum sagnadönsum
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 45-65
ISSN: 2298-8513
In the Icelandic traditional ballads from medieval and post-medieval times, wo-men and their voices are very prominent, while stories of male heroes were rather portrayed in rímur. The language is very unusual and shows signs of translation, formulas are frequently used, and the mode of narration is objective and clear. Love is a common subject, and so is violence, often gender-based and sexual. In the article the background of these ballads is discussed shortly and their emergence in Icelandic oral culture and later its literature, as they were recorded by educated men, from nameless sources, most probably women. Seven ballads are then used to show different aspects of violence within the genre. All are highly dramatic, and their subject is harsh: hardship, rape, birth and loss of children, and sometimes the victims take things into their own hands and avenge in a graphic way. How ballads that tell such terrible tales, can have been sung and danced to at joyous gatherings, is an interesting food for thought. It will be reasoned that these ballads have primarily been sung by women, and they can even have been a consolation and a tool to deal with gender-based violence in their own lives.
Ábyrgar konur og sjúkir karlar. Birtingarmyndir nauðgunarmenningar í íslensku samfélagi
In: Kynbundið ofbeldi II; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 15-39
ISSN: 2298-8513
In the past months and years women have been raising awareness against rape and other sexual violence. The aim of the research discussed in this article is to shed a light on rape culture in Iceland, especially what ideas are prevailing among young people about rape, survivors and perpetrators. Moreover, the aim is to shed a light on the impact of these ideas on rape survivors. The study draws on focus group interviews with university students and semi-structured interviews with a university student, rape survivors and an expert who works closely with survivors. The findings highlight rape culture in Iceland and how rape and other sexual violence is normal-ized. Predominant discourses and myths tend to question the rape, portray survivors as responsible for the rape and find ways to extenuate perpetrators.
Stríð gegn konum: Kata og nauðgunarmenning
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 125-149
ISSN: 2298-8513
The article initially addresses the novel Kata by Steinar Bragi in the context of genre and asks to what extent it aligns itself with the crime novel, in particular the more recent brand of the crime novel wherein social issues are placed at the forefront. The point is made that Kata diverges in some important respects from even the most radical of critiques found within the parameters of the crime genre, in that it suspends the very concepts that usually ground such narratives (justice, right, and crime) and comes to the conclusion that the widespread social acceptance of violence against women delegitimizes the entire edifice of Western thinking on social justice. It is here that the article looks towards Louis Althusser's theorization 149of ideological and oppressive state apparatuses, while shifting their object from the class struggle to gender relations. Althusser's concepts are employed to shed light on the ideology that supports and enables violence against women in contemporary societies, and how the reverse of the oppressive function of the state, that is, state leniency and disinterest in prosecuting sex crimes, or creating the environment in which they are unlikely to be reported, are taken up in the novel, thematized, and in turn, fuel the rage of the protagonist. Finally, a question is raised as to the signific-ance of the fact that a novel about female rage and disempowerment is written by a male author.
"Ég veit hvað höfuð þitt vó en þekki ekki síðustu hugsunina": Ofbeldi, ábyrgð og femínísk fagurfræði í Drápu eftir Gerði Kristnýju
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 17-43
ISSN: 2298-8513
The icelandic poet Gerður Kristný has in the last two decades repeatedly told tragic stories focusing on the systemic violence that has for so long been directed against women, and her long narrative poem Drápa, or The Slaying (2014), is no exception. Drápa is a feminist critique focusing on the true story of Gréta Birgisdóttir, who was murdered by her husband Bragi Ólafsson in Reykjavík in January 1988. it is a poem about a killing that draws its power from various different sources, such as modern true crime fiction, the Nordic crime novel, and fantastic tales.
"Hann er bara á vondum stað". Reimleikahús í Rökkri eftir Erling Óttar Thoroddsen
In: Kynbundið ofbeldi II; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 101-136
ISSN: 2298-8513
A haunted house can either be a monster or the habitat of monsters, or even both. These houses have a unique attraction and a variety of methods to catch their prey. The scariest haunted house in the film Rökkur by Erlingur Óttar Thoroddsen (2017) does not provide shelter from wind and weather as it is not made of wood, concrete or stone. The ghosts in Rökkur are lurking online instead. By using the premises of the horror genre, Erlingur focuses specifically on the dangers that young homosexual men can be facing today. Chat rooms and social media are like hunting grounds for the monsters stalking the main characters. The film also focuses on the staggering silence of survivors of sexual violence, as studies have indicated that male victims are less likely to report the crimes they have suffered.
"Hún reyndi ekki að kalla á hjálp...": Greining á niðurstöðum Hæstaréttar í nauðgunarmálum
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 67-96
ISSN: 2298-8513
The paper analyzes the rulings of the Supreme Court of iceland in rape cases after changes in the penal code in 1992 and 2007. The study employs discourse analysis in which legitimizing principles are identified. The aim of the paper is to explore whether victim blaming, misogyny or other such attitudes are reflected in the rulings. The paper concludes that the rulings' focus is mainly on physical abuse and violence although less emphasis is put on that after the changes in the penal code. Mental harm caused by rape is often given little attention or even completely ignored. One main conclusion is that rape myths are reflected in the rulings and victim blaming is common although it is decreasing. it is also apparent that the emphasis on victim blaming diminishes if the perpetrator is of foreign origin.
Á mis við málörvun. "Villimaðurinn frá Aveyron" og fleiri dæmisögur um uppvöxt barna án máls
In: Kynbundið ofbeldi II; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 199-222
ISSN: 2298-8513
This article discusses the "Critical period" in language acquisition – based on the theory that children are born with the natural ability to learn language; an ability that gradually fades or disappears. According to this theory, children who are not privy to normal language stimulation during childhood miss their chance to acquire a language "perfectly".Critical periods do not only exist in language, e.g. children and other young animals need to receive visual stimulation for their vision to develop. The beginning of this article considers difference in opportunities for research, and thereby the state of knowledge concerning the critical period in vision, compared to language acquisition. The difference is based mainly on two factors: on the one hand, animals have been studied to elucidate the critical period in vision – an option that linguists do not have – and, on the other, it is quite common for children to lack visual stimulation, i.e. due to cataracts. It is less common for children to grow up without language stimulation, although stories exist of children that, for one reason or another, were deprived of human interaction during childhood. The author uses this opportunity to provide an account of two such stories, in a more detailed fashion than would be necessary to define the critical period in language acquisition. These are also stories of violence and questionable work methods for the sake of science. This is followed by a discussion of deaf children as, in the past – as well as the present day – it was common for them not to receive appropriate language stimulation from the beginning, i.e. via the use of sign language. The examples are so many that late language acquisition by deaf children can shed light on the critical period in language acquisition.Many have discussed the critical period in language acquisition but emphasis is often placed on that which has remained unlearned. This article asks rather what can be learned and whether language structure can be established despite a late start for the language acquisition process.
Intentional and Unintentional Injuries;Healthy Approach
Intentional and Unintentional Injuries;Healthy ApproachReferences Haddon WJr, Suchman E, Klein D. Accident Research: Methods and Approaches. Harper & Row Publishers, Chicago, IL, USA. 1964.Global Burden of Diseases, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Iranian Census Center. http://www.amar.org.ir/, Date of Access August 2012.Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, www: lmo.ir/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Hargarten, J.W.R.a.S.W. (2002). Principles of the Disease of Injury. Rosen's Emergency Medicine. J.A. Marx. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby Inc. 1:821-828.Jones BH, Canham-Chervak M, Sleet DA .An evidence-based public health approach to injury priorities and prevention recommendations for the U.S Military. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Jan; 38(1 Suppl):S1-10.Khorasani-Zavareh D. System versus traditional approach in road traffic injury prevention: a call for action. J Inj Violence Res. 2011 J; 3(2): 61.Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder A, Jarawan E, MathersC: World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.H. Soori, S.J. Hussain and J.A. Razzak.Road safety in the Eastern Mediterranean Region – findings from the Global Road Safety Status Report. EMHJ 2011; 17 (10): 770-76.World Health Organization. Data systems- A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. World Health Organization. Geneva 2010.Margie Peden, Richard Scurfield, David Sleet, Dinesh Mohan, Adnan A. Hyder, Eva Jarawan Colin Mathers. World report on road traffic injury prevention: summary .World Health Organization Geneva 2004. Economic Commission for Europe. Glossary of transport statistics, 3rd Ed. New York, NY, United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2003 (TRANS/WP.6/2003/6) (http:// www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/glossen3.pdf, accessed 16 September 2012. 2008). World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/ whostat/2008/en/index.htm, accessed 16 September 2012.Mathers C, Loncar D. Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease, 2002–2030: data sources, methods and results. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and income growth. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2005, 37:169–178.Vincenten J, Michalsen A. Priorities for child safety in the European Union: agenda for action. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2003, 9:1–8.WHO mortality database: tables. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/index.html, accessed 21 September 2012).Rahman A. Bangladesh health and injury survey: report on children. Dhaka, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, ICMH, UNICEF and TASC, 2005.Sitthi-amorn C. Child injury in Thailand: a report on the national injury survey. Bangkok, Institute of Health Research, TASC and UNICEF, 2006 (http://www.tasc- gcipf.org/downloads/Thai%20child%20report.pdf,accessed 22 August 2012).Bener A. The neglected epidemic: road traffic accidents in a developing country. State of Qatar. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2005, 12:45–47.Pedem M, Oyegbite K,Ozanne-Smit J, Hyder AA, Branche c, Rahman AKMF and et al. Mortality due to injuries in Maputo city, Mozambique. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2006, 13:1–6.Hyder AA, Labinjo M, Muzaff ar SSF. A new challenge to child and adolescent survival in urban Africa: an increasing burden of road traffic injuries. Traffic Injury Prevention 2006, 7:381–388.World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva. 2009.World Health Organization. TEACH-VIP curriculum [electronic resource]. Users' manual. 2005.David R. Meddings, MHSc, FRCP(C), Lyndee M. Knox, Matilde Maddaleno, Alberto Concha-Eastman, Joan Serra Hoffman. World Health Organization's TEACH-VIP Contributing to Capacity Building for Youth Violence Prevention. Am J Prev Med 2005; 29(5S2):259–265.Akbari M, Naghavi M, Soori H. Epidemiology of Deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Medietr Health J 2006; 12(3/4): 50-58.Falls. Geneva, World Health Organization, Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability Department (http:// www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/other_injury/falls/en/index.html, accessed Sept 2012.Christoffel KK, Scheidt PC, Agran PF, Kraus JF, McLoughlin E, Paulson JA. Standard definitions for childhood injury research: excerpts of a conference report. Pediatrics, 1992, 89:1027–1034.Khambalia A, Josh P, Brussoni M, Raina factors for unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged 0–6 years: a systematic review. Injury Prevention, 2006, 12:378–385.Bartlett SN. The problem of children's injuries in low income countries: a review. Health Policy and Planning, 2002, 17:1–13.Morrison A, Stone DH. Unintentional childhood injury mortality in Europe 1984–93: a report from the EURORISC Working Group. Injury Prevention, 1999, 5:171–176.A league table of child deaths by injury in rich countries (Innocenti Report Card No. 2). Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2001 (http://www.unicef-icdc. org/publications/pdf/repcard2e.pdf, accessed Sept 2012.Hyder AA, Sugerman D, Ameratunga S, Callaghan J A, Falls among children in the developing world: a gap in child health burden estimations? Acta Paediatrica, 2007, 96:1394–1398.Bangdiwala SI, Anzola-Pérez E, Romer CC, Schmidt B, Valdez-Lazo F, Toro J, D'Suze C. The incidence of injuries in young people: I. Methodology and results of a collaborative study in Brazil, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1990, 19:115–124.Del Ciampo LA, Ricco RG, De Almeida CA, Mucillo G. Incidence of childhood accidents determined in a study of home surveys. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2001, 21:239–243.Savitsky B, Aharonson-Daniel L, Giveon A. Variability in pediatric injury patterns by age and ethnic groups in Israel. Ethnicity and Health, 2007, 12:129–139. Bener A, Hyder AA, Schenk E. Trends in childhood injury mortality in a developing country: United Arab Emirates.Accident and Emergency Nursing, 2007, 15:228–233.Facts about injuries: burns. Geneva, World Health Organization and International Society for Burn Injuries, 2006 (http://www.who.int/entity/violence_injury_prevention/publications/other_injury/en/burns_factsheet.pdf, accessed Sept 2012.Davies JW. Toxic chemicals versus lung tissue: an aspect of inhalation injury revisited. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 1986, 7:213–222.Saffle JR, Davis B, Williams P. Recent outcomes in the treatment of burn injury in the United States: a report from the American Burn Association patient registry. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 1995, 16:219–232.Moritz AR, Henriques FC. Studies of thermal injury II: the relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. American Journal of Pathology, 1947, 23:695–720. Lund C, Browder N. The estimation of areas of burns. Surgical Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1944, 79:352–358.MacLennan N, Heimbach D, Cullen FB. Anesthesia for major thermal injury. Anesthesiology, 1998, 89:749–770. Walton J, Mandara AR. Burns and smoke inhalation. Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, 2005, 6:317–321. WHO mortality database: tables. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/ morttables/en/index.html, accessed 21 April 2012). Barrow RE, Spies M, Barrow L N, Herndon D N. Influence of demographics and inhalation injury on burn mortality in children. Burns, 2004, 30:72–77. Achebe UJ, Akpuaka FC. Chemical burns in Enugu. West African Journal of Medicine, 1989, 8:205–208. Chuang SS, Yang JY, Tsai FC. Electric water heaters: a new hazard for pediatric burns. Burns, 2003, 29:589–591. Nursal, T Z, Yildirim S, Tarim A, Caliskan K, Ezer A, Noyan T. Burns in southern Turkey: electrical burns remain a major problem. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 2003, 24:309–314.
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"Taumlaust blóðbað án listræns tilgangs": Íslenski bannlistinn og Kvikmyndaeftirlit ríkisins
In: Íslenskar kvikmyndir; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 69-133
ISSN: 2298-8513
The regulation of film exhibition in Iceland has closely shadowed the history of cinema exhibition itself. Although regulation practices have undergone various shifts and realignments throughout the twentieth century, they retained certain core concerns and a basic ideological imperative having to do with child protection and child welfare. Movies were thought to have a disproportionate impact on children, with "impressionable minds" often being invoked. Their interior lives and successful journey towards maturity were put at risk each and every time they encountered unsuitable filmic materials. Thus, while assuming that adults could fend for them-selves among the limited number of theaters in Reykjavík, children were a whole another matter and required protection. Civic bodies were consequently formed and empowered to evaluate and regulate films. But even in the context of fairly rigorous surveillance and codification, the turn taken by regulatory authorities in the 1980s strikes one as exceptional and unprecedented. The Film Certification Board (TFCB) was, for the first time, authorized to prohibit and suppress from distribution films deemed especially malignant and harmful. Motivating this vast expansion of the powers of the regulatory body were concerns about a variety of exploitation and horror films that were being distributed on video, films that were thought to transgress so erroneously in terms of on-screen violence that their mere existence posed a grave threat to children. Two years after finding its role so radical-ly enlarged, TFCB put together a list of 67 "video-nasties", to borrow a term from the very similar but later moral panic that occurred in Britain. Police raids were conducted and every video store in the country was visited in a nation-wide effort to remove the now illegal films from rental stores. This article posits that the icelandic nasties list can be viewed as something of a unique testament to the extent to which the meaning, aesthetic coherence and the affect of cultural objects is constructed in the process of reception, while also main-taining that the process of reception is thoroughly shaped by historical discourses, social class, embedded moral codes and a social system of values, as well as techno-logical progress. in what amounts to a perfect storm of moralizing, political games-manship and the sheer panic of a certain segment of the population, the governing institutions in iceland managed in the span of months to overturn constitutionally protected rights to free speech and privacy, as well as undermine central principles of the republic. Two decades would pass before these setbacks were recuperated, and then only on a legal and institutional level. While analyzing the history of the icelandic video nasties, the article also attempts to grapple with and articulate the symbolic register of the ban, how it speaks to the status of cinema in Iceland at the close of the twentieth century, and what ideological strains, morals and/or values were being put into play and funneled into this particular debate. Then, to close, the role of the most notorious of the nasties, Cannibal Holocaust (Ruggero Deodato, 1980), is examined in the context of media coverage and parliamentary debates at the time.
Opportunities and threats to mandatory law of child restraint usage in Iran
Background and Aim: About one-third of Iranian children mortality is caused by injuries from which 36% occur due to road traffic injuries. Using child restraint embedded in vehicles can reduce road traffic fatalities by 71% for neonates and 54% for children. Based on its effectiveness in reduction of fatality and prevention of injury severity, child restraint usage mandatory law is a priority. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess opportunities and threats to mandatory law of child restraint usage in Iran. Materials and Methods: Initially, a mixed methods research is carried out by a phenomenological qualitative study, a discussion session by traffic injuries' stakeholders was performed to assess & discuss the opportunities and threats to mandatory law of child restraint usage in Iran, by brain storming method to find the themes in the related topic. A structured questionnaire is later prepared and completed by the stakeholders in the area of road traffic injuries. Assigned scores of 0-100 were considered for each response and analysis of results was performed according to target themes & the total score of the filled questionnaires.Results: Overall, 28 stakeholders participated in the study. According to the stakeholders, traffic police department obtained the highest score of 90 (from 0-100) as an organization to establish the mandatory law of child restraint usage, and acquired the score of 100 for future enforcement and monitoring. As threats and obstacle to the mandatory law of child restraint usage, lack of television and media campaigns and child restraint law and legislation, obtained the highest scores of 85 & 70 respectively. And family sensitivity to their children's health, officials' support and national facilities for broadcasting, and community awareness to use child restraints had the highest scores among existing opportunities and facilities in the country, by scores of 83, 69 and 68 respectively.Conclusion: Due to sensitivity of the family about their children's health & safety, and officials' support to safety establishment through media campaigns, implementation and applicability of child restraint usage laws and legislations, and subsequent enforcement and monitoring seem practical. ReferencesIsna.ir/fa, 13th May 2012.National Center for Statistics and Analysis. 2003, www.nhtsa.dot.gov.Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009. (www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status date of access 12 September 2012.Jacobs G, AaronThomas A, Astrop A. Estimating global road fatalities. London: Transport Research Laboratory, (TRL Report 445), First Published 2000, ISSN 0968-4107. Nantulya VM, Reich MR. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ 2002; 324:1139.Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. Road traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global health problem. Lancet 2004; 367:1533-1540.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and economic growth. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3035. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2003. Available at: http://www.ntl.bts.gov/Lib/24000/24400/24490/25935_wps3 035.pdf. Data of access June 2012.Montazeri A. Road-traffic-related mortality in Iran: A descriptive study. Public Health 2004; 118: 110- 3.Soori H, Masoudinegad M R. Azari R M. Analysis of opportunities and legal obstacle in control of road traffic injury in Iran. Final report. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention research center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2008.Kahane, C. An Evaluation of Child Passenger Safety: The Effectiveness and Benefits of Safety Seats, Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation1986.World report on child injury prevention, World Health Organization 2008. Global Status Report on Road Safety. www.who.int/entity/violence safety./state of road_safety_en.pdf , access28 August.Phyllis F. AGRAN, PAuL F. WEHRL E. Injury Reduction by Mandatory Child Passenger Safety Laws. AJPH 1985; 75(2): 129.Najafi H. Research methodology in educational science and psychology, Tehran, Ahsan, 2007, first edition, page 62.Zaza S, Sleet D A, Thompson R S, Sosin DM , Bolen J C. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase use of child safety seats. Am J Prev Med 2001; 21(4 Suppl), 31-47.Desapriya E B, Iwase N, Pike I, Brussoni M, Papsdorf M. Child motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian casualties before and after enactment of child restraint seats legislation in Japan. Inj Control Saf Promot 2004; 11(4): 225-230.Staunton C, Davidson S, Kegler S, DawsonL, Powell K, Dellinger A. Critical gaps in child passenger safety practices, surveillance, and legislation: Georgia, 2001. Pediatrics 2005; 115(2): 372-379.Cameron L, Segedin E, Nuthall G, Thompson J. Safe restraint of the child passenger. J Paediatr Child Health 2006; 42(12): 752-757.Bingham CR, Eby DW, Hockanson HM, Greenspan AI. Factors influencing the use of booster seats: a state-wide survey of parents. Accid Anal Prev. 2006; 38(5):1028-1037.Ehiri J, King W, Ejere H, Mouzon P. Effects of Interventions to Increase Use of Booster Seats in Motor Vehicles for 4-8 Year Olds. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2006.GunnVL, Phillippi R M, Cooper WO. Improvement in Booster Seat Use in Tennessee. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 131-136.Winston FK, Kallan MJ, Elliott M R, Xie D, Durbin D R. Effect of Booster Seat Laws on Appropriate Restraint Use by Children 4 to 7 Years Old Involved in Crashes. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 2007; 161:270-275.NHTSA. Preliminary Data Indicate That Booster Seat Laws Increase Child Safety Seat Use.Traffic Safety Facts. Traffic Tech, 331. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2007.Robertson L. Automobile seat belt use in selected countries, states and provinces with and without laws requiring belt use. Accid Anal and Prev 1978; 10:5-10.Stulginskas J V, Pless B. Effects of a seat belt law on child restraint use. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137:582-585. Wagenaar A C, Webster D W. Preventing Injuries to Children Through Compulsory Automobile Safety Seat Use, Pediatrics 1986; 78 (4) : 662-672.Decina LE, Lococo KH, Ashburn W, William B, Rose H J. Identifying Strategies to Improve the Effectiveness of Booster Seat Laws, Draft Final Report, May 2008, www.nhtsa.dot.gov.Connell P M M. An evaluation of the Virginia 2002, Child passenger safety law: determining if the law reduced motor vehicle crash injuries and fatality. Virginia Common wealth University Richmond April, 2009.Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners London, FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, 2009.Istre G R, Stowe M, McCoy M A, Moore B, Culica D, Womack K N, Anderson R J. Anna B. Preventing unintentional injuries in Indigenous children and youth in Canada .Paediatr Child Health 2012; 17(7):393.
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