Suchergebnisse

À partir d'une expérience clinique et de groupes de parole dans différentes institutions hospitalières, il apparaît évident que les douleurs et les souffrances des malades entrent en résonance avec celles des soignants. Ces derniers ont besoin d'être reconnus, de participer aux prises de décisions pour conserver l'estime de soi et le plaisir à fonctionner dans cet univers. Qu'advient-il lorsque l'institution déstabilise ou insécurise ? Quand elle force ou instrumentalise ? Quels dysfonctionnements dans les équipes ou chez les individus le terrorisme hospitalier engendre-t-il ? Comment remédier à cette violence hospitalière ?

Contents: Aggressive crimes, by Ronald H. Beattie and John P. Kenney; Violence and organized crime, by Gilbert Geis; Violent crimes in city gangs, by Walter B. Miller; Violence in prison, by John P. Conrad.

Discusses nature, scope, causes, and policy implications of increasing violence in US schools in the 1990s; 13 articles. Chiefly based on papers presented at a conference held at Valparaiso University, Indiana, Oct. 2, 1998. Topics include alienation of the young as a result of less parenting and supervision, sensationalization of gang culture by the media and its corporate and commercial exploitation, adverse effects of grouping by ability (tracking) on low-income and minority students, use of drugs, and school size, organization, discipline, and security.

This article introduces a concept of `cultural violence', and can be seen as a follow-up of the author's introduction of the concept of `structural violence' over 20 years ago (Galtung, 1969). `Cultural violence' is defined here as any aspect of a culture that can be used to legitimize violence in its direct or structural form. Symbolic violence built into a culture does not kill or maim like direct violence or the violence built into the structure. However, it is used to legitimize either or both, as for instance in the theory of a Herrenvolk, or a superior race. The relations between direct, structural and cultural violence are explored, using a violence triangle and a violence strata image, with various types of casual flows. Examples of cultural violence are indicated, using a division of culture into religion and ideology, art and language, and empirical and formal science. The theory of cultural violence is then related to two basic points in Gandhism, the doctrines of unity of life and of unity of means and ends. Finally, the inclusion of culture as a major focus of peace research is seen not only as deepening the quest for peace, but also as a possible contribution to the as yet non-existent general discipline of `culturology'.

This review of empirical research into the effects of media violence examines what has been learned from evidence and to what extent the evidence can be accepted at face value. This article reexamines debates about different data types, different methodologies, theoretical and explanatory models, directions of effect, and value of aggregated data sets. Limitations and weaknesses are identified in relation to the various methodological approaches and sources of evidence that have been featured in academic discussions and debates about media policy and content regulation. Although not dismissing the empirical research on this subject as valueless, this critique advises caution in accepting blanket conclusions about harmful effects of media violence, instead calling for a targeted approach that recognizes that some media consumers may be more susceptible than others to media effects and that media depictions of violence can vary in the risks they represent as potential triggers of unpleasant or harmful reactions among media consumers.

Research Objective: The article aims to analyse the concept of structural violence to outline its essential theoretical references.
The Research Problem and Methods: The main problem raised in the text is the distinction of structural violence against other forms of violence. The article uses the method of conceptual analysis supplemented with case studies.
The Process of Argumentation: The definition of structural violence proposed in the paper emphasizes the presence of intentional or unintentional systemic conditions that violate or limit the rights of individuals or groups. In the order of analysis, structural violence is first distinguished from other forms of violence: personal and legitimist. There are three forms of structural violence manifestation: social injustice, direct violence caused by an unjust social system, and a permanent threat embedded in the social system. In connection with the above, the possibility of identifying structural violence with theoretical tools developed by John Rawls to specify the conditions of structural justice is indicated. As a critical complement to this approach, a caveat is discussed that shows that however useful, Rawls's approach may not be sufficient. Finally, the issue of cultural and symbolic violence is analysed.
Research Results: The conclusion drawn from the presented analysis is that structural violence is inextricably linked with social structure. A significant difficulty in minimizing it is that its sources are often invisible, remaining somewhat outside the framework of the current social paradigm. Therefore, the fight against this type of violence requires far-reaching interventions at the level of public awareness.
Conclusions, Innovations, and Recommendations: Recommendations that can be derived from the above considerations focus on the need to conduct social campaigns that have the opportunity to gradually change social awareness and the often unconscious social status quo.

Fifty years of research on the effect of TV violence on children leads to the inescapable conclusion that viewing media violence is related to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors. The changes in aggression are both short term and long term, and these changes may be mediated by neurological changes in the young viewer. The effects of media violence are both real and strong and are confirmed by the careful reviews of research evidence by various scientific and professional organizations that are concerned with children's mental health and development.