The aim of the article is to delineate contours of certain social strategies, images and discourses as well as cultural practices related to the Lithuanianness, as culture and heritage imagined, constructed and contested in and among different waves and generations of the Lithuanian Americans. The period, the wave of immigration, the way it happened and in particular the rooted-ness in the American soil are basic markers for a distinct pattern of Lithuanianness to be recognized. Any one of these patterns falls into the ascription of a certain social strategy, ideology and politics of identity and is motivated and re-enforced by 'symbolic capital' taken from 'repository' (Castells 1997) of national or ethnic heritage. Consequently, the Lithuanian heritage gains its meaning as well as any item of the national 'repository' becomes imagined, (re) constructed and circulated differently among at least four generations of the Lithuanian descendants, who started to settle in the United States in 1860's as economic immigrants, continued in the late 1940s as political DPs (who have moved from displaced person's camps in Germany) and do continue up to the recent wave of post-Soviet Lithuanian immigration. Lithuanianness as ethnicity can operate as shelter and aid. This is a strategy of particular importance for the each category of the Lithuanian immigrants. It is a sort of model for ethnic subsistence, based on neighborhood ties, as well as on shared language skills and also on an appreciation of common cultural heritage in terms of ethnic foods and customs. Ethnic emancipation is a strategy especially evident during the establishment of the ethnic Lithuanian Catholic Church with service in Lithuanian although all believers in the diaspora never supported such a strategy. Nationalist mission is a strategy of cherishing, perpetuating and retaining ethnicity/nation-ness in terms of culture, language, traditions and heritage. The Lithuanian Charter of 1949 is the best example of the nationalist imperative and mission, applicable to any Lithuanian in exile "to pass on the culture to future generations to insure the eternal nature of his nationality' The parish of the Lithuanian Catholic Church is the most visible social network in the case of ethnicity. The role of the parish to shelter and embrace ethnic life, is most visible through the whole history of the Lithuanian diaspora in the US, in particular in its early stages. Only one other ethnic organization – the Lithuanian Community, (Lietuviu bendruomene) founded and maintained almost entirely by DPs, primarily for nationalist activities, could be compared in scale and popularity with the parish. For many that immigrated after World War II, the Lithuanian Community was at least of equal importance as was the parish to old-timers. The social networks of the post-communist immigrants are based on common social and economic experience of the Communist regimes, visible in the job market, such as the economy of favors, nepotism and clientalism. Participation in such social networks 'of their own' or 'groups of friends' is a source of higher salaries, more secure jobs, benefits, and finally, means of successful adaptation, helping immigrants to achieve higher social and economic mobility in American society. Earlier generations of immigrants also transplanted their social experiences from the home country, but unlike new immigrants, they were met by, and exposed to, the same or, at least, very similar social bonds in the new country, where the parish stands as the best example. The most critical issue along all waves of immigration is a normative image of home country. Old-timer's wave of immigration is overwhelmingly guided by rural and heroic romanticism of the old underdeveloped country. Their image of the people of this country is that of a 'strong' people who founded a medieval empire, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and regained independence from Russia twice during the last century, in 1918 and in 1990. It is also the main source of being 'proud of being Lithuanian'. The DPs image of the home country was constructed from the typical political refuge experience. The occupied and suffering country, left behind at the end of the World War II, encouraged them to take on a mission of regaining nation and retaining its culture. For the post-Communist newcomers, the image of the home country is full of postcolonial transitional uncertainty, with a clear understanding that Lithuania belongs to the Eastern European region with Russian as lingua franca. They are very self-conscious, and their image of the home country and Lithuanian people is in many ways focussed on the 'unique-communist regime – experience' as possessed by the immigrants themselves and their compatriots in Lithuania. The question of sociocultural production of meaning of ethnicity implies praxis of everyday life in diasporas, where manipulation of the Lithuanianness takes place. At least two Lithuanian cultural and heritage practices could be defined. The first involves the essentialisation and codification of culture and heritage. Discourses on the issue of 'birthright to glorious Lithuanian heritage' already appeared in the Lithuanian newspapers published in the US at the end of the nineteenth century. The issue of the Lithuanian culture was altered significantly by DPs. The perpetuation of the notion of occupied, and thus repressed and deprived, Lithuanian nation and its culture gained political acceptance within the US government. It gave political motivation for Lithuanian culture in the US to become more than one of many ethnicity cultures within the 'American dream', and to acquire a 'public' and 'prestigious' image. So, despite the predominant 'Melting Pot' cultural politics of the US during the post World War II period, the Lithuanian label held moral and cultural prestige. A second visible Lithuanian cultural and heritage practice in America invokes a cultural bricolage of retained and adopted elements. Cultural bricolage is conducted by creating new meanings for national/ethnic cultural forms of kinship, language, artifacts, visual-virtual materials, narratives and stereotypes. Ethnic identifications phrased as "Proud to be Lithuanian" or 'I am American first and Lithuanian always' along with a few catchwords or phrases in Lithuanian are starting point in practicing cultural bricoleur. An interest in family genealogies, which is usually strongly related to an interest in finding ethnic roots and eventually ends up in ethnic pilgrimages to Lithuania as a homeland (or the land of ancestors), also belongs to that practice. Material objects, which are supposed to belong to the ethnic/national repository, are used for decoration of private homes and public halls, usually enshrined by ethnic shrines.
[spa] El animal ha estado presente en el laboratorio a partir del siglo xx. Ya sea en la investigación científica, en el debate político o en la exploración artística, el animal ha carecido de refugio, es la víctima propiciatoria de todos los sacrificios contemporáneos. Sin la función exploratoria que las vanguardias adjudicaron al arte poco o nada habría que documentar de tales operaciones. La figuración plástica, por otro lado, ha afianzado su proximidad en los diseños derivados del industrialismo tardío. El pop como escuela última del siglo pasado ha visto explotar las hibridaciones entre imagen pictórica y mediática. El siglo xx fue el siglo del triunfo de la imagen visual. La profusión de imágenes ha saturado la visión y sustituido al mundo por su representación. La gráfica en el arte de finales de siglo cobraría una inusitada preponderancia por sobre las expresiones pictóricas. El arte conceptual y los minimalismos ejercieron una fuerte influencia sobre los estilos emergentes atrajeron una mayor atención hacia aspectos estructurales y sistemáticos de la práctica del arte. Hacia principios del siglo XXI el estatuto contemporáneo del dibujo es de primera relevancia respecto a otros recursos. Poco queda ya de las identidades clásicas, nada, a decir verdad, de los géneros pictóricos donde las presencias animales hallaban clara pertinencia. El código genético es el trazo definitorio de las identidades en el siglo XXI. Ni la naturaleza muerta, ni el paisaje, ni el retrato con animales subsisten más que como formas paródicas. Los individuos del finales del siglo perdían toda relación de permanencia y trascendencia. En ese proceso fueron desfigurándose y desmaterializándose como la misma sustancia de la obra artística. Devenido discurso el arte tendría que volverse por un lado autorreferencial y por el otro una aplicación comunicativa. No hallamos más a la naturaleza en nuestro entorno. El arte del siglo XX fue urbano, artificial, abstracto, sintético, teórico y, finalmente, sarcástico. La imagen de la naturaleza pasó a ser un tópico romántico trascendido y obsoleto; un lamento nostálgico. La sobre explotación de los recursos naturales aunada a la depauperación de las regiones rurales del planeta, particularmente en regiones extensas del tercer mundo, ha generado una actitud catastrofista hacia el programa desarrollista de occidente y se plantean más dudas que certezas frente al destino de múltiples especies animales y vegetales. El imaginario tradicionalmente prolífico y virtuoso de la naturaleza como abundancia inabarcable y como fuente de secretos y maravillas se ha trocado en una visión apocalíptica de fin de la vida. La creciente preocupación en torno a la degradación acelerada de la naturaleza ha conducido a una conciencia política y civil de la ecología como postura ética y cultural de vanguardia. En correspondencia con el ecologismo desde el arte se ha hecho presente una actitud de reinterpretación de lo natural, ya no por medio de la imitación figurativa, sino como correlato cultural elíptico. Por ello, la presencia de los animales en el arte de las últimas décadas del siglo XX plantea paradojas interesantes. No son el tema central de tal práctica, a decir verdad ningún tema lo fue; son agentes de extrañeza y de descentramiento. Son un sujeto aparentemente banal, periclitado en la historia, pero abandonado al margen de mitologías y utopías ancestrales. Los grandes imaginarios zoológicos de claras connotaciones al culto han perdido pertinencia en un mundo tecnificado y mediatizado. Por otro lado ese espacio salvaje del mundo animal, como instinto y naturaleza pura, ha sido neutralizado por la práctica psicoanalítica. Es propio de la civilización actual no hallar otros referentes que los antropocéntricos. El estatuto animal ha sido degradado a la domesticación e incorporado a la cadena productiva. Lo animal es excesivo y excedente: un suplemento irracional sin lógica en el diseño de la civilización futura. La calidad espiritual del arte contemporáneo es débil, porque la sociedad que lo produce tiene un alma confundida. Las formas animales, tradicionalmente arquetipos de valor y conocimiento, nos son tanto más extrañas cuanto más manipulables y desintegradas nos parecen. Buscar un lugar para su manifestación en el arte necesariamente demanda una reconsideración de los procesos culturales de interpretación del mundo como un espacio donde aún tenga cabida la dimensión espiritual. ; [eng] "Goldfish's Memory: Animals' Display and Representation in the Late 20th Century Western Drawings. (1970 - 2000)" The traditionally prolific and virtuous imaginary of nature, as an endless abundance and source of all secrets and wonders, has changed into an apocalyptic vision of the end of life, as we know it. The increasing concern about the fast degradation of nature has led to a civil and political conscience around ecology, as an avant-garde ethical and cultural posture. From the point of view of the ecology, seen through the lens of the Arts, there has been an attitude towards the re-interpretation of the natural, not by means of the figurative imitation, but as a cultural elliptic co-narrative. This is the reason why, the presence of animals in the art production of the last decades of the 20th Century poses some interesting paradoxes. Animals are not the central theme of this practice; actually, they never were: they are agents of estrangement and decentralization. They are an apparently banal subject, glorified in history, but put aside along with mythologies and ancestral utopias. The great imaginary from zoology, clearly bonded to cult and ceremonial practices, has lost its pertinence in a technophile and media-influenced world. On the other hand, the "savage" space of the animal realm, as pure and natural instinct, has been neutralized by a psychoanalytic practice. It is proper to the current civilization to find no other references that those anthropocentric. The animal statutory has been subdued to domestication and incorporated to the dynamics of the production line. The animal is excessive and a left over: it is an irrational supplement without logic in the design of the future civilization. The spiritual sphere of contemporary art is weak because the society that produces it bears a confused soul. Animals' form, traditionally depicted as a knowledge and value archetype, appears to us the stranger the more controllable and disintegrated they seem. To look for an appropriate space for their artistic manifestation obliges a reconsideration of all the cultural processes we use to interpret the world as a place where a spiritual dimension is still possible.
Europe requires significant transmission grid expansions to foster the integration of electricity markets, enhance security of supply and integrate renewable energies. However, next to lengthy authorization processes, transmission system operators (TSOs) in Europe are currently facing extreme public opposition in their transmission line projects leading to significant project delays. These delays imply significant additional costs for TSOs as well as society as a whole and put the transformation of the European energy system at risk. Existing scientific literature currently lacks comprehensive studies that have tried to identify generalizable success factors to overcome public opposition in transmission line projects. The goal of work at hand was to close this research gap. Potential success factors were collected through extensive literature review and interviews throughout Europe with respective stakeholders such as citizen action groups, NGOs or energy experts. Experiences from analogue large infrastructure projects like wind parks, carbon capture and storage facilities, hydro dams, nuclear waste repositories, etc. were also used to form hypotheses. The findings were transformed into a structural equation model and tested through a questionnaire answered by almost all European TSOs. Results revealed that people's trust in the TSO is of utmost importance for less public opposition. It can be regarded as the critical success factor per se. TSOs can create trust through stakeholder participation, sufficient communication, proper organizational readiness and liaison with stakeholders. Furthermore, appropriate technical planning can help to reduce public opposition in transmission line projects. In total 18 concrete and actionable success factors were identified for TSO management to facilitate the establishment of these aforementioned aspects. They will help European TSOs to reduce public opposition and thus accelerate the implementation of new transmission lines. Interestingly, economic benefits for people did not turn out to be a Significant success factor in reducing their opposition against new transmission lines.:Contents I List of tables VIII List of figures IX List of abbreviations XI List of symbols XV List of country codes XVI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem statement 1 1.2 Thematic classification and research gap 2 1.3 Objective, research questions and scop e of work 3 1.4 Methodology and structure of work 5 2 Fundamentals of electricity transmission line planning 7 2.1 History of the European electricity transmission network 7 2.2 Transmission technologies 9 2.2.1 High-voltage alternating current (HVAC) 9 2.2.1.1 High - voltage alternating current overhead lines (HVAC OHL) 9 2.2.1.2 High - voltage alternating underground cables (HVAC UGC) 10 2.2.2 High - voltage direct current (HVDC) 12 2.2.2.1 High - voltage direct current overhead lines (HVDC OHL) 12 2.2.2.2 High - voltage direct current underground cables (HVDC UGC) 13 2.2.3 Gas - insulated lines (GIL) 14 2.3 Major players 15 2.3.1 European Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and related associations 15 2.3.1.1 National Transmission System Operators (TSOs) 15 2.3.1.2 ENTSO - E 16 2.3.2 Energy regulators and related associations 18 2.3.2.1 National regulatory authorities (NRA) 18 2.3.2.2 European associations of energy regulators 19 2.4 Development of new transmission lines 20 2.4.1 Planning objectives 20 2.4.2 Planning process 21 2.4.2.1 Identification of needs 22 2.4.2.2 Feasibility study 23 2.4.2.3 Spatial planning 24 2.4.2.4 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 25 2.4.2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 26 2.4.2.6 Permitting procedure 28 2.4.2.7 Securing land rights and way - leaves 28 2.4.2.8 Construction, commissioning and operation 29 2.5 Project delays and obstacles 31 2.5.1 Project delays 31 2.5.2 Rationales for delay 33 2.5.2.1 Minor obstacles 34 2.5.2.2 Public opposition 35 2.5.2.3 Insufficient authorization procedures 36 2.5.3 Excursus: Recent governmental measures to overcome delays 38 2.5.3.1 Austria 38 2.5.3.2 Denmark 38 2.5.3.3 Germany 39 2.5.3.4 Great Britain 41 2.5.3.5 Netherlands 42 2.5.3.6 European Union 43 2.5.3.7 Further recommendations 48 2.6 Interim conclusion on the fundamentals of transmission line planning 49 3 Fundamentals of social acceptance 51 3.1 Definition and classification 51 3.2 Contextual factors that influence stakeholders' attitudes 54 3.2.1 Proximity of stakeholders to a facility 54 3.2.2 Risk perception of individuals 55 3.2.3 Individual knowledge base 56 3.2.4 Existing and marginal exposure 56 3.2.5 Land valuation and heritage 57 3.2.6 Trust in project developer 58 3.2.7 Energy system development level 59 3.3 The history of social movement against infrastructure facilities 60 3.4 Forms of public opposition 61 3.5 Interim conclusion on the fundamentals of social acceptance 63 4 Fundamentals and methodology of success factor research 64 4.1 The goal of success factor research 64 4.2 Defining success factor terminology 64 4.2.1 Success 64 4.2.2 Success factors 65 4.3 Success factor research history and current state 67 4.4 Classification of success factor studies 67 4.4.1 Specificity 68 4.4.2 Causality 69 4.5 Success factor identification approaches 70 4.5.1 Systematization of success factor identification approaches 70 4.5.2 Approach assessment 72 4.6 Criti cism to success factor research 73 4.7 Interim conclusion on the fundamentals of success factor research 75 5 Success factor res earch on social acceptance in transmission line planning – a combination of research streams 77 5.1 State of research 77 5.1.1 Social acceptance in electricity transmission line planning (A) 77 5.1.2 Success factor research on social acceptance (B) 83 5.1.3 Success factor research in transmission line planning (C) 89 5.2 Value add and classification of this work 89 5.3 Research design 90 5.3.1 Identification of potential success factors through a direct, qualitative - explorative approach 92 5.3.1.1 Overview of methodologies 92 5.3.1.2 Survey 93 5.3.2 Quantitative - confirmatory approach to validate potential success factors 95 5.3.2.1 Overview of statistical methodologies 95 5.3.2.2 Structural equation modeling (SEM) 96 5.3.2.2.1 Path analysis 97 5.3.2.2.2 Structure of SEM 99 5.3.2.2.3 Methods for SEM estimation 102 5.3.2.2.4 PLS algorithm 106 6 Identification of reasons for public opposition and derivation of potential success factors 112 6.1 Conducted interviews 112 6.1.1 Selection of interviewees 112 6.1.2 Preparation, conduction and documentation of interviews 115 6.2 Reasons for public opposition 117 6.2.1 Health and safety issues 118 6.2.1.1 Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) 118 6.2.1.2 Falling ice 124 6.2.1.3 Toppled pylons and ruptured conductors 125 6.2.1.4 Flashover 125 6.2.2 Reduced quality of living 126 6.2.2.1 Visual impact 126 6.2.2.2 Noise 128 6.2.3 Economic unfairness 130 6.2.3.1 Devaluation of property and insufficient compensation 130 6.2.3.2 Expropriation 131 6.2.3.3 Negative impact on tourism 132 6.2.3.4 Lack of direct benefits and distributional unfairness 132 6.2.3.5 Agricultural disadvantages 133 6.2.4 Lack of transparency and communication 135 6.2.4.1 Insufficient justification of line need 135 6.2.4.2 Insufficient, inaccurate and late information 137 6.2.4.3 Intransparent decision making 138 6.2.4.4 Inappropriate appearance 138 6.2.4.5 Expert dilemma 139 6.2.5 Lack of public participation 140 6.2.5.1 Lack of involvement 140 6.2.5.2 One - way communication 141 6.2.5.3 Lack of bindingness 141 6.2.5.4 Inflexibility 142 6.2.6 Environmental impact 142 6.2.6.1 Flora 143 6.2.6.2 Fauna 145 6.2.7 Distrust 146 6.3 Potential success factors to reduce public opposition 147 6.3.1 Communication 149 6.3.1.1 Communication strategy 149 6.3.1.2 Early communication 150 6.3.1.3 Line justification 150 6.3.1.4 Direct personal conversation 151 6.3.1.5 Appropriate communication mix 153 6.3.1.6 Comprehensibility 156 6.3.1.7 Sufficient and honest information 157 6.3.1.8 Stakeholder education 158 6.3.1.9 Post - communication 159 6.3.2 Participation 160 6.3.2.1 Pre - polls 160 6.3.2.2 Participation possibilities 161 6.3.2.3 Participation information 164 6.3.2.4 Macro - planning involvement 165 6.3.2.5 Pre - application involvement 166 6.3.2.6 Neutral moderation/mediation 166 6.3.2.7 Joint fact finding 169 6.3.2.8 Flexibility, openness and respect 170 6.3.2.9 Commitment and bindingness 171 6.3.2.10 Transparent decision making 172 6.3.3 Economic benefits 173 6.3.3.1 Local benefits 173 6.3.3.2 Individual compensations 174 6.3.3.3 Muni cipality compensations 176 6.3.3.4 Socio - economic benefits 177 6.3.3.5 Excursus: Social cost - benefit analysis of a new HVDC line between France and Spain 177 6.3.4 Organizational readiness 182 6.3.4.1 Stakeholder analysis and management 182 6.3.4.2 Qualification and development 184 6.3.4.3 Sufficient resources 186 6.3.4.4 Internal coordination 187 6.3.4.5 Cultural change 187 6.3.4.6 Top - management support 188 6.3.4.7 Best practice exchange 188 6.3.5 Stakeholder liaison 189 6.3.5.1 Stakeholder cooperation 189 6.3.5.2 Supporters / Multiplicators 190 6.3.5.3 Local empowerment 191 6.3.6 Technical planning 191 6.3.6.1 Line avoidance options 191 6.3.6.2 Route alternatives 194 6.3.6.3 Transmission technology options 194 6.3.6.4 Piloting of innovations 198 6.3.6.5 Excursus: Exemplary transmission line innovations 198 6.3.6.6 Avoidance of sensitive areas 206 6.3.6.7 Bundling of infrastructure 206 6.3.6.8 Line deconstruction 207 6.3.6.9 Regulatory overachievement 208 7. Development of research model 209 7.1 Procedure 209 7.2 Development of hypotheses on causal relationships 209 7.2.1 Stakeholder liaison 209 7.2.2 Participation 210 7.2.3 Communication 210 7.2.4 Organizational readiness 211 7.2.5 Economic benefits 212 7.2.6 Technical planning 212 7.2.7 Trust 213 7.2.8 Summary of hypotheses 213 7.3 Development of path diagram and model specification 214 7.3.1 Structural model 214 7.3.2 Measurement model 215 7.3.2.1 Formative measurements 215 7.3.2.2 Reflective measurements 2 7.4 Identifiability of model structure 217 8 Empirical validation of potential success factors 219 8.1 Data acqu isition 219 8.1.1 Concept of using questionnaires for data acquisition 219 8.1.2 Target group and sample size 220 8.1.3 Questionnaire design 222 8.1.3.1 Form and structure 222 8.1.3.2 Operatio nalization 224 8.1.3.2.1 Operationalization of potential success factors 224 8.1.3.2.2 Operationalization of construct TRUST 225 8.1.3.2.3 Operationalization of construct REDUCED PUBLIC OPPOSITION 226 8.1.3.2.4 Operationalization of control variables 226 8.1.3.3 Bias 227 8.1.3.3.1 Common method bias 227 8.1.3.3.2 Key i nformation bias 229 8.1.3.3.3 Hypothetical bias 229 8.1.4 Pretest 230 8.1.5 Questionnaire return and data preparation 231 8.2 Model estimation 236 8.2.1 Software selection for modeling 236 8.2.2 Estimation results 237 8.3 Model evaluation 239 8.3.1 Evaluat ion of reflective measurement models 240 8.3.1.1 Content validity 240 8.3.1.2 Indicator reliability 243 8.3.1.3 Construct validity 245 8.3.1.3.1 Convergent validity 245 8.3.1.3.1.1 Average var iance extracted (AVE) 245 8.3.1.3.1.2 Construct reliability 245 8.3.1.3.2 Discriminant validity 247 8.3.1.3.2.1 Fornell/Larcker criterion 247 8.3.1.3.2.2 Cross loadings 248 8.3.2 Evaluation of formative measurement models 250 8.3.2.1 Content validity 250 8.3.2.2 Indicator reliability / relevance 250 8.3.2.2.1 Indicator weights and significance 250 8.3.2.2.2 Multicollinearity 254 8.3.2.3 Construct validity 256 8.3.3 Evaluation of structural model 256 8.3.3.1 Multicollinearity 256 8.3.3.2 Explanatory power 257 8.3.3.3 Predictive relevance 259 8.3.4 Evaluation of total model 260 8.4 Verification of hypotheses and discussion of results 260 8.5 Success factors for reducing public opposition in transmission line planning: Recommendations for TSO management 264 8.5.1 Measures to create stakeholder trust 266 8.5.1.1 Sufficient stakeholder participation 266 8.5.1.2 Proper stakeholder communication 267 8.5.1.3 TSO's organizational readiness for stakeholder management 267 8.5.1.4 Creating liaison with stakeholders 268 8.5.2 Important aspects in technical planning 268 8.5.3 Consolidated overview 269 9 Concluding remarks 270 9.1 Summary of results 270 9.2 Contribution, limitations, and directions for further research 272 10 Appendix 276
Der Jubiläumsband zum 50. Jahrgang der Zeitschrift "Communicatio Socialis" präsentiert mit einer bilanzierenden Einleitung fünf Beiträge aus einem halben Jahrhundert "Communicatio Socialis", die für die Kontinuitäten und Veränderungen der Zeitschrift stehen. Themen sind allgemeine und konkrete ethische Fragen des Medienbereichs, wie etwa Journalistische Berufsethik und Scripted Reality, sowie Herausforderungen im Bereich Kirche und Gesellschaft, wie etwa Probleme und Chancen in der Verständigung zwischen den Religionen. Weiterhin bietet der Band kompakte Beiträge zu sechs Grundbegriffen der Medienethik, die für die Arbeit im Feld der Medienethik eine hilfreiche Orientierung darstellen.Mit Beiträgen vonKlaus-Dieter Altmeppen, Thomas A. Bauer, Bernhard Debatin, Alexander Filipovic, Rüdiger Funiok, Claudia Nothelle, Helmuth Rolfes, Ulrich Saxer, Michael Schmolke, Christian Thies, Jürgen Wilke
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Associate Director of Global Networks and Inclusion Maya Ranganath reflects on the goals, outcomes, and key learnings of this summer's 11th annual Africa Evidence Summit in Nairobi. The Summit would not be possible without our partners: the Network of Impact Evaluation Researchers in Africa, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and many others mentioned in the post below.https://medium.com/media/f17cd8514f9c798ca99f083c6c2054d7/hrefLow and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) disproportionately experience the world's greatest challenges — climate change, food security, and rampant inequality. Effective solutions to these problems must be evidence-informed and inclusive of scholars living in these countries. However, many LMICs face a shortage of researchers — only two percent of the world's research output is produced by African scholars. The evidence-informed policy community has marshaled significant momentum to address this problem and invest in LMIC research infrastructure. In fact, a recent report from the Center for Global Development identified a 26 percent increase in organizations with impact evaluation capacity since 2019. The Africa Evidence Summit, co-hosted by CEGA and the Network of Impact Evaluation Researchers in Africa (NIERA) this summer, further showcased this progress.Now with more than a decade of momentum, the Summit returned to Nairobi for its largest gathering yet: In a signal of the demand for more rigorous and locally-led evidence on what works to combat poverty, more than 500 researchers, policymakers, and practitioners attended. As every year, the Summit had four goals:Elevate the voices of African scholarsDisseminate new research findings to decision-makersSeed new collaborationsGenerate insights to advance evidence-informed policymaking and, specifically, ways to make the ecosystem more inclusiveTo this end, the Summit featured 21 research presentations from CEGA affiliated faculty, our fellows network, and partners (see here for a full list of presentations). It also included several panels that focused on meta-themes, including:Incentives, resources, and pathways for African-led publicationFunder perspectives on supporting African-led researchSupporting pro-poor growth in sub-Saharan Africa (led by event partner African Economic Research Consortium)Centering African voices in policy-making and advocacy (led by event partner Afrobarometer)Below we present some key insights from the event. Please see our takeaways document for more information.Evidence must be generated by, and in partnership with, local researchers…"To claim the 21st century as the turning point for Africa, African experts and scholars should step up to define, own, and drive the continent's development agenda," said Dr. Eliya Zulu, Executive Director of the African Institute for Development Policy (AFIDEP), in his keynote address.Summit co-host NIERA (comprised of alumni of CEGA's fellowship program) is leading this movement as the first all-African network of evidence generators. But greater investment is needed.As Rose Oronje, AFIDEP Director of Public Policy and Knowledge Translation and Head of Kenya Office, discussed, the low rate of publications by African scholars reflects a need for greater investments by governments in research infrastructure. Constantine Manda, 2012 CEGA Fellow and Assistant Professor at UC Irvine added, "We need to reform our institutions — for not just the number of publications, but the quality of them." "The incentive structure is broken and something needs to change," noted Chris Chibwana, Program Officer at the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.…which requires re-aligning incentives, investing in research capacity, and collaborating.A variety of solutions were proposed. Oronje suggested including more editors from Africa on journals, "as they will be looking at research differently because they understand the context." Aurelia Munene, founder of Eider Africa, proposed engaging NGOs to complement African universities, training new faculty on supervision, and "providing researchers with a sense of belonging." Jordan Kyongo, Head of the East Africa Research & Innovation Hub at the UK's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), added that "universities must support an enabling environment for students to [become] researchers." Manda urged scholars in high-income countries to "ask for invitations to present work to an African audience" to expose students to new research methods, insights, and questions.In this vein, collaboration is not only an important driver of innovation but also the keystone in inclusive evidence generation. The growing group of impact evaluators, big data researchers, and other evidence generators in LMICs relies on a close-knit community for intellectual partnership, capacity building, evidence dissemination, and funding. Indeed, the Summit would not have succeeded without its local partners (NIERA, AFIDEP, Afrobarometer, AERC, Busara, among others) and the many talented researchers who presented posters.From left to right: CEGA Fellows Jonathan Izudi, Bezawit Bahru, and Michel Ndayikeza listen to a presentation at AES 2023 | Luft VenturesEvidence is essential, but insufficient alone, for policy changeThe summit featured many research studies aimed to assist decision-makers to support vulnerable communities. A few highlights include:CEGA Faculty Co-Director Ted Miguel's study on the intergenerational impacts of child health investments in East Africa, which shows that deworming school children decreases under-five mortality in the children of those dewormed by one-fifth.A randomized control trial presented by Youth Impact's Thato Letsomo demonstrated that the ConnectEd intervention, which sends children a weekly math problem and provides tutoring phone calls, improved learning in Uganda by more than a standard year of schooling.University of Ghana's Edward Asiedu's study found that providing patients with information on their insurance coverage reduces their out-of-pocket expenditure on health.2021 CEGA Fellow Mary Nantongo's early-stage design to evaluate the impact of Uganda's Parish Development Model on the poverty levels, incomes, and participation in decision-making of beneficiary households.However, Dr. Zulu made a powerful point, saying "Evidence is essential, but not sufficient for policy. Researchers need to understand the key people and decisions being made in order to help." Building on this, Tricia Ryan from USAID led a presentation on evidence gap maps, a visual tool that identifies where more evidence is needed on a particular research subject. 2020 CEGA Fellow and Director of Research at the International Center for Evaluation and Development (ICED) Solomon Zena Walelign presented his evidence gap map, which found that more research is needed on how infrastructure interacts with the nutritional needs of people in LMICs, especially women, girls, and low-income consumers.CEGA's long history of working to shift norms in development economics toward greater leadership by African scholars has produced significant results. The Africa Evidence Summit reflects that growth, and we are excited to harness this community's momentum to advance our shared goals. Sign up for our Global Networks newsletter to hear first about next year's Summit.Supporting an inclusive evidence ecosystem: Insights from the 2023 Africa Evidence Summit was originally published in CEGA on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
The study of human health over time offers valuable pathways for understanding multiple aspects of human experience and biology. Determining the presence of a disease in an ancient individual or community can give us insights into daily life during that time, and comparing human microbiota between different human groups over time and space can offer insights into behavior and diet. Assessing the health of past populations may provide new perspectives on concomitant social or political changes, and contribute to our understanding of how those populations managed, or failed to manage, crises and change. On a broader level, identifying and interrogating humanity's relationship with infectious and commensal microbes may offer insights into human evolution and adaptation. Most hopefully, the knowledge gained from the basic science of past human health may one day lead to discoveries that can be applied to modern medicine. For example, the evolutionary history of a specific pathogen may allow us to understand how it may behave in the future, and the constitution of ancient human microbiota may allow us to interrogate what taxa have been gained and lost over time in certain populations and what this may mean for modern oral and gut health. The study of past human health has always, by necessity, been an interdisciplinary endeavor. The task of diagnosis, difficult in living populations, becomes increasingly complicated with the passage of time, and the meaning and value of historical diagnosis, depending on the theoretical tides among medical historians, modern clinicians, and anthropologists, may fluctuate (Arrizabalaga, 2002; Waldron, 2009). Historical documentation or art pieces may offer verbal descriptions or visual depictions of ill health, but may be open to broad interpretation due to differing medical conventions and terminology over time and space, embellishment of the artist, or even political concerns that may or may not be evident to the scholar attempting a diagnosis (Mitchell, 2011). Health can also be inferred from human remains in archaeological contexts or the archaeological contexts themselves. Mass graves or multiple burials, for example, could signal an epidemic event (Blakely and Detweiler-Blakely, 1989; Rugg, 2000). Disease processes can leave traces in surviving soft tissue in the case of mummified individuals or in hard tissue, and as human remains that survive in the archaeological record are mostly skeletonized, bone tends to be the most common medium from which paleopathologists attempt to diagnose deceased, archaeological individuals. However, pathological changes in bone are not always specific to a single condition or infection, and not all conditions and infections leave signs in the Introduction 5 skeleton. For those conditions that can leave signs in the skeleton, whether or not this occurs depends on numerous factors, such as, for example, the immunocompetency of the individual or the severity of the infection. Even in the event that there are pathognomonic signs of a specific infection identified in a skeletonized individual, that information cannot be used to infer evolutionary dynamics of the infecting organism. ; Alte mikrobielle DNA ist eine ausgezeichnete Quelle um Informationen über die Gesundheit der Menschen in der Vergangenheit zu gewinnen. Die Methoden zur effektiven Analyse sind noch jung und müssen weiter präzisiert werden. Next-Generation-Sequenzierungstechnologien machten es möglich, vollständige Bakteriengenome aus großen mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften menschlicher Überreste zu isolieren sowie die Gemeinschaften in ihrer Gesamtheit zu untersuchen. Die vorgelegte Dissertation veranschaulicht den Wert dieser beiden Ansätze durch die metagenomische Analyse verschiedener archäologischer Materialien: ein verkalkter Lungenknoten aus mumifizierten menschlichen Überresten, Dentin, Zahnstein und Latrinensedimenten. Im Verlauf der drei hier vorgestellten Projekte benutze ich das Genom eines Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) aus dem 17. Jahrhundert um den Zeitpunkt der Entstehung des Komplexes besser zu kalibrieren, untersuche anhand eines globalen Datensatzes die Dynamik in der DNA Erhaltung von Wirt und oralem Mikrobiom in Zahnstein und Zahnbein und untersuche die Konservierung microbieller DNA in zwei Latrinensedimentenproben für sowohl eukaryotische Parasiten als auch im Darm angesiedelte Mikroben. Manuskript A behandelt ein hochqualititives Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Genom. Die hohe Qualität des Genoms und das genau bekannte Todesjahr des Verstorbenen ermöglichen es uns, das Genom als sicheren Kalibrierungspunkt in der Bayesischen phylogenetischen Analyse zu verwenden und so den letzten gemeinsamen Vorfahren (tMRCA) für den gesamten MTBC und der Linie 4 des MTBC zu bestimmen. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass der verkalkte Lungenknoten eine ausgezeichnete Quelle für MTBC-DNA darstellt und unterstützt die These der Verbindung zwischen der Entsehung der Tuberkulose und der Ausbreitung der Landwirtschaft und Tierzucht. Manuskript B bietet eine umfassende Untersuchung der DNA-Erhaltung in Zahnstein im Vergleich zum Zahnbein desselben Zahns und bestätigt systematisch Zahnstein als eine hervorragende Konservierungsumgebung für DNA über verschiedene Kontinente, Zeiträume und Individuen hinweg. Alle Zahnsteinproben weisen einen hohen Gehalt an genetischem Material der oralen Mikroben und geringen Mengen an Wirts DNA auf. Die Zahnsteinproben enthielten außerdem weniger Verunreinigungen aus der Umgebung. Interessanterweise enthielt auch das Zahnbein kleine Mengen von oralen Mikroben. Dies zeigt, dass Dentin in einigen Situationen als Proxy für einzelne orale Taxa verwendet werden kann. Diese Arbeit erhebt damit standartisiert die Erwartungen für die Erhaltung von DNA in Zahlstein. In Manuskript C wird eine Fallstudie in der interdisziplinären Paläomikrobiologie vorgestellt. Latrinensedimenteproben aus zwei mittelalterlichen Stätten, die zuvor bereits mikroskopisch analysiert wurden werden genetisch analysiert. Die metagenomischen Profile 165 beider Proben wurden auf eukaryotischen Parasiten und Erhaltung des Darm- Mikrobioms hin untersucht. Das Projekt zeigt, wie die Metagenomanalyse die Mikroskopie bei der Untersuchung der Gesundheit vergangener Bevölkerungungen ergänzen kann, indem sie einen enaueren Einblick in das Vorhandensein von Taxa, ihre Abstammungslinie und ihre Genomsequenzen bietet. Genetische Analysen können auch die unsichtbare Welt der zum Darmmikrobiom gehörenden Taxa aufdecken. Allerdings zeigt dieses Projekt auch viele Einschränkungen bei Analysen dieser Art auf. Die meisten Einschränkungen ergeben sich aus dem Mangel an modernen Genomsequenzen für eukaryotische Parasiten und nicht kultivierbarer Darmmikroben. Alte mikrobielle DNA ist eine ausgezeichnete Quelle um Informationen über die Gesundheit der Menschen in der Vergangenheit zu gewinnen. Die Methoden zur effektiven Analyse sind noch jung und müssen weiter präzisiert werden. Next-Generation- Sequenzierungstechnologien machten es möglich, vollständige Bakteriengenome aus großen mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften menschlicher Überreste zu isolieren sowie die Gemeinschaften in ihrer Gesamtheit zu untersuchen. Die vorgelegte Dissertation veranschaulicht den Wert dieser beiden Ansätze durch die metagenomische Analyse verschiedener archäologischer Materialien: ein verkalkter Lungenknoten aus mumifizierten menschlichen Überresten, Dentin, Zahnstein und Latrinensedimenten. Im Verlauf der drei hier vorgestellten Projekte benutze ich das Genom eines Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) aus dem 17. Jahrhundert um den Zeitpunkt der Entstehung des Komplexes besser zu kalibrieren, untersuche anhand eines globalen Datensatzes die Dynamik in der DNA Erhaltung von Wirt und oralem Mikrobiom in Zahnstein und Zahnbein und untersuche die Konservierung microbieller DNA in zwei Latrinensedimentenproben für sowohl eukaryotische Parasiten als auch im Darm angesiedelte Mikroben. Manuskript A behandelt ein hochqualititives Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Genom. Die hohe Qualität des Genoms und das genau bekannte Todesjahr des Verstorbenen ermöglichen es uns, das Genom als sicheren Kalibrierungspunkt in der Bayesischen phylogenetischen Analyse zu verwenden und so den letzten gemeinsamen Vorfahren (tMRCA) für den gesamten MTBC und der Linie 4 des MTBC zu bestimmen. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass der verkalkte Lungenknoten eine ausgezeichnete Quelle für MTBC-DNA darstellt und unterstützt die These der Verbindung zwischen der Entsehung der Tuberkulose und der Ausbreitung der Landwirtschaft und Tierzucht. Manuskript B bietet eine umfassende Untersuchung der DNA-Erhaltung in Zahnstein im Vergleich zum Zahnbein desselben Zahns und bestätigt systematisch Zahnstein als eine hervorragende Konservierungsumgebung für DNA über verschiedene Kontinente, Zeiträume und Individuen hinweg. Alle Zahnsteinproben weisen einen hohen Gehalt an genetischem Material der oralen Mikroben und geringen Mengen an Wirts DNA auf. Die Zahnsteinproben enthielten außerdem weniger Verunreinigungen aus der Umgebung. Interessanterweise enthielt auch das Zahnbein kleine Mengen von oralen Mikroben. Dies zeigt, dass Dentin in einigen Situationen als Proxy für einzelne orale Taxa verwendet werden kann. Diese Arbeit erhebt damit standartisiert die Erwartungen für die Erhaltung von DNA in Zahlstein. In Manuskript C wird eine Fallstudie in der interdisziplinären Paläomikrobiologie vorgestellt. Latrinensedimenteproben aus zwei mittelalterlichen Stätten, die zuvor bereits mikroskopisch analysiert wurden werden genetisch analysiert. Die metagenomischen Profile Zusammenfassung 165 beider Proben wurden auf eukaryotischen Parasiten und Erhaltung des Darm- Mikrobioms hin untersucht. Das Projekt zeigt, wie die Metagenomanalyse die Mikroskopie bei der Untersuchung der Gesundheit vergangener Bevölkerungungen ergänzen kann, indem sie einen genaueren Einblick in das Vorhandensein von Taxa, ihre Abstammungslinie und ihre Genomsequenzen bietet. Genetische Analysen können auch die unsichtbare Welt der zum Darmmikrobiom gehörenden Taxa aufdecken. Allerdings zeigt dieses Projekt auch viele Einschränkungen bei Analysen dieser Art auf. Die meisten Einschränkungen ergeben sich aus dem Mangel an modernen Genomsequenzen für eukaryotische Parasiten und nicht kultivierbarer Darmmikroben. Zusammenfassend untersucht diese Arbeit die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen alter mikrobieller genetischer Daten bei der Erforschung der menschlichen Gesundheit und Krankheiten der Vergangenheit. Zusammenfassend untersucht diese Arbeit die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen alter mikrobieller genetischer Daten bei der Erforschung der menschlichen Gesundheit und Krankheiten der Vergangenheit.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la arqueología virtual como una de las metodologías empleadas en los proyectos desarrollados en el marco de la línea de investigación "Arqueología de las órdenes militares" y que desde hace unos años se lleva a cabo desde la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha en colaboración con la Fundación Castillo de La Estrella. Su objetivo es el estudio de estas instituciones en el marco de la Edad Media y desde la perspectiva de la cultura material aunando el análisis del patrimonio arqueológico y de las fuentes documentales. En este sentido, la arqueología virtual, entendida como la "aplicación de la visualización asistida por ordenador a la gestión integral del patrimonio arqueológico" ha sido incorporada como una metodología más con el fin no sólo de servir como herramienta de difusión y comunicación, tanto para especialistas como para el público general; sino también como un medio a partir del cual orientar y complementar el proceso de investigación. Presentamos el proceso metodológico en la aplicación de la arqueología virtual a varios casos de estudio de elementos patrimoniales relacionados con las órdenes de Santiago, Calatrava y San Juan, como son el Castillo de la Estrella (Montiel, Ciudad Real), la fortaleza y el convento de Uclés (Uclés, Cuenca) y el hospital santiaguista de Alarcón (Alarcón, Cuenca), entre otros. Así mismo, plantearemos las dificultades y ventajas de la aplicación de la arqueología virtual, especialmente en el sentido de herramienta en el proceso de investigación para el desarrollo del debate; el planteamiento de preguntas y búsqueda de soluciones; la plasmación de hipótesis; y la orientación de proyectos futuros.Lo más destacado:Planteamiento de la arqueología virtual como metodología útil en la investigación interdisciplinar del patrimonio de las órdenes militares: pros y contras, problemas y soluciones.Proceso y resultado de la aplicación de la arqueología virtual en varios estudios vinculados a las órdenes militares: castillos, conventos, hospitales o explotaciones rurales.Desarrollo de la investigación a través del uso de la arqueología virtual: generando interrogantes y buscando respuestas. ; Extended Abstract:The objective of this paper is to show the virtual archaeology as one of the methodologies applicated in the research line "Archaeology of the military orders" developed for some years by the University of Castilla-La Mancha in collaboration with the Fundación Castillo de la Estrella.The military orders are very important institutions for the study of the Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula. Because of that, there is a rich literature which approaches many aspects of these institutions: their origins and evolution; organisation; economic dimension; social reality. In contrast, the studies which have focused on the heritage linked to these orders have not had the same degree of development. This lack has motivated the creation of this important research line, where several specialists from different disciplines such as history, archaeology, architecture or restoration try to focus on the research of the military orders heritage, mainly in the region of Castilla-La Mancha. Thus, our research line is based on an interdisciplinary methodology, combining traditional practice with new technologies, like the virtual archaeology, which is described as the "using computer-based visualisation for the comprehensive management of archaeological heritage" (Principios de Sevilla, 2012).Virtual archaeology as a research methodologyThere are several applications for the virtual archaeology, but we could summarize them in three: research, conservation and restoration, and communication. In this paper, we focused on the first of them. We have worked with virtual archaeology in several cases such as the Castle of La Estrella (Montiel, Ciudad Real), the fortress and priory of Uclés (Uclés, Cuenca) or the hospital of Santiago of Alarcón (Alarcón, Cuenca), and we can say that this methodology has contributed to progress in the knowledge of all the elements which have been recreated. In the creation process of a virtual model, it is necessary to collect all information and data as are possible of the element on which we work. In this process, a lot of questions about several aspects appears, and we must try to find responses. In this way, we discover things which probably never would have been approached without this process. Furthermore, the virtual archaeology is an excellent method to sketch and discuss different hypothesis. It is a visual language with whom the specialists could show their ideas as support of the traditional text formats or other graphics sources as photos or plans.WorkflowOur workflow is similar toot her projects of virtual archaeology. Before to start to work, is important to think about the objective of the model. For example, there are a lot of differences between a simple model to sketch the possible spatial disposition of a building in the research discussion, and a recreation to show to the public. Then, we can start to work in a process which can be summarized in these steps:Compilation of all the documents, information and data as are possible about the element to recreate.Discussion about several aspects of the model as the plan, materials, constructive technics, decoration, landscape, etc. Is interesting to use sketches or drawings before starting to work in the 3D model.Design of the 3D model starting with the general aspects as the spatial disposition of the different elements, its size or the main details, and after that, work with the specific elements, decorations or contextual items (in recreations).Texturize the different objects of the model. It is important to work with the correct materials. In this way, we try to use the real textures of the archaeological elements when we have them.Integrate the model in a correct context: topography, landscape, people and animals, furniture, etc. These aspects will be present with a different degree of detail depending on the objective of the virtual model.The last step is the creation of various sources as images, videos, interactive application, etcTo preserve the scientific transparency is important to show the degree of evidence of the different elements of the model. An option is to use a colour scale like the one which has been developed by Aparicio Figueiredo (2016) which reflects the origin of the data and the degree of historical and archaeological evidence that we have.It is important to point out that the discussion between the specialists must be present in all these steps.ConclusionsThe virtual archaeology is a growing methodology in the heritage management sphere. As a communication tool, it is an excellent language to show ideas to the general and the specialised public. But this has many possibilities in other fields such as conservation and restoration, and research. As with any other methodology, it is necessary to create scientific criteria and rules for it use, a process which has already started with the creation of the Seville Principles. Now, is the turn of the researches and heritage specialists to do a correct use of this tool and develop its multiple possibilities.
This article reviews new aspects of the interplay between fashion and advertising, says that advertising messages through text-description shows image of the advertised product, with marking does not have to link with the signified. The basic expression fashion trends are in advertising.At XXI century advertising is always looking for new forms of expression, it involves in their communicative space of various art trends, cultural studies and public opinion. One of its main sources is a formative fashion.Transformed from a simple craft into a developed industry, fashion is becoming popular and constantly debated phenomenon. An increasing of its value and relevance to modern society, it sets the necessary impression creates the desired image for a particular person or goods. Fashion simultaneously combines the stability of tradition and innovative tricks, such as creativity and commercial benefits. We can state that thanked to advertising and marketing professional, more people follow fashion trends and become "fashion victims".Despite the fact that there are a large number of works on the history of fashion, art and outstanding designers create clothes, marketing in the fashion industry and "fashion philosophy", some questions still left unattended researchers, in particular the problem of interaction of advertising and fashion in terms of post and post-post-culturewhich, in our opinion, needs detailed study.First of all it is worth to mention the work of F. Kotler "Principles of Marketing", which theoretically grounded relationship marketing in the traditional sense of the term, with the global fashion industry. In the theoretical work of T. Hines and M. Bruce "Fashion Marketing" describes the basic techniques of marketing in contemporary fashion, given the statistics. In this work analyzes the activity of representatives of fashion secrets revealed professional artists. Another theoretical work that reveals the direct sphere of modern fashion is a "Fashion world" of French journalist M. Tunheym, which is an actual example of fashion masterpieces.Particular note is the work of French semiotics, the philosopher R. Barthes "fashion system" in which theoretical stresses that modern fashion is the opposition of three systems: "clothes-image (photo or drawing that have only limited symbolic), 2) Clothing-description (text, commenting that image) and 3) real clothing" [1, 9]. The first and third system, by R. Barth, mostly exhausted its denotative message transmission or manual visual image for practical action, while ьsystem-describing saturated clothing connotations; it is located "between things and words". We cannot agree with the theoretical relative that description connects fashion with the outside world, but at the same time and tendentiously distorting the world.A similar opinion was expressed by the modern Swedish researcher L. Svendsen in the "fashion philosophy". The author considers fashion as a phenomenon that, on the one hand, promotes the aesthetic of human life, on the other; affect the identity of the human population, backgrounds. French sociologist and philosopher J. Baudriyar continues the idea R. Barth, and draws attention to the social side of the phenomenon of fashion. For him, in the centres of interest are human simulacra-world signs that are manifested in various spheres of culture – art, fashion, media, technology, sexual relations and others.As noted in our advertising time, as the description text, shapes the fashion, it can transmit not only information about products and services, but also on public opinion in general or the political preferences of the masses. In modern fashion the rules permissible limits and canons of beauty disappear. It is filled with stylistic eclecticism, with all possible variations and combinations simulacra. The most common fashion borders on art, using the principal components of the artistic image – cognitive, regulatory and communicative. Combining data elements, it creates a new dialogue between the thing and its customer, which is dominated by the same thing.To better promote products, specialists in public relations, PR managers developed "special" story of collection that told what had fascinated the designer during creating this collection, inspired and motivated him. This myth has a certain character and it can be both too romantic and compassionate-dramatic. Always available a certain mystery in the message you are composing. Press releases (summary of concepts) often served with a touch of a charitable cause. In some cases, even a fashion filled with mystical meaning, appeal to the "sublime Gothic". This trend can be seen in the collections of local designers, for example, in the same collection Valerie Kovalska called "13".Thus, the hallmark of fashion is its pragmatic direction. The main income is presented as such especially for promotion of a product created by the so-called seasonal "must-have" objects of desire, trends, the hit lists of the month. A limited collection created an illusory uniqueness. Permanent imposing certain image cannot remain indifferent consumer and sooner or later he/she still remembered the advertised product. We introduce a special system of discounts and bonuses which are not always true, for example, the price of the thing to the "sale" and after remain unchanged.The use of a large number of different prints, dominated by vivid images, deep colors with complex graphics are popular. As a starting point "lucky number" are the first letter of proper names or "sacred mantras", which will certainly bring happiness and prosperity. Apply all known kitsch images:, ironic, romantic images of fairy tales (imagine myself Oriental Beauty); optical illusion that the buyer is transferred into the mysterious world of fantasy; surreal prints that are associated with S. Dali masterpieces; drawings and abstract floral patterns, graphic lines and geometric shapes, all of these things come to mind. Nothing can stop contemporary designers to bring their collections.Thus, we can state that the fashion continuously marked clothing and a world. Advertising creates fashion, it predicts the desired information about a product and imposes other people's opinions and preferences. Advertisingcombines the perception of reality and creates its reality by itself. The public mood is formed by the artificial icons. It sets the style which all people must wish. Even if in imitation of a designed image difficulties appear (such as lack of money or social status)but due to the advertising (description text)a consumer still wants to to become the owner of the advertised product. ; В статье рассматриваются современные аспекты взаимодействия моды и рекламы. Отмечается, что в рекламных сообщениях благодаря описанию-тексту эксплицируется образ рекламированного товара, при этом означающее не обязательно имеет связь с означаемым. Наводятся основные проявления модных тенденций в рекламе. ; У статті розглядаються сучасні аспекти взаємодії моди та реклами. Зазначається, що в рекламних повідомленнях завдяки опису-тексту експліціюється образ рекламованого товару, при цьому позначаюче не обов'язково має зв'язок з означуваним. Наводяться основні прояви модних тенденцій у рекламі.
Im Jahr 2001 öffnete mit dem Tanzquartier Wien eines der heute wichtigsten Häuser in Europa, die sich auf praktischer wie theoretischer Ebene zeitgenössischer Tanz- und Performancekunst verschrieben haben, seine Pforten. Die Auseinandersetzung mit tanz- und performancetheoretischem Wissen ist integrativer Bestandteil der Programmgestaltung – Ausdruck dafür ist etwa ein eigenes Theorie- und Medienzentrum, das von Krassimira Kruschkova geleitet wird, die Leitung der Dramaturgie obliegt Sandra Noeth. Der Anspruch einer Verflechtung von künstlerischer Praxis und theoretischen Positionen liegt auch in dem von Sandra Noeth gemeinsam mit Gabriele Klein herausgegebenen 21. Band der Reihe Critical Dance Studies zugrunde: Basierend auf der internationalen Konferenz "Performing Reality. 'Making Worlds' in Dance and Choreography", die im November 2009 in der Kulturfabrik Kampnagel in Hamburg stattgefunden hat, versammelt Emerging Bodies. The Performance of Worldmaking in Dance and Choreography insgesamt 18 Beiträge in fünf Kapiteln, die zum Teil die im Rahmen der Konferenz erprobten, unkonventionellen Formate auch in der verschriftlichten Form aufgreifen. Die Lektüre gestaltet sich gleichsam als abwechslungsreiche Fahrt durch theoretische und praktische Gefilde einer lebendigen Landschaft vorwiegend zeitgenössischer Tanz- und Performancekunst. Konstitutiv für den vorliegenden Band ist jene Ende der 1970er-Jahre von Nelson Goodman formulierte These der 'Ways of Worldmaking': 'Welt' wird dabei nicht als etwas Gegebenes betrachtet, sondern vielmehr als Schöpfungsprozess, und "Worldmaking is therefore always social, cultural, religious, framed, historically in flux and reliant on scientific and philosophical discourses and experiences" (S.8). Daran anknüpfend geht es um die Frage, was denn das für Welten sind, die mit körperlichen und tanzästhetischen Mitteln geschaffen werden, und welche Potentiale im Tanz in Bezug auf Goodmans Thesen stecken. Seit den 1990er-Jahren sind es im Speziellen Prozesse der Globalisierung und Trans-Nationalisierung, die dem Konzept der 'Welterzeugung' auch innerhalb der performativen Künste einen neuen Bedeutungsgehalt zuweisen. Auf theoretischer Ebene manifestiert sich dies etwa in den Diskussionen um eine 'global history' oder in der Aneignung von Methoden aus den Postcolonial Studies in der internationalen Tanzforschung; auf praktischer Ebene haben diese Transformationen in Stilrichtungen wie dem post-strukturalistischen Tanz oder dem Konzepttanz Ausdruck gefunden. Gabriele Klein und Sandra Noeth formulieren im Vorwort die These, auf die der vorliegende Band aufbaut: "This volume is based on the assumption that dance reveals its effectivity not in the representation of existing structures and systems, but unfolds its potentiality precisely in the offering of alternatives, of utopias, developed with the help of the body and through the organizations of movement" (S. 9). Darauf Bezug nehmend, gehen die Beitragenden der Frage nach, wie Tanz 'Welten' schafft; dabei wird das spezifische 'Worldmaking' von Tanz und Choreographie anderen Kunstformen und deren Forschungsmethoden gegenübergestellt. Die ersten drei Texte zum Thema 'Social Realms' von Gabriele Klein, Randy Martin (Tisch School of the Arts, New York) und der Dramaturgin Bojana Kunst changieren zwischen den beiden Polen Ästhetik und Politik. Tanz eignet sich, um Politik zu denken – behauptet etwa Randy Martin, denn "Dance is a crucial analytic method that makes legible a larger sweep of how we move together" (S.34). Martin spricht von einer sozialen Kinästhetik, die ihre spezifischen Verfahrensweisen global verbreitet und somit andere Methoden von Mobilisierung in Umlauf bringt – wie dies etwa bei Breakdance der Fall ist: Breakdance "elaborates upon the released hips of black popular dance, incorporates call-and-response forms grounded in practices such as the ring-shout, and inverts the cosmology of up and down, front and black" (S.36). Ergänzt wird der erste Teil des Bandes durch ein Gespräch von Sandra Noeth mit der Hamburger Performancegruppe LIGNA über deren performatives Hörspiel Der Neue Mensch, das während des Kongresses präsentiert wurde. Die Performance verschränkt ästhetische Phänomene und politische Parameter – konkret setzt sie sich mit in den 1920er-Jahren kursierenden Diskursen zum Körper auseinander und fragt danach, welche Art von Körper formgebend für die Idee des 'Neuen Menschen' war. Das darauffolgende Kapitel steht unter dem Motto 'Hybrid Spheres' und versammelt Beiträge von Susan Leigh Foster (Department of World Arts and Cultures, UCLA), Sabine Sörgel (Department of Drama, Theatre and Performance, Wales) und der Ethnologin Anette Rein, die bis 2008 Direktorin des Museums der Weltkulturen in Frankfurt am Main war, sowie ein Künstlerinnengespräch zwischen Gabriele Klein und der Theaterregisseurin Monika Gintersdorfer. In den vier Texten sind ausgewählte Beispiele zeitgenössischer Tanz- und Performancekunst aus Thailand, Bali und Afrika Gegenstand der Diskussionen. Dabei wird immer wieder auf die Abhängigkeit der Kunst von gesellschaftspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen verwiesen; so unterstreicht Monika Gintersdorfer etwa die Tatsache, dass es in ihrer Zusammenarbeit mit afrikanischen Tänzer/innen in Deutschland immer auch um Aufenthaltsbewilligungen ginge – um die Erlaubnis also, sich zu bewegen. Methodisch tanzt der Beitrag von Susan Leigh Foster etwas aus der Reihe: Foster stellt den Versuch an, die besondere Form, die sie bei der Konferenz für ihren Vortrag gewählt hatte, in einen verschriftlichten Beitrag zu übersetzen; sie inszeniert ihren Text gleichsam als imaginierten Dialog mit Jérôme Bel: "I stage a three-way conversation between French choreographer Jérôme Bel, myself as a feminist scholar writing about a piece he created in collaboration with Thai dancer Pichet Klunchun entitled Pichet Klunchun and Myself (2004), and myself watching the performance of the lecture along with Bel" (S.73). Mit ihrem Beitrag stellt Foster das Potential der Wissensproduktion in Performances aus und zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, durch die Künstler/innen und Wissenschafter/innen in Dialog treten können. Gleichzeitig überlässt diese Vorgehensweise der Theorie nicht das letzte Wort – so lässt Foster sich in ihren selbstironischen Ausführungen immer wieder von einem kritischen Bel unterbrechen: "But I have to say that it strikes me as very odd, this custom of standing in front of people and reading a peace of paper" (S.77). Im nächsten Abschnitt werden spezifische 'Art Worlds' abgeschritten: Gabriele Brandstetter (FU Berlin), Julie Townsend (Johnston Center for Integrated Studies, Kalifornien), Knut Hickethier (Universität Hamburg) und der Berliner Kunsthistoriker Michel Diers weisen auf die Besonderheiten von Tanz unter Einbeziehung anderer Kunstformen hin. Während Gabriele Brandstetter in ihrem Beitrag etwa den Fokus auf die Performativität von Tanz im Verhältnis zur Performativität von Schrift – die sie für ihre Untersuchung in erster Linie als körperlichen Akt des Tanzens und Schreibens versteht – legt, zieht Julie Townsend Autobiographien von Tänzerinnen aus dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert heran, um jene Künstlerinnen in ihrem jeweiligen kulturellen Kontext zu verorten. Knut Hickethier wiederum zeigt, dass Tanz und Film eine Gemeinsamkeit in ihrer Fokussierung auf Bewegung, Körper und Rhythmisierung haben; er fragt danach, wie Bewegung und Tanz in populären Filmen bestimmte narrative Räume eröffnen. Auch Michael Diers widmet sich in seinem Beitrag dem Film, konkret Michelangelo Antonionis Blow up (GB 1966), in dem das Medium Photographie dem Medium Film gegenübergestellt wird, um auf diese Weise Stillstand und Bewegung, bewegte Bilder und bewegte Körper in den Blick zu rücken. Der vierte Teil des vorliegenden Bandes steht unter dem Leitgedanken 'Digital Worlds – Processing Bodies' und stellt drei Projekte vor, die auf künstlerisch-medialer Ebene Tanz in Beziehung zu Prozessen der Notation, Digitalisierung und Speicherung setzen. Zunächst geben Fréderic Bevilacqua, Norbert Schnell und Sarah Fdili Alaoui, drei Forschende am Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics and Music, Paris, einen Überblick über derzeit verfügbare technische Möglichkeiten der Aufzeichnung von Gesten und Bewegungen, die in Zusammenarbeit mit Choreograph/innen entwickelt werden. Im Anschluss daran stellen Stephen Turk und Norah Zuniga Shaw (Ohio State University) aus ihrer jeweiligen Perspektive das Projekt Synchronous Objects vor, bei dem sich Wissenschafter/innen verschiedener Disziplinen mit der Choreographie von William Forsythes One Flat Thing, reproduced (2000), einem Stück für 17 Tänzer/innen, auseinandersetzen. In Forsythes Arbeit bewegen sich die Performer/innen in 15 Minuten 30 Sekunden durch ein Labyrinth aus Tischen: "Forsythe's furnishing of the performance space with an array of tables unbalances the conventional understanding of ground by providing a new surface datum which acts perceptually on the figure of dancers as their bodies are effectively bisected, sectioned and measured by the plane of the tables", so Turk (S.196). Synchronous Objects versteht sich als ein gemeinschaftliches Projekt der Visualisierung von Choreographie, das sich vom Tanz hin zu Daten und Objekten bewegt: "The date are numeric translations of the choreographic structures/systems in the dance. And the objects – animations, graphics, computer applications – are visual expressions of those structures" (S.208), erklärt Daphne Zuniga Shaw gemeinsam mit William Forsythe und Maria Palazzi, Creative Director des Projects. Den Kern des abschließenden Segments über die 'Working Principles' bilden von den beiden Kuratorinnen des Tanzkongresses 2009 in Hamburg, Sabine Gehm und Katharina von Wilcke, geführte Gespräche über kuratorische, künstlerische und dramaturgische Arbeitsprozesse mit Gesa Ziemer (Universität Hamburg) und der Mitherausgeberin des Bandes, Sandra Noeth. Gehm und von Wilcke schildern in ihrem Beitrag, wie das Konzept des 'Worldmaking' auf die Struktur des Kongresses – den sie als "a temporary microcosm and in itself choreography" (S.227) begreifen – Einfluss genommen hat. So dienen etwa in Performances erprobte Verfahrensweisen als Inspirationsquelle; gefragt sind vor allem partizipatorische Formate wie Salons, Lecture Performances, Werkstattgespräche oder öffentliche Meisterklassen. Die jeweilige geographische und disziplinäre Verortung der insgesamt 21 Autor/innen und die von ihnen in den Blick genommenen Arbeiten spiegeln zum Einen die globale Vernetzung von Wissenschafter/innen und Künstler/innen wider; zum Anderen wird dadurch deutlich, dass sich die gegenwärtige internationale Tanz- und Performance-Szene nicht davor scheut, den Rahmen der eigenen Disziplin zu sprengen und die Qualitäten von Tanz- und Performancekunst von anderen Positionen aus zu befragen. Die beiden Herausgeberinnen bieten mit Emerging Bodies. The Performance of Worldmaking in Dance and Choreography einen umfassenden Einblick in praktische Positionen und theoretische Diskurse der internationalen Tanz- und Performancekunst. Beim Lesen mag man durchaus den Eindruck gewinnen, als würden die Texte des vorliegenden Bandes sich von den künstlerisch-ästhetischen Verfahrensweisen der Performances leiten lassen, und so auf ganz spezielle Art und Weise den Tanzkongress 2009 widerspiegeln, der den Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit bildet.
The aim of the article is to delineate contours of certain social strategies, images and discourses as well as cultural practices related to the Lithuanianness, as culture and heritage imagined, constructed and contested in and among different waves and generations of the Lithuanian Americans. The period, the wave of immigration, the way it happened and in particular the rooted-ness in the American soil are basic markers for a distinct pattern of Lithuanianness to be recognized. Any one of these patterns falls into the ascription of a certain social strategy, ideology and politics of identity and is motivated and re-enforced by 'symbolic capital' taken from 'repository' (Castells 1997) of national or ethnic heritage. Consequently, the Lithuanian heritage gains its meaning as well as any item of the national 'repository' becomes imagined, (re) constructed and circulated differently among at least four generations of the Lithuanian descendants, who started to settle in the United States in 1860's as economic immigrants, continued in the late 1940s as political DPs (who have moved from displaced person's camps in Germany) and do continue up to the recent wave of post-Soviet Lithuanian immigration. Lithuanianness as ethnicity can operate as shelter and aid. This is a strategy of particular importance for the each category of the Lithuanian immigrants. It is a sort of model for ethnic subsistence, based on neighborhood ties, as well as on shared language skills and also on an appreciation of common cultural heritage in terms of ethnic foods and customs. Ethnic emancipation is a strategy especially evident during the establishment of the ethnic Lithuanian Catholic Church with service in Lithuanian although all believers in the diaspora never supported such a strategy. Nationalist mission is a strategy of cherishing, perpetuating and retaining ethnicity/nation-ness in terms of culture, language, traditions and heritage. The Lithuanian Charter of 1949 is the best example of the nationalist imperative and mission, applicable to any Lithuanian in exile "to pass on the culture to future generations to insure the eternal nature of his nationality' The parish of the Lithuanian Catholic Church is the most visible social network in the case of ethnicity. The role of the parish to shelter and embrace ethnic life, is most visible through the whole history of the Lithuanian diaspora in the US, in particular in its early stages. Only one other ethnic organization – the Lithuanian Community, (Lietuviu bendruomene) founded and maintained almost entirely by DPs, primarily for nationalist activities, could be compared in scale and popularity with the parish. For many that immigrated after World War II, the Lithuanian Community was at least of equal importance as was the parish to old-timers. The social networks of the post-communist immigrants are based on common social and economic experience of the Communist regimes, visible in the job market, such as the economy of favors, nepotism and clientalism. Participation in such social networks 'of their own' or 'groups of friends' is a source of higher salaries, more secure jobs, benefits, and finally, means of successful adaptation, helping immigrants to achieve higher social and economic mobility in American society. Earlier generations of immigrants also transplanted their social experiences from the home country, but unlike new immigrants, they were met by, and exposed to, the same or, at least, very similar social bonds in the new country, where the parish stands as the best example. The most critical issue along all waves of immigration is a normative image of home country. Old-timer's wave of immigration is overwhelmingly guided by rural and heroic romanticism of the old underdeveloped country. Their image of the people of this country is that of a 'strong' people who founded a medieval empire, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and regained independence from Russia twice during the last century, in 1918 and in 1990. It is also the main source of being 'proud of being Lithuanian'. The DPs image of the home country was constructed from the typical political refuge experience. The occupied and suffering country, left behind at the end of the World War II, encouraged them to take on a mission of regaining nation and retaining its culture. For the post-Communist newcomers, the image of the home country is full of postcolonial transitional uncertainty, with a clear understanding that Lithuania belongs to the Eastern European region with Russian as lingua franca. They are very self-conscious, and their image of the home country and Lithuanian people is in many ways focussed on the 'unique-communist regime – experience' as possessed by the immigrants themselves and their compatriots in Lithuania. The question of sociocultural production of meaning of ethnicity implies praxis of everyday life in diasporas, where manipulation of the Lithuanianness takes place. At least two Lithuanian cultural and heritage practices could be defined. The first involves the essentialisation and codification of culture and heritage. Discourses on the issue of 'birthright to glorious Lithuanian heritage' already appeared in the Lithuanian newspapers published in the US at the end of the nineteenth century. The issue of the Lithuanian culture was altered significantly by DPs. The perpetuation of the notion of occupied, and thus repressed and deprived, Lithuanian nation and its culture gained political acceptance within the US government. It gave political motivation for Lithuanian culture in the US to become more than one of many ethnicity cultures within the 'American dream', and to acquire a 'public' and 'prestigious' image. So, despite the predominant 'Melting Pot' cultural politics of the US during the post World War II period, the Lithuanian label held moral and cultural prestige. A second visible Lithuanian cultural and heritage practice in America invokes a cultural bricolage of retained and adopted elements. Cultural bricolage is conducted by creating new meanings for national/ethnic cultural forms of kinship, language, artifacts, visual-virtual materials, narratives and stereotypes. Ethnic identifications phrased as "Proud to be Lithuanian" or 'I am American first and Lithuanian always' along with a few catchwords or phrases in Lithuanian are starting point in practicing cultural bricoleur. An interest in family genealogies, which is usually strongly related to an interest in finding ethnic roots and eventually ends up in ethnic pilgrimages to Lithuania as a homeland (or the land of ancestors), also belongs to that practice. Material objects, which are supposed to belong to the ethnic/national repository, are used for decoration of private homes and public halls, usually enshrined by ethnic shrines. ; Manipuliavimas bet kuriuo ir bet kurio paveldo – ypač tautinio – aspektu vyksta ne tik ir ne tiek tautinės valstybės viduje, bet nė kiek nemažiau ir už jos ribų. Emigrantus, pabėgėlius, deportuotuosius ir kitus persikėlusius ar perkeltuosius sieja ne tik socialinė atmintis apie "namų šalį", bet ir transplantuoti, reprodukuojami bei sumeistraujami tautiniai paveldai. Šio rašinio tikslas – nubrėžti kai kurių socialinių strategijų, socialinių tinklų, įvaizdžių ir diskursų kontūrus, bendrais bruožais aptarti su konkrečiu etniškumu/nacionalumu sukibusio tapatumo kultūrines praktikas, kitaip sakant lietuviškumą – kaip savitą lietuviškos kultūros ir paveldo formą; t. y. kaip "lietuviškumą" įsivaizdavo ir įsivaizduoja, konstravo ir tebekonstruoja bei/ar siekia užginčyti skirtingos Amerikos lietuvių bangos ir kartos. Remiuosi 2000–2002 m. JAV Vidurio Vakarų valstijose atliktų antropologinių lauko tyrimų duomenimis. Didžiausias dėmesys skirtas Rytų ir Pietų Ilinojaus (įskaitant Westville, Collinsville, West-Frankfort ir Herrin) bei Misurio (St. Louis miesto rytinės dalies) valstijų buvusių angliakasių bendruomenių likučiams bei lietuvių gyvenamiesiems rajonams Èikagoje (įskaitant Brighten Park ir Marquette Park).
Rezension von: Kristin Westphal (Hrsg.): Orte des Lernens. Beiträge zu einer Pädaogik des Raumes. (Koblenzer Schriften zur Pädaogik; hrsg. von Nicole Hoffmann, Norbert Neumann und Christian Schrapper). Weinheim: Juventa 2007 (264 S.; ISBN 978-3-7799-1618-5; 22,50 EUR).
A trailblazing look at the historical emergence of a global field in contemporary art and the diverse ways artists become valued worldwidePrior to the 1980s, the postwar canon of "international" contemporary art was made up almost exclusively of artists from North America and Western Europe, while cultural agents from other parts of the world often found themselves on the margins. The Global Rules of Art examines how this discriminatory situation has changed in recent decades. Drawing from abundant sources—including objective indicators from more than one hundred countries, multiple institutional histories and discourses, extensive fieldwork, and interviews with artists, critics, curators, gallerists, and auction house agents—Larissa Buchholz examines the emergence of a world-spanning art field whose logics have increasingly become defined in global terms.Deftly blending comprehensive historical analyses with illuminating case studies, The Global Rules of Art breaks new ground in its exploration of valuation and how cultural hierarchies take shape in a global context. The book's innovative global field approach will appeal to scholars in the sociology of art, cultural and economic sociology, interdisciplinary global studies, and anyone interested in the dynamics of global art and culture
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Esta tesis doctoral investiga la imagen exterior de España proyectada en el periodismo turístico y de viajes desde 1970 hasta 2015. En el desarrollo de la investigación, se ha seleccionado y analizado de manera sistemática, exhaustiva y comparada uno de los principales medios representativos de ese tipo de periodismo a nivel internacional y que forma parte esencial de lo que han venido a llamarse "geografías populares", como son las revistas de contenido geográfico dirigidas al gran público. En este sentido, la investigación planteada no pretende ni desdeñar la importancia de otros medios representativos de este género periodístico, tales como las guías de viaje, sitios web o canales de televisión especializados, ni las interfaces tecnológicas en las que en un plano más general se desarrollan las geografías culturales (véase Aguilar, 2014, Kinsley, 2015). En concreto, la tesis centra su atención en las revistas que para el período considerado han tenido mayor alcance y difusión en los Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido y Francia, tres países de especial relevancia para la política y el mercado turísticos españoles. Para el caso estadounidense se estudia el National Geographic Traveler en comparación con su revista matriz, el National Geographic Magazine1, para el británico The Geographical Magazine y para el francés la revista GEO en su edición francesa. Estas revistas se denominarán en adelante de la siguiente forma: National Geographic Magazine como NGM, National Geographic Traveler como NGT y The Geographical Magazine como TGM (aunque en la actualidad se llama Geographical, en esta investigación el acrónimo se ha planteado a partir del nombre inicial). Finalmente, la revista francesa GEO será identificada sin acrónimo, es decir, como GEO. Las revistas de geografía popular, así como otros medios análogos, surgieron al amparo de la creciente generalización social del fenómeno turístico, contribuyendo poderosamente a modelar la imagen pública de la geografía en sus respectivos países y, de manera más amplia, la forma de percibir el mundo, sus culturas y paisajes por parte de sus numerosos lectores. La gran mayoría de las revistas de geografía popular se inspiran en buena parte en el modelo seguido por el NGM, el ejemplo más conocido y difundido, así como el principal referente internacional desde hace más de un siglo, tanto en el campo del fotoperiodismo, como en el de la divulgación científica de carácter geográfico. El NGM y NGT se publican en los Estados Unidos desde 1888 y 1984, respectivamente. Sendas revistas se editan por la National Geographic Society (en adelante, NGS), cuya sede se encuentra en Washington D.C. Por su parte, el TGM (que desde 1988 pasó a llamarse Geographical), se publica en el Reino Unido desde su fundación en 1935 y se encuentra amparado por la Royal Geographical Society (en adelante, RGS), cuya sede se localiza en el barrio londinense de Kensington. Por último, la versión francesa de GEO se crea en 1979, aunque esta publicación se funda en Alemania tres años antes. Al contrario que los casos anteriores, GEO no cuenta con el respaldo de ninguna sociedad geográfica francesa. La presente tesis doctoral analiza las imágenes y representaciones de España que se han transmitido a través de las revistas de geografía popular señaladas, todas ellas de periodicidad mensual o bimensual. El análisis se focaliza en la retórica textual y visual sobre España comunicada fundamentalmente a través de textos y fotografías, pero también de mapas y gráficos. En sintonía con otros trabajos previos sobre este tipo de publicaciones (por ejemplo, García Álvarez et al., 2013 y García Álvarez y Marías, 2013), este estudio se realiza con dos objetivos fundamentales. De un lado, para contribuir al conocimiento del periodismo turístico y de viajes, así como al enriquecimiento de la historia de la geografía de carácter popular o divulgativo. Esta última ha sido mucho menos estudiada tradicionalmente que la llamada geografía académica y, sin embargo, ha sido notablemente más influyente que la anterior en la conformación de la imagen púbica de la disciplina geográfica en ciertos aspectos y territorios. De otro lado, y tanto o más importante que el anterior, para ampliar el conocimiento de la imagen reciente de España y de los españoles en el extranjero, particularmente en los Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido y Francia. Esta es una cuestión sin duda relevante a la hora de considerar y comprender determinadas visiones y estereotipos con consecuencias significativas en los terrenos ideológico, cultural, económico, e incluso geopolítico. Asimismo, la imagen exterior, geográfica y viajera de un país no solo refleja las ideas, los intereses y las percepciones dominantes en cada momento, sino que también influye significativamente en las actitudes ejercidas sobre ese país en el exterior. La tesis doctoral indaga en los procesos de continuidad y ruptura de los imaginarios exteriores sobre España en las citadas revistas desde una perspectiva geográfica. Es decir, analizando la génesis, pervivencia y evolución de estereotipos acerca de los paisajes, tradiciones y tipos humanos españoles a través de la mirada del extranjero. Estos estereotipos que atraen el interés del visitante, cuanto más simplistas, han resultado más efectivos. Aunque no son falsos sino incompletos, los estereotipos pueden actuar como reclamos de la industria turística, pero también dar lugar a simplificaciones y distorsiones que, por lo general, estigmatizan o idealizan en exceso a una determinada sociedad. En el terreno aplicado, y en especial en relación con la política turística, este tipo de investigación puede ser importante porque el conocimiento de las imágenes, tanto negativas como positivas, que sobre España mantienen los medios extranjeros, posibilita generar nuevas estrategias de posicionamiento en los mercados, sin dejar por ello de respetar plenamente la proyección y divulgación de la cultura española y de revalorizar los atractivos turísticos del país. En definitiva, ampliar el estudio de las perspectivas desde las cuales se imagina y se percibe España desde el exterior incrementa la confianza del país en determinadas esferas, como el ámbito político y económico, así como posibles flujos de inversiones extranjeras. ; This Ph.D. dissertation studies the external image of Spain depicted in the touristic and travel journalism from 1970 to 2015. In the course of the research, one of the most representative examples of that kind of journalism internationally has been systematically, exhaustively, and comparatively analyzed. That is to say, the so-called "popular geographies" magazines, which mainly target a general audience. In this regard, this research does not intend to discard the undoubted relevance of other representative examples within this journalist genre, such as travel guides, websites, or television channels specialized in travels, nor does it with respect to other generalist interfaces developing or reinforcing the so-called "cultural geographies" (see Aguilar, 2014, Kinsley, 2015). More specifically, this doctoral thesis focuses on those far-reaching magazines with a great diffusion within the period considered in the USA, UK, and France, three countries of special relevance for the Spanish tourist market and policy. As for the USA, the National Geographic Traveler is studied in comparison to its parent 20 magazine, the National Geographic Magazine2, while The Geographical Magazine and GEO are respectively examined for the case of UK and France. Hereafter, these magazines will be referred as follows: National Geographic Magazine as NGM, National Geographic Traveler as NGT, and The Geographical Magazine as TGM (though its current name is Geographical, this study uses the acronym raised from the original name). Finally, the French magazine, GEO, will be identified without any acronym as GEO. The popular geographical magazines, as well as other similar mass media, emerged in the frame of an increasing socialization or democratization of the tourism phenomenon, contributing this way to shape the public image of Geography respectively in each country and, more broadly, influencing the way many readers view and understand the world, its cultures, and environments. The majority of the popular geographical magazines were largely inspired in the model followed by the NGM, the best known and most divulgated, as well as the most prominent international reference for more than a century, both in the field of photojournalism and in the scientific dissemination of geography. The NGM and the NGT have been published in the USA since 1888 and 1984 respectively to nowadays. Both magazines have always been edited by the National Geographic Society (henceforth, NGS), whose headquarters are based in Washington D.C. For its part, the TGM (which came to be called Geographical since 1988), has been published in the UK since its foundation in 1935 and is operating under the umbrella of the Royal Geographical Society (hereafter, RGS), whose headquarters are located in the London neighborhood of Kensington. Finally, the French version of GEO was created in 1979, although this magazine had already been launched in Germany three years before. Contrary to the previous cases, GEO has never had the support of any French geographical society. In this regard, this doctoral thesis examines the images and representations of Spain transmitted through the aforementioned popular geographical magazines, all of them with a monthly or bimonthly frequency. The analysis focuses on the textual and visual rhetoric on Spain transmitted through texts and pictures, but also through maps and graphics. In line with previous papers on this topic (for instance, García Álvarez et al., 2013 and García Álvarez and Marías, 2013), this study seeks to fulfill two main objectives. Firstly, contributing to gaining an understanding of tourism and travel journalism, as well as enriching the history of the popular geography. The latter has traditionally been much less studied than academic geography and, nonetheless, it has exerted a greater impact than the scholarly one on the public image of geography in some respects, societies, and territories. Secondly, and equally important than the first point, enhancing the knowledge of Spain and the Spaniards recent image in the USA, the UK and France. This is an undoubtedly important question to address when it comes to considering, and better understanding, certain views and stereotypes that greatly influence the ideological, cultural, economic, and even geopolitical realm. Additionally, the outer geographical and travel images of a given country not only reflect the dominant ideas, interests, and perceptions in a specific moment, but they also influence the attitudes and policies toward that country from abroad. This research also goes deep into the processes of rupture and continuity of the Spanish external imaginary. That is to say, analyzing the genesis, the continued existence, and the evolution of those stereotypes concerning the Spanish environments, traditions, and human types through foreign viewpoints. The simpler the stereotypes for attracting the visitor's interest are, the more effective they proved to be. Although not false, but incomplete, these stereotypes might operate as tourist appeals, but they might also lead to simplifications and distortions that excessively stigmatize or idealize a given society. Furthermore, in the applied field, and specially in relation to the tourist policy, this research could be important because an accurate knowledge of both the positive and negative images about Spain conveyed by foreign mass media enables to assess and design new positioning strategies within the markets. At the same time, while fully respecting the Spanish culture projection and outreach, it also might help to revalue the tourism attractions of the country. In summary, by broadening the scope of analysis of the foreign perspectives from where Spain is imagined and perceived this research could increase the country's confidence in the political and the economic realm, as well as to pave the way for attracting future fluxes of foreign investments. ; Programa de Doctorado en Humanidades por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Nicolás Ortega Cantero.- Secretario: Guillermo Morales Matos.- Vocal: João Carlos Dos Santos García
VANDA ARAMAVIČIŪTĖ – Habilitated doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: general educology, education and spiritual development of personality, methodology of educational research. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: aramaviciute@gmail.comMARTYNA BAKAITĖ – Master student in Education at Vilnius University. Research interests: adult education, digital culture, language didactics. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: martyna.bakaitė@gmail.comJURATE ČERNEVIČIŪTĖ – Doctor of Humanities (Philosophy), Professor at the Department of Creative Entrepreneurship and Communication, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: communication, cultural and media studies, creative industries, innovations. Address: 26/1 Pylimo Str., LT-01132 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: jurate.cerneviciute@vgtu.ltMIGLĖ DOVYDAITIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Lecturer at the Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: consultancy theory and practice, family crises prevention, short-term therapy, conflict resolution. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: migle.dovydaitiene@fsf.vu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor and the Head of the Education Department, Vilnius University. Research interests: education philosophy, education policy, multicultural education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: lilija.duobliene@fsf.vu.ltOLGA ILJINA – PhD student of Social Sciences (Education) at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: education sociology, social justice in education, grounded theory. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: olgailjina@gmail.comŽILVINAS JANČORAS – Head of Creative Innovation Lab, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: creative industries, innovations, innovation management, business models. Address: 5-35 Linkmenų Str., Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: zilvinas.jancoras@vgtu.ltALBINAS KALVAITIS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Sociology), Education Development Centre's methodologist. Research interests: education sociology, education management, general education. Address: 44 M. Katkaus Str., LT-09217 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: albinaskalvaitis@gmail.comRUSNĖ KREGŽDAITĖ – PhD student of Social Sciences (Economics); junior researcher at the Creative Innovation Lab, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: creative industries, economics of culture, econometrical analysis. Address: 5-35 Linkmenų Str., Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rusne.kregzdaite@vgtu.ltELVYDA MARTIŠAUSKIENĖ – Habilitated Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor at Department of Education, Vilnius University of Educational Sciences. Research interests: general educology, methodology of moral and spiritual research. Address: 39 Studentų Str., LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: martisauskiene@gmail.comVAIDAS MORKEVIČIUS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Sociology), Researcher at the Creative Innovation Lab, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: social survey, social science methods, qualitative comparative analysis, applied statistics and data analytics. Address: 5-35 Linkmenų Str., Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: vaidas.morkevicius@vgtu.ltŽIGIMANTAS PEČIŪRA – Master student, Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: educational psychology, psychology of career. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: zigpec@gmail.comVAIDA PLATKEVIČIŪTĖ – Student, Department of General psychology, Vilnius University. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania.BIRUTĖ POCIŪTĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Psychology), Associate Professor at the Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: educational psychology, psychology of career choice, learning. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: birute.pociute@fsf.vu.ltGIEDRĖ JUDITA RASTAUSKIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Lecturer at Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University. Research interests: socioeducational research analysis. Address: 6 Sporto Str., LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; e-mail address:giedre.rastauskiene@gmail.comIRENA STONKUVIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Associate Professor at the Department of the Education Department, Vilnius University. Research interests: history of education, anthropology of education, education and culture, gender and education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: irena.stonkuviene@fsf.vu.ltROLANDAS STRAZDAS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Management), Researcher at the Institute of Open Source Research, Associate Professor at the Mechanical Engineering Department, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: innovation management, process improvement, collective creativity, creative industries. Address: 11 Saulėtekio Ave., LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rolandas.strazdas@vgtu.ltSAULIUS ŠUKYS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Head of the Department of Health, Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University. Research interests: peculiarities of prosocial children behavior in physical activity. Address: 6 Sporto Str., LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; e-mail address: saulius.sukys@lsu.ltMARIA TILK – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Associate Professor at the Department of Educational Sciences, Tallinn University. Research interests: history of education, narrative. Address: Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn 10120, Estonia; e-mail address: maria.tilk@tlu.eeSVETLANA VASILIONOK – Master student in Education at Vilnius University. Research interests: Lithuanian language teaching in minority schools, Eastern philosophy, the visual arts in teaching and learning. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: svetlana.vasilionok@gmail.comEDITA VAINIENĖ – PhD student of Social Sciences (Education) of Sports and Movement Science Center, Lithuanian Sports University. Research interests: physical culture, identity of specialists of physical education and sports. Address: Sporto Str. 6, LT–44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; e-mail address: editavaina@gmail.comVITA VENSLOVAITĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Lecturer at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: philosophy of education, musical education, phenomenology in education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: vitavensl@gmail.comCHARL C. WOLHUTER – Professor in Comparative and International Education, North-West University. Research interests: teaching of comparative education, theory of comparative education, teacher education, higher education in Africa. Address: North-West University Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; e-mail address: Charl.Wolhuter@nwu.ac.zaRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – Habilitated Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: education policy, education management, higher education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rimantas.zelvys@leu.lt ; VANDA ARAMAVIČIŪTĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituota daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: bendroji edukologija, ugdymas ir asmenybės dvasinis brendimas, ugdymo tyrimų metodologija. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: aramaviciute@gmail.comMARTYNA BAKAITĖ – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros magistrantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: suaugusiųjų švietimas, skaitmeninė kultūra, kalbų didaktika. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: martyna.bakaitė@gmail.comMIGLĖ DOVYDAITIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: konsultavimo teorija ir praktika, šeimos krizių prevencija, trumpalaikė terapija, streso įveika, konfliktų sprendimas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: migle.dovydaitiene@fsf.vu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: ugdymo filosofija, švietimo politika, tarpkultūrinis ugdymas, medijų raštingumo ugdymas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: lilija.duoblienė@fsf.vu.ltJŪRATĖ ČERNEVIČIŪTĖ – humanitarinių mokslų (filosofijos) daktarė, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybos verslo ir komunikacijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: komunikacija, kultūros ir medijų studijos, kūrybinės industrijos, inovacijos. Adresas: Pylimo g. 26/1, LT-01132 Vilnius. El. paštas: jurate.cerneviciute@vgtu.ltOLGA ILJINA – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros doktorantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo sociologija, socialinis teisingumas ugdant, grindžiamoji teorija. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: olgailjina@gmail.comŽILVINAS JANČORAS – Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybinių inovacijų laboratorijos vedėjas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: kūrybinės industrijos, inovacijos, inovacijų vadyba, verslo modeliai. Adresas: Linkmenų g. 5-35, Vilnius. El. paštas: zilvinas.jancoras@vgtu.ltALBINAS KALVAITIS – socialinių mokslų (sociologija) daktaras, Ugdymo plėtotės centro metodininkas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo sociologija, švietimo vadyba, bendrasis ugdymas. Adresas: M. Katkaus g. 44, LT-09217 Vilnius. El. paštas: albinaskalvaitis@gmail.comRUSNĖ KREGŽDAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (ekonomikos) doktorantė, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybinių inovacijų laboratorijos jaunesnioji mokslo darbuotoja. Mokslinių interesų sritys: kūrybinės industrijos, kultūros ekonomika, ekonometrinė analizė. Adresas: Linkmenų g. 5-35, Vilnius. El. paštas: rusne.kregzdaite@vgtu.ltELVYDA MARTIŠAUSKIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituota daktarė, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: bendroji edukologija, dorinis ugdymas, dvasingumo tyrimų metodologija. Adresas: Studentų g. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius. El. paštas: martisauskiene@gmail.comVAIDAS MORKEVIČIUS – socialinių mokslų (sociologijos) daktaras, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybinių inovacijų laboratorijos mokslo darbuotojas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: socialinės apklausos, socialinių tyrimų metodai, kokybinė lyginamoji analizė, taikomoji statistika ir duomenų analizė. Adresas: Linkmenų g. 5-35, Vilnius. El. paštas: vaidas.morkevicius@vgtu.ltBIRUTĖ POCIŪTĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pedagoginė psichologija, karjeros psichologija, mokymasis. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: birute.pociute@fsf.vu.ltŽIGIMANTAS PEČIŪRA – Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros magistrantas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas zigpec@gmail.comVAIDA PLATKEVIČIŪTĖ – Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros studentė. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius.GIEDRĖ JUDITA RASTAUSKIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologija) daktarė, Lietuvos sporto universiteto Taikomosios biologijos ir reabilitacijos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: socioedukacinių tyrimų analizė. Adresas: Sporto g. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas. El. paštas: giedre.rastauskiene@gmail.comIRENA STONKUVIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pedagogikos istorija, ugdymo antropologija, ugdymas ir kultūra, ugdymas ir lytis. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: irena.stonkuvienė@fsf.vu.ltROLANDAS STRAZDAS – socialinių mokslų (vadyba) daktaras, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Atvirojo kodo instituto mokslo darbuotojas, Mechanikos inžinerijos katedros docentas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: inovacijų valdymas, procesų tobulinimas, kolektyvinis kūrybiškumas, kūrybinės industrijos. Adresas: Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius. El. paštas: rolandas.strazdas@vgtu.ltSAULIUS ŠUKYS – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktaras, Lietuvos sporto universiteto Sveikatos, fizinio ir socialinio ugdymo katedros vedėjas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: vaikų prosocialaus elgesio sportinėje veikloje ypatumai. Adresas: Sporto g. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas. El. paštas: saulius.sukys@lsu.ltMARIA TILK – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Talino universiteto Edukologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pedagogikos istorija, naratyvas. Adresas: Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn 10120, Estija. El. paštas: maria.tilk@tlu.eeEDITA VAINIENĖ – Lietuvos sporto universiteto Sporto ir judesių mokslo centro doktorantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: universitetinės kūno kultūros studijos, disciplininis identitetas. Adresas: Sporto g. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas. El. paštas: editavaina@gmail.comSVETLANA VASILIONOK – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros magistrantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: lietuvių kalbos mokymas tautinių mažumų mokyklose, Rytų filosofija, vizualinių menų taikymas mokymo(si) metu. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: svetlana.vasilionok@gmail.comVITA VENSLOVAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: ugdymo filosofija, muzikinis ugdymas, fenomenologija ugdyme. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: vitavensl@gmail.comCHARL C. WOLHUTER – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktaras lyginamosios edukologijos ir tarptautinio švietimo profesorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: lyginamosios edukologijos mokymas, lyginamosios edukologijos teorija, mokytojų rengimas, aukštasis mokslas Afrikoje. Adresas: North-West University, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa. El. paštas: Charl.Wolhuter@nwu.ac.zaRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituotas daktaras, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo politika, švietimo vadyba, aukštasis mokslas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: rimantas.zelvys@leu.lt
