Suchergebnisse

agriculture is now at a crossroads. It must now meet the expectations of society in terms of environmental protection and move towards a multifunctional model. One of the key instruments of European rural development policy, the second pillar of the CAP, is the granting of agri-environmental aid, i.e. payments to farmers who voluntarily undertake, for a limited period of time, to implement environmentally-friendly farming practices which exceed the level of mandatory requirements. The purpose of this report is to present the agri-environmental scheme applicable in the Walloon Region and to assess, as far as possible, the advantages and disadvantages of preserving and managing the environment in agriculture. After recalling the legal framework, I shall discuss the principles governing agri-environmental aid. I shall then develop the main building blocks and mechanisms designed to ensure their effectiveness. Finally, we will assess their effectiveness and relevance in the light of their environmental objectives. ; L'agriculture est aujourd'hui à la croisée des chemins. Elle doit désormais répondre aux attentes de la société en termes de protection de l'environnement et s'orienter vers un modèle multifonctionnel. L'un des instruments phares de la politique européenne de développement rural, deuxième pilier de la PAC, consiste dans l'octroi d'aides agro-environnementales, c'est-à-dire le versement de paiements aux agriculteurs qui s'engagent volontairement, pour une durée limitée, à mettre en oeuvre des pratiques agricoles favorables à l'environnement qui dépassent le niveau d'exigences obligatoires. Le présent rapport a pour objet de présenter le régime agro-environnemental applicable en Région wallonne et d'en évaluer, tant que faire se peut, les avantages et inconvénients pour préserver et gérer l'environnement en milieu agricole. Après avoir rappelé le cadre juridique, nous évoquerons les principes qui régissent les aides agro-environnementales. Nous en développerons ensuite les principaux éléments constitutifs ...

Strong public finances are the prerequisite for rebuilding confidence in the state's capacity to act and are key to long-term growth and the creation of favourable employment conditions. The lack of confidence in the sustainability of public finances in some Member States was one of the main triggers of the crisis in the euro area. Many neighbouring countries decided, some even before the so-called 'debt crisis', to introduce debt cap mechanisms in their legislation. Others took firm political commitments which have been maintained over time, the results of which we see today. Among these countries, we will carefully analyse five of them: Sweden, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Chile and Germany. ; Unas finanzas públicas sólidas son el requisito previo para la reconstrucción de la confianza en la capacidad del Estado para actuar y son fundamentales en el crecimiento a largo plazo así como para la creación de condiciones de empleo favorables. La falta de confianza en la sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas en algunos Estados miembro fue uno de los principales desencadenantes de la crisis en la zona euro. Numerosos países de nuestro entorno decidieron, algunos antes incluso de la llamada 'crisis de la deuda', introducir mecanismos de límite de deuda en sus legislaciones. Otros adoptaron compromisos políticos firmes que se han mantenido en el tiempo, y cuyos resultados vemos a día de hoy. Entre estos países, analizaremos detenidamente cinco de ellos: Suecia, Reino Unido, Suiza, Chile y Alemania.

Literarysources, mainly annals and inscriptions, as well as ancient items ofillustrative art and material culture provide an insight into the political,economic and religious history of cultures, and are the major resources for ourknowledge of ancient societies. Ancient literary sources such as the Annals ofSargon, as official treatises, emphasize the glory of the king, narratingmilitary campaigns, triumphant battles, and treaties. The inscriptions found inPlain Cilicia mostly provide information about the socioeconomics, cults, and beliefs of the region. Archaeologicalinvestigations conducted in East Plain Cilicia provide clues with regard tothree different cults and beliefs prevalent in the region: these are the cultof the mountain god, the cult of the fertility goddess, and a sacred tree cult.Archaeological finds, some of which bear significant marks, decorations orwritings representing such cults in East Plain Cilicia, that is, YukarıÇukurova Plain in Osmaniye Province, are listed as including an inscriptioncarved on rock, two fragmentary terracotta objects, and a bust statue of afemale deity. Cult-related archaeological finds provide an insight to the cultsand beliefs of East Plain Cilicia which have survived or been revived and have endured for almost twothousand years in the region.

On 1 July 2013, 10 years after applying for membership of the European Union, Croatia will become the 28th EU Member State and the second country in the former Yugoslavia to join the EU. In this note, after a rapid review of the state of play, we will return to what seems to us to be the two main weaknesses of the country: on the one hand, its lack of competitiveness and, on the other hand, its level of corruption still far too high to ensure sustained and sustainable growth (.). ; Le 1er juillet 2013, 10 ans après avoir déposé sa demande d'adhésion à l'Union européenne, la Croatie deviendra le 28e État membre de l'UE, et le deuxième pays de l'ex-Yougoslavie à intégrer l'Union. Dans cette note, après un rapide état des lieux, nous reviendrons sur ce qui nous semble être les deux principales faiblesses du pays : d'une part, son manque de compétitivité, et d'autre part, son niveau de corruption encore beaucoup trop élevé pour lui garantir une croissance soutenue et durable (.).

International audience The current regulations concerning atmospheric pollutant discharge by incinerators, and the determination of public authorities to do away with waste dumps as of the beginning of the next decade are leading to a heavy demand for new installations. Areas which still use the dump method will have to equip themselves with purpose-built plants, and incinerators built more than twenty years ago will in many cases have to make way for more efficient units which meet the requirements of the legislators. In all, more than 200 new installations should be erected within the next ten years in France alone. The market prospects are even greater in Europe as a whole, since the problem of waste disposal exists under very much the same conditions in neighbouring countries.

Economic decision-making in the European Union suffers at the highest corporate echelons from a lack of diversity, especially for what concerns gender representativeness. This article seeks to contribute to the corporate gender quota debate, reinvigorated by the recent European Commission's Proposal aiming to introduce quotas in boardrooms, by taking some national experiences as a starting point. It will reveal the existence of a plethora of perspectives and introduce a reference to industrial relations, borrowing from corporate governance theory. The article focuses on three selected countries, representing different models of addressing corporate gender imbalance: the United Kingdom, Spain and France.

There are many criteria which determine whether a city is a good capital. Ecological considerations lead us to place more emphasis on one criterion in particular, i.e. the more or less central location of the capital within the territory. Which European city meets this criterion best? Is the choice of Brussels as capital of the European Union likely to withstand the growing importance of this criterion and the continued enlargement towards the east? In order to answer these questions, this article defines four centres of gravity – 'diplomatic', 'demographic', 'metropolitan' and 'civic' – using new databases and computation techniques. Within the framework of the EU-27, Prague comes first from a 'diplomatic' point of view, Frankfurt from a 'demographic' point of view, Luxembourg from a 'metropolitan' point of view and Brussels from a 'civic' point of view. In a maximalist scenario of enlargement towards the east, this group is replaced by Vienna, Munich, Strasbourg and Brussels. The fourth criterion – which is the most favourable to Brussels – is also, on the surface, the most unstable. This article ends with a discussion of the mechanisms which are likely to ensure that Brussels will keep the 'civic centrality' imparted to it historically by chance.

162 169 55 6 ; S ; © 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permissíon from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertisíng or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. [EN] The provision of very high capacity is one of the big challenges of the 5G cellular technology. This challenge will not be met using traditional approaches like increasing spectral efficiency and bandwidth, as witnessed in previous technology generations. Cell densification will play a major role thanks to its ability to increase the spatial reuse of the available resources. However, this solution is accompanied by some additional management challenges. In this article, we analyze and present the most promising solutions identified in the METIS project for the most relevant network layer challenges of cell densification: resource, interference and mobility management. This work was performed in the framework of the FP7 project ICT-317669 METIS, which is partly funded by the European Union. The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of their colleagues in METIS, although the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the project. Calabuig Soler, D.; Barmpounakis, S.; Giménez Colás, S.; Kousaridas, A.; Lakshmana, TR.; Lorca, J.; Lunden, P. (2017). Resource and Mobility Management in the Network Layer of 5G Cellular Ultra-Dense Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. 55(6):162-169. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600293

Report of Mercosur countries on the breakdown of the constitutional order in the Republic of Paraguay, expressing the firm hope that the ongoing electoral process in the country will lead to the full normalisation of its institutional life and reiterates the firm commitment to take action against any breach of democratic order in the region. It also deals with decisions to be taken on human rights in Latin America. The text is complete in Spanish and Portuguese Institute of International Relations (IRI) ; Informe de los países integrantes del MERCOSUR, respecto a la ruptura del orden constitucional en la República de Paraguay, donde se expresa la firme esperanza de que el proceso electoral en curso en el país conduzca a la plena normalización de su vida institucional y se reitera el compromiso firme de actuar contra cualquier ruptura del orden democrático en la región. Asimismo se trata sobre decisiones a tomar sobre Derechos Humanos en América Latina. El texto se encuentra completo en español y portugués Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

as in the first COVID-19 epidemic wave in 2020, communications from the Ministry of Health and the press warn us that hospitals in France are saturated or about to be saturated. In several French regions, surgical operations are deprogrammed. The caregivers, who are remobilised even when they are ill, show signs of exhaustion or even strike. What do we know about hospital tension? The purpose of this note is to clarify how it is measured, to clarify how the hospital stress indicator is constructed, based on the analysis of its national and regional trends. This leads us to highlight the role of this indicator in the policies put in place in times of epidemic. To this end, we will discuss four questions. How has hospital tension evolved since the beginning of the pandemic? Does it have major regional disparities? How is hospital stress calculated? What does this indicator of hospital stress not say? ; Comme lors de la première vague épidémique de Covid-19 en 2020, les communications du Ministère de la santé et la presse nous alertent sur le fait que les hôpitaux de France sont saturés ou sur le point de l'être. Dans plusieurs régions françaises, des opérations chirurgicales sont déprogrammées. Les soignants, remobilisés même lorsqu'ils sont malades, montrent des signes d'épuisement, voire se mettent en grève. Que savons-nous de la tension hospitalière ? L'objectif de cette note est de clarifier la manière dont elle est mesurée, de clarifier comment l'indicateur de tension hospitalière est construit, à partir de l'analyse de ses tendances nationales et régionales. Cela nous amène à mettre en lumière le rôle de cet indicateur dans les politiques mises en place en période épidémique. Pour cela, nous allons aborder quatre questions.Comment a évolué la tension hospitalière depuis le début de la pandémie ? Connait-elle de grandes disparités régionales ? Comment la tension hospitalière est-elle calculée ? Que ne dit pas cet indicateur de tension hospitalière ?

In this short paper I ask to what extent the sharp contrast between the political and the comprehensive, on which political liberals such as Rawls and Quong place primary emphasis, caters to a truly "political" conception of liberalism. I argue that Quong's own take on this point is more distinctively "political" than Rawls's, in that it assigns far less weight to citizens' comprehensive doctrines. Indeed, I suggest that Quong's exclusion of comprehensive doctrines (exemplified by his worries about an "overlapping consensus") has more radical implications than Quong himself seems to think. In doing so, I offer a streamlined version of Quong's critique, which encompasses two more or less direct criticisms of Rawls's doctrine of the overlapping consensus. I will call them the "sincerity objection" and the "liberal objection".

International audience In Lebanon, the Arab uprising is often analyzed through the lens of the side effects the Syrian uprising had on the country thanks to massive refugees influx and the involvement of Sunni and Shia Lebanese in Syria ' s battleground. In fact , popular mobilizations happened prior and during the current crisis as two different type of effects of the Arab uprisings at large. First , in late 2010 emerged an anti-­sectarian movement that brought up an anti-­system claim in line with other Arab social movements targeting authoritarian regimes and corruption. Second , the Sunni radical mobilization that started in Saida in 2011 around the popular Imam Sheikh Assir , gathered resentments toward the Shia leading party Hizbullah as involved alongside the Syrian regime and surprisingly adopting an active minority mobilization strategy. Both movement conducted demonstrations of different type (from classic march to on roads sit-­in) starting from a completely opposite perspective and in a very different environment : when the anti-­sectarian mobilization faded , the sectarian one rose. This paper will try to address the historical process of both mobilizations and assess their differences in light of several mobilization theories. It intends to raise questions about the type of actors involved , their discourses and justifications , and the contextual local and political environments.

National audience Miscellaneous signs show that the role of regions in agricultural policies is growing with the general movement of territorialisation of public policies in France and Europe. Although the amounts of support allocated by the regions to agriculture appear to be still low, their relative growth and targeting make them increasingly important tools for public action. They enable regions to behave more autonomously and to highlight their own development choices: strengthen equipment, increase the competitiveness of local sectors or organise spatial planning and management. At a time when the issue of the territorial reorganisation of France is on the political agenda, what can be the prospects for the development of agricultural interventions by the regions? Will these place-based forms of intervention lead to a renewal of public action in agriculture? ; National audience Divers signes montrent que le rôle des régions dans les politiques agricoles est en progression avec le mouvement général de territorialisation des politiques publiques en France et en Europe. Les montants des soutiens alloués par les régions à l'agriculture apparaissent certes encore faibles mais leur relative croissance et leur ciblage en font des outils de plus en plus significatifs de l'action publique. Ils permettent aux régions de se comporter de façon plus autonome et de mettre en avant leurs propres choix de développement : renforcer l'équipement, accroître la compétitivité des filières locales ou organiser l'aménagement et l'animation du territoire. À l'heure où la question de la réorganisation territoriale de la France est inscrite sur l'agenda politique, quelles peuvent être les perspectives d'évolution des interventions agricoles des régions ? Ces formes territorialisées d'intervention engendreront-elles un renouvellement de l'action publique en agriculture ?

At some stages of the research pathway, new authors present indecisions, conflicts over the choice of future scientific outcome that will be envisaged for the development of their research, not because they do not know what they want to work, but because there is often a very superficial knowledge of what constitutes a scientific result, their treatment is the way to achieve this, even if it will be a theoretical or empirical outcome in the future. The authors of this article will, as far as possible, seek to clarify the type of result they must assume in accordance with the purposes they intend to achieve and, above all, to be able to defend because their result is this rather than another. ; RESUMEN En algunos momentos del trayecto investigativo los autores noveles presentan indecisiones, conflictos sobre la elección del futuro resultado científico que se plantearán para desarrollo de su investigación, no porque no sepan lo que quieren trabajar, sino porque existe en muchas ocasiones un conocimiento muy superficial de lo que constituye un resultado científico, su tratamiento el proceder para lograrlo, incluso si será en un futuro un resultado teórico o empírico. Los autores del este artículo tratarán, en todo lo posible, esclarecer el tipo de resultado que deben asumir de acuerdo a los propósitos que pretenden alcanzar y, ante todo, saber defender porque su resultado es este y no otro.

A unionized duopoly model to analyse how unions affect the incentives for merger is considered. It is found that both firms will merge if and only if unions are weak. However, once surplus-maximizing unions have the option to delegate the wage bargaining to wage-maximizing delegates (such as senior union members), both firms may have incentives to merge even if the union bargaining power is strong. Moreover, the option of strategic delegation may harm both the unions and the firms.