Suchergebnisse

In this master thesis, regarding the recently in the Lithuania observed lack of citizens interest in politics and trust in the elected representatives, the hypothesis is held, that the Lithuanians voters decide to go to the pools on the basis of expressive motivations (the expressive motivations to go to vote in this theses are defined as the motivations, when citizen decide to go to the pools first of all because the very act of the voting has a value to him, not because he expect the concrete benefit from the election results, when the winning party or candidate will implement their policy). To examine this is the objective of this thesis. First of all the existing theories on the citizens' turnout motivations are reviewed, analyzed and classified, then the feasible model of the citizens motivation to vote are constructed on the basis of the extended rational choice theory. The main distinction is made between the instrumental and expressive voters turnout motivations. Thought in this thesis it is not aimed to evaluate the expressive motivations normatively, the possible sequences of the voting, when the turnout is conditioned by this kind of reasons, is objectively discussed. The conclusion is made that the broader outcomes of the expressive motivations highly depends on the specific kind of motivation from this group, but generally, one could state, that expressive motivations (certain kinds of them) can damage democratic quality, but definitely helps to sustain this kind of political regime. For the further analysis along the constructed turnout motivations model, the block of the survey questions was designed. The representative population survey was held in the end of March – beginning of the April of 2008 and the data provided by it is used in the succeeding research. Eight possible turnout motivations are defined: two instrumental (going to vote first of all because of the intension to elect the representatives of the voters interest, and the intension through the results of the election to resolve the topical issue voter cares about) ant six expressive motivations (going to vote because of the sense of civic duty, loyalty to the preferred political party or candidate, desire just to express one's will in the state ruling processes, solidarity to other members of one's social environment, pleasure to socialize with other community members during the voting process and going to the pools just for entertaining). In order to separate these two highly related motivation groups, the cleavage is incorporated and the concrete conditions which have to be fulfilled during the survey data's analysis in order to claim the prime existence of one or another motivation are defined. As expected, the existence of the expressive turnout motivations among Lithuanian voters is confirmed. Among them the most common, most popular motivations are going to the pools because of the desire to express the loyalty and support for the preferred political party or candidate (even if it is not expected that they can win), to express one's will in the state governing process, and going to the pools just because of the sense of duty. The more popular instrumental motivation, as it is found, is going to vote because of the desire to elect ones representative, but the most often both of the instrumental motivations are reported. Making the comparison, with some precaution one could say that the expressive motivations of turnout are even more often than the instrumental among Lithuanian voters.

The growth of the television as a part of mass media channel persuaded commencement of new kinds of political communication. Political advertisement in TV became a brightest but also not so clear-cut phenomenon of political being. Political TV spots in contemporary election process war are ones of essential well organized and fully controlled communication patterns. The pattern and targets of the political advertisement where changing in the evolution of general election processes. V. Cvalina asserts that the main goal of the modern political advertisement it's not the information flue but impact on an advertisement receivers behavior. After analyzing electors behavior author of theory ascertain the fact that a person makes its election decision on an emotional base. The main target of my treatise is to explore and analyze the emotional relationship between the elector and its voting object. What impact it has for making decisions and that are the main ambiences on modern political TV advertisements. The detailed tasks of my researches are to analyze the concept of the nowadays political advertisement, its functions, types of content of the political TV spots and the process of the political election modernization. Also it is important to understand the way electors are making their political decisions. The object of my research is Polish political party of "Civic Platform" and their political TV spots translated due to the General Seym and Senate elections in 2007. B. Dobek – Ostrovskas, M. Mazurs, V. Cvalinas empirical researches were taken for the theoretical background as a base of political marketing and communication knowledge. It was a source of all illations regarding general election processes, political communication functions, on differentiation of types of content of political TV spots and its impact for elector decisional process. The analysis of scientific literature in the first two parts of my treatise made a possibility for practical scrutiny in the third of my academic work. Quantity and quality researches of political TV spots gave me possibility to take these kinds of conclusions: firstly- emotional relationship between elector and political party is based on different kinds of persuasion and political marketing methods, secondly- all "Civic Platform" TV spots where made based on political party image and socio-political situation in the country. Obviously the main target of all reviewed TV spots is to persuade elector decision on the elections day. As distinguishing features I could mention several of them: periodicity of the TV spots, political party's slogan adaptation to different kind of mass communication, big expenditures, persuasive way of communication, negative advertisement and political personality process. Distinguishing features of political advertisement in Poland are in a strait line with the processes of elections modernization. It gives a conclusion that politics are valuated like a market and election processes goes by the simple rules of marketing.

The growth of the television as a part of mass media channel persuaded commencement of new kinds of political communication. Political advertisement in TV became a brightest but also not so clear-cut phenomenon of political being. Political TV spots in contemporary election process war are ones of essential well organized and fully controlled communication patterns. The pattern and targets of the political advertisement where changing in the evolution of general election processes. V. Cvalina asserts that the main goal of the modern political advertisement it's not the information flue but impact on an advertisement receivers behavior. After analyzing electors behavior author of theory ascertain the fact that a person makes its election decision on an emotional base. The main target of my treatise is to explore and analyze the emotional relationship between the elector and its voting object. What impact it has for making decisions and that are the main ambiences on modern political TV advertisements. The detailed tasks of my researches are to analyze the concept of the nowadays political advertisement, its functions, types of content of the political TV spots and the process of the political election modernization. Also it is important to understand the way electors are making their political decisions. The object of my research is Polish political party of "Civic Platform" and their political TV spots translated due to the General Seym and Senate elections in 2007. B. Dobek – Ostrovskas, M. Mazurs, V. Cvalinas empirical researches were taken for the theoretical background as a base of political marketing and communication knowledge. It was a source of all illations regarding general election processes, political communication functions, on differentiation of types of content of political TV spots and its impact for elector decisional process. The analysis of scientific literature in the first two parts of my treatise made a possibility for practical scrutiny in the third of my academic work. Quantity and quality researches of political TV spots gave me possibility to take these kinds of conclusions: firstly- emotional relationship between elector and political party is based on different kinds of persuasion and political marketing methods, secondly- all "Civic Platform" TV spots where made based on political party image and socio-political situation in the country. Obviously the main target of all reviewed TV spots is to persuade elector decision on the elections day. As distinguishing features I could mention several of them: periodicity of the TV spots, political party's slogan adaptation to different kind of mass communication, big expenditures, persuasive way of communication, negative advertisement and political personality process. Distinguishing features of political advertisement in Poland are in a strait line with the processes of elections modernization. It gives a conclusion that politics are valuated like a market and election processes goes by the simple rules of marketing.

The growth of the television as a part of mass media channel persuaded commencement of new kinds of political communication. Political advertisement in TV became a brightest but also not so clear-cut phenomenon of political being. Political TV spots in contemporary election process war are ones of essential well organized and fully controlled communication patterns. The pattern and targets of the political advertisement where changing in the evolution of general election processes. V. Cvalina asserts that the main goal of the modern political advertisement it's not the information flue but impact on an advertisement receivers behavior. After analyzing electors behavior author of theory ascertain the fact that a person makes its election decision on an emotional base. The main target of my treatise is to explore and analyze the emotional relationship between the elector and its voting object. What impact it has for making decisions and that are the main ambiences on modern political TV advertisements. The detailed tasks of my researches are to analyze the concept of the nowadays political advertisement, its functions, types of content of the political TV spots and the process of the political election modernization. Also it is important to understand the way electors are making their political decisions. The object of my research is Polish political party of "Civic Platform" and their political TV spots translated due to the General Seym and Senate elections in 2007. B. Dobek – Ostrovskas, M. Mazurs, V. Cvalinas empirical researches were taken for the theoretical background as a base of political marketing and communication knowledge. It was a source of all illations regarding general election processes, political communication functions, on differentiation of types of content of political TV spots and its impact for elector decisional process. The analysis of scientific literature in the first two parts of my treatise made a possibility for practical scrutiny in the third of my academic work. Quantity and quality researches of political TV spots gave me possibility to take these kinds of conclusions: firstly- emotional relationship between elector and political party is based on different kinds of persuasion and political marketing methods, secondly- all "Civic Platform" TV spots where made based on political party image and socio-political situation in the country. Obviously the main target of all reviewed TV spots is to persuade elector decision on the elections day. As distinguishing features I could mention several of them: periodicity of the TV spots, political party's slogan adaptation to different kind of mass communication, big expenditures, persuasive way of communication, negative advertisement and political personality process. Distinguishing features of political advertisement in Poland are in a strait line with the processes of elections modernization. It gives a conclusion that politics are valuated like a market and election processes goes by the simple rules of marketing.

The growth of the television as a part of mass media channel persuaded commencement of new kinds of political communication. Political advertisement in TV became a brightest but also not so clear-cut phenomenon of political being. Political TV spots in contemporary election process war are ones of essential well organized and fully controlled communication patterns. The pattern and targets of the political advertisement where changing in the evolution of general election processes. V. Cvalina asserts that the main goal of the modern political advertisement it's not the information flue but impact on an advertisement receivers behavior. After analyzing electors behavior author of theory ascertain the fact that a person makes its election decision on an emotional base. The main target of my treatise is to explore and analyze the emotional relationship between the elector and its voting object. What impact it has for making decisions and that are the main ambiences on modern political TV advertisements. The detailed tasks of my researches are to analyze the concept of the nowadays political advertisement, its functions, types of content of the political TV spots and the process of the political election modernization. Also it is important to understand the way electors are making their political decisions. The object of my research is Polish political party of "Civic Platform" and their political TV spots translated due to the General Seym and Senate elections in 2007. B. Dobek – Ostrovskas, M. Mazurs, V. Cvalinas empirical researches were taken for the theoretical background as a base of political marketing and communication knowledge. It was a source of all illations regarding general election processes, political communication functions, on differentiation of types of content of political TV spots and its impact for elector decisional process. The analysis of scientific literature in the first two parts of my treatise made a possibility for practical scrutiny in the third of my academic work. Quantity and quality researches of political TV spots gave me possibility to take these kinds of conclusions: firstly- emotional relationship between elector and political party is based on different kinds of persuasion and political marketing methods, secondly- all "Civic Platform" TV spots where made based on political party image and socio-political situation in the country. Obviously the main target of all reviewed TV spots is to persuade elector decision on the elections day. As distinguishing features I could mention several of them: periodicity of the TV spots, political party's slogan adaptation to different kind of mass communication, big expenditures, persuasive way of communication, negative advertisement and political personality process. Distinguishing features of political advertisement in Poland are in a strait line with the processes of elections modernization. It gives a conclusion that politics are valuated like a market and election processes goes by the simple rules of marketing.

It is widely assumed that effective functioning of democratic institutions depends on the political support & civic engagement of the public. Public support for authorities is especially important during the reform period in new democracies. Evidence from different Central & Eastern European countries including Lithuania demonstrates critically low level of political support, e.g. satisfaction with regime performance & trust in political institutions as well as comparatively low level of political engagement. However, systematic & comprehensive account of these trends & their implications for political stability & democratic performance in new democracies is lacking. Here, the results of qualitative research of political attitudes & political behavior in the Lithuanian countryside are presented, drawing on 30 in-depth interviews with ordinary citizens in Alarita & Naujasodis (district of Moletai) in July 2003. The aim of the research is to explore the dominating patterns of political support & political engagement of Lithuanian citizens. The political support was analyzed by using the theoretical framework of David Easton & Pippa Norris. Easton in his classic model distinguished among different objects of support, including support for the community, the regime & the authorities. Moreover, he made a distinction between the specific support, a quid pro quo for the fulfillment of demands, & diffuse support, unconditional attachment to political objects & a reservoir of favorable attitudes or good will. This conceptual framework was recently revisited by Norris, who expanded the classification into a five-fold framework distinguishing between political support for the community, regime principles, regime performance, regime institutions, & political actors. Political engagement is defined here to include psychological as well as actual political involvement. In more concrete terms, it comprises the following dimensions: 1) interest in politics; 2) voting & propensity to vote in elections or referenda; 3) engagement in community politics; 4) partisanship, including both the party membership & party identification; 5) participation or propensity to engage in unconventional political activity. The analysis resulted in classification of ten types of political outlook: 'prosoviet radical', 'soviet system builder', 'moderate critic', 'rural wisdom optimist', 'apathetic youth', 'rational youth', 'disappointed activist', 'civic optimist', 'right1st democrat' & 'rightist radical'. These types can be expected to represent the dominant patterns of political attitudes & political behavior in rural Lithuania. The investigation reveals that political support for democracy is highly dependent on the attitudes towards the soviet past. Moreover, it is indirectly linked with the age & former social status of the respondent. The data shows that supporters of democratic regime are usually right-oriented or young persons. Surprisingly, the satisfaction with current regime performance is not linked with the support for current authorities. Finally, the results suggest that most disappointed persons are more skeptical toward conventional forms of political engagement & are likely to support unconventional political activities. The actual political behavior, however, is not dependent on the level of political support. 2 Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.

The competitive environment encourages organizations to find ways to increase the efficiency of their activities. A new approach to A. Comte sociocracy paradigm, which was oriented towards the creation of a new type of state governance, has been transformed and adapted to the practice of improving organizational management. The article analyses the paradigm of sociocracy as a comprehensive management system that enables employees to be involved in the decision-making process to work together. To identify and formulate the nature of sociocracy as a new paradigm for management of organization, the fundamental principles were supported by theoretical research based on scientific literature sources and publications of management practices. The methods of collecting, analysing, comparing and summarising of information as well as logical generation of conclusions were used for the research. The benefit of new management paradigm for organization and its employees, confirming the effectiveness of the practical application of sociocracy was found in the course of the research. The concept of sociocracy was created by the philosopher A. Comte (Auguste Comte 1798–1857) in the context of a new model of state governance (John-Stuart Mill, 2005). On the basis of sociocrasy a new concept holocracy was created in the US, which exaggerates the "benefits" of the organization and calls to forget personal needs and to devote to a higher goal in the US (Hallas, 2013). The Dutch pacifist and educator Kees Bioke (Boeke) (Hall, 2013) has practically implemented a sociocracy management model at the Bilthoven School in the Netherlands, which has existed till nowadays. Beginning around 1970, Gerard Endenburg developed a management and governance method called Sociocracy while managing his electrical engineering corporation, Endenburg Electrotechnik, in the Netherlands. G. Endenberg developed a management system as an alternative to the classical hierarchical management system. The sociocracy decision-making method has grown in cybernetics, systemic thinking organizations that have had a tremendous impact on commercial activity in America (Mirzagitova, 2014). In Lithuania, the developers of the websites "Meetings", "Talent Safari", and "Primum Esse" disseminate the ideas of sociocracy and teach company leaders about the new paradigm of management that enables employees to be involved in the decision-making process. The essence of sociocracy is to allow people to delegate decisions to expert groups. As all groups of professionals have to report to the whole community, and are selected with the consent of each member, the decision-making process takes place both from the bottom to the top and from the top to the bottom. This creates feedback circles, and thus ensures good communication throughout the organization. The groups of experts act as partly independent in discussing all issues in the meetings of their members, in which each member has equal rights. The groups (referred to as small circles, called Endenberg's rings) have frequent meetings for tactical issues. The decisions made in the group must be in line with the general organization policy. Big groups (big rings) rarely meet and deal with only very important issues. The group leader usually organizes decision-making process by taking operational decisions unilaterally. The method of sociocracy enables all members of an organization to be involved in the organization's management process, where everyone can express their opinion. One of the essential aspects of sociocracy is its dynamism, and therefore sociocracy can be called dynamic management, as it emphasizes the abundance of challenges in today's business environment, where the need for quick and just solutions is necessary. The demand for dynamic management creates some important general constraints on any techniques used: speed and coordination. One of the most important tasks of the company is to organize teamwork and decision making in accordance with the principles of dynamic management. Dynamic management logic considers human power to be an essential element of progress, and effective human collaboration is necessary for the results of the organization. Dynamic management is needed in order to be able to respond flexibly and act in each situation (for example, when it comes to changing opinions because new information is received or previous solutions failed) to enable people to act on their own, quickly and independently, in the same harmonious manner with others. The goal of dynamic management is to combine the paradox: to operate in a harmoniously changing environment, while moving forward quickly and dynamically; to save what works and change what does not work immediately as soon as the "voltage" is identified. The following are demonstrated by the dynamic management of the organization: the decentralization of individual areas of activity; human resources realize their potential freely; setting priorities for action; the involvement of members of the organization in decisionmaking. The introduction of sociocracy as a new organizational management paradigm in the business sector would provide the following benefits: improving decision-making quality throughout the organization, problem solving and teamwork communication, enhancing leadership quality, and increasing the efficiency of meetings. The content analysis revealed the fact that autocracy is not suitable for collective bargaining, and voting as a way of democracy does not allow to make good decisions; therefore, the new organizational management paradigm – sociocracy of practical application helps to improve company management and improve effectiveness.

The competitive environment encourages organizations to find ways to increase the efficiency of their activities. A new approach to A. Comte sociocracy paradigm, which was oriented towards the creation of a new type of state governance, has been transformed and adapted to the practice of improving organizational management. The article analyses the paradigm of sociocracy as a comprehensive management system that enables employees to be involved in the decision-making process to work together. To identify and formulate the nature of sociocracy as a new paradigm for management of organization, the fundamental principles were supported by theoretical research based on scientific literature sources and publications of management practices. The methods of collecting, analysing, comparing and summarising of information as well as logical generation of conclusions were used for the research. The benefit of new management paradigm for organization and its employees, confirming the effectiveness of the practical application of sociocracy was found in the course of the research. The concept of sociocracy was created by the philosopher A. Comte (Auguste Comte 1798–1857) in the context of a new model of state governance (John-Stuart Mill, 2005). On the basis of sociocrasy a new concept holocracy was created in the US, which exaggerates the "benefits" of the organization and calls to forget personal needs and to devote to a higher goal in the US (Hallas, 2013). The Dutch pacifist and educator Kees Bioke (Boeke) (Hall, 2013) has practically implemented a sociocracy management model at the Bilthoven School in the Netherlands, which has existed till nowadays. Beginning around 1970, Gerard Endenburg developed a management and governance method called Sociocracy while managing his electrical engineering corporation, Endenburg Electrotechnik, in the Netherlands. G. Endenberg developed a management system as an alternative to the classical hierarchical management system. The sociocracy decision-making method has grown in cybernetics, systemic thinking organizations that have had a tremendous impact on commercial activity in America (Mirzagitova, 2014). In Lithuania, the developers of the websites "Meetings", "Talent Safari", and "Primum Esse" disseminate the ideas of sociocracy and teach company leaders about the new paradigm of management that enables employees to be involved in the decision-making process. The essence of sociocracy is to allow people to delegate decisions to expert groups. As all groups of professionals have to report to the whole community, and are selected with the consent of each member, the decision-making process takes place both from the bottom to the top and from the top to the bottom. This creates feedback circles, and thus ensures good communication throughout the organization. The groups of experts act as partly independent in discussing all issues in the meetings of their members, in which each member has equal rights. The groups (referred to as small circles, called Endenberg's rings) have frequent meetings for tactical issues. The decisions made in the group must be in line with the general organization policy. Big groups (big rings) rarely meet and deal with only very important issues. The group leader usually organizes decision-making process by taking operational decisions unilaterally. The method of sociocracy enables all members of an organization to be involved in the organization's management process, where everyone can express their opinion. One of the essential aspects of sociocracy is its dynamism, and therefore sociocracy can be called dynamic management, as it emphasizes the abundance of challenges in today's business environment, where the need for quick and just solutions is necessary. The demand for dynamic management creates some important general constraints on any techniques used: speed and coordination. One of the most important tasks of the company is to organize teamwork and decision making in accordance with the principles of dynamic management. Dynamic management logic considers human power to be an essential element of progress, and effective human collaboration is necessary for the results of the organization. Dynamic management is needed in order to be able to respond flexibly and act in each situation (for example, when it comes to changing opinions because new information is received or previous solutions failed) to enable people to act on their own, quickly and independently, in the same harmonious manner with others. The goal of dynamic management is to combine the paradox: to operate in a harmoniously changing environment, while moving forward quickly and dynamically; to save what works and change what does not work immediately as soon as the "voltage" is identified. The following are demonstrated by the dynamic management of the organization: the decentralization of individual areas of activity; human resources realize their potential freely; setting priorities for action; the involvement of members of the organization in decisionmaking. The introduction of sociocracy as a new organizational management paradigm in the business sector would provide the following benefits: improving decision-making quality throughout the organization, problem solving and teamwork communication, enhancing leadership quality, and increasing the efficiency of meetings. The content analysis revealed the fact that autocracy is not suitable for collective bargaining, and voting as a way of democracy does not allow to make good decisions; therefore, the new organizational management paradigm – sociocracy of practical application helps to improve company management and improve effectiveness.