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Plates, dated 1790-1793, taken from Harding's edition and inserted in most, though not all, volumes. ; Includes extra engraved t.p. reading: "Shakspeare illustrated, by an assemblage of portraits and views, adapted to the whole series of the authors historial dramas; to which are added portraits of actors, editors, &c. London : Published according to act of Parliament, by S.E. Harding ., 1793." ; v. 1: Some account of the life of William Shakspeare / written by Mr. Rowe. Stratford register. Shakspeare's coat of arms. Shakspeare's mortgage. Shakspeare's will. Dedication of the players. Preface of the players. Mr. Pope's preface. Mr. Theobald's preface. Sir Thomas Hanmer's preface. Dr. Warburton's preface. Dr. Johnson's preface. Mr. Steevens's advertisement. Mr. Capell's introduction. Mr. Steevens's advertisement. Preface to Mr. M. Mason's comments, &c. 1785. Mr. Reed's advertisement before the third edition, 1785. Mr. Malone's preface. -- v. 2: Essay on the learning of Shakspeare / by Richard Farmer. Ancient translations from classick authors. Extracts of entries on the books of the stationers' company. List of such ancient editions of Shakspeare's plays. List of plays altered from Shakspeare. List of detached pieces of criticism on Shakspeare, his editors, &c. Ancient and modern commendatory verses on Shakspeare. Attempt to ascertain the order in which the plays of Shakspeare were written. Shakspeare, Ford, and Jonson / Malone. -- v. 3: Historical account of the English stage. Farther account of the rise and progress of the English stage / by George Chalmers. -- v. 4: Tempest. Two gentlemen of Verona. Midsummer night's dream. -- v. 5: Merry wives of Windsor. Twelfth night. -- v. 6: Much ado about nothing. Measure for measure. -- v. 7: Love's labour's lost. Merchant of Venice. -- v. 8: As you like it. All's well that ends well. -- v. 9: Taming of the shrew. Winter's tale. -- v. 10: Macbeth. King John. -- v. 11: King Richard II. King Henry IV, part 1. -- v. 12: King Henry IV, part 2. Henry V. -- v. 13: King Henry VI, part 1. King Henry VI, part 2. -- v. 14: King Henry VI, part 3. Dissertation on the three parts of King Henry VI. King Richard III. -- v. 15: King Henry VIII. Troilus and Cressida. -- v. 16: Coriolanus. Julius Caesar. -- v. 17: Antony and Cleopatra. King Lear. -- v. 18: Hamlet. Cymbeline. -- v. 19: Timon of Athens. Othello. -- v. 20: Romeo and Juliet. Comedy of errors. -- v. 21: Titus Andronicus. Pericles. Addenda &c. Glossarial index. ; Jaggard, W. Shakespeare bibl., ; Mode of access: Internet.

HEINRICH WILHELM CLEMMS DER MATHEMATIK OFFENTLICHEN ORDENTLICHEN PROFESSORS ZU STUTGART MATHEMATISCHES LEHRBUCH ODER VOLLSTÄNDIGER AUSZUG ALLER SO WOHL ZUR REINEN ALS ANGEWANDTEN MATHEMATIK GEHÖRIGEN WISSENSCHAFTEN Heinrich Wilhelm Clemms der Mathematik offentlichen ordentlichen Professors zu Stutgart mathematisches Lehrbuch oder vollständiger Auszug aller so wohl zur reinen als angewandten Mathematik gehörigen Wissenschaften ( - ) Einband ( - ) Illustration ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Vorbericht. ( - ) Inhalt der abgehandelten Materien. ( - ) Die arithmetische Wissenschaften, oder die Rechnung in Zahlen, die Buchstabenrechnung und die practische Rechenkunst. ([1]) Erstes Hauptstück, von der Rechnung in Zahlen. ([3]) Allgemeine Erklärungen. ([3]) Geschichte der Zahlenrechnung. (4) Allgemeiner Vortrag von den vier Rechnungsarten. (7) Das Aussprechen und Schreiben der Zahlen. (11) Die vier Rechnungsarten in ganzen Zahlen. (14) Die Rechnung in Brüchen. (24) Von Decimal - und Sexagesimal-Brüchen (32) Von den Potenzen. (36) Von Ausziehung der Quadratwurzel in Zahlen. (39) Von Ausziehung der Cubicwurzel in Zahlen. (43) Von den Verhältnissen in Zahlen. (47) Zweytes Hauptstück von der Buchstabenrechnung. (49) Erklärung. (49) Die Geschichte der Buchstabenrechnung. (49) Die vier Rechnungsarten mit Zeichen und Buchstaben. (54) Von den Potenzen oder Dignitäten und ihren Veränderungen. (68) Die Irrationalwurzeln und eingebildete oder unmögliche Grössen. (80) Der binomische Lehrsatz. (83) Die höchste Unterschiede oder Differenzen der Potenzen und die Natur der geraden und ungeraden Zahlen. (88) Die Combinationen. (91) Von den Proportionen. (96) Von den arithmetischen Proportionen und Reyhen. (97) Die geometrische Proportionen. (101) Von den geometrischen Progreßionen oder Reyhen. (108) Von den Logarithmen. (113) Von den Gleichungen. (118) Von den quadratischen sowohl reinen als unreinen Gleichungen. (120) Von höhern Gleichungen überhaupt. (123) Von den Wurzeln der zusammengesetzten Gleichungen. (126) Die Erfindung der Wurzeln und der Divisorum einer Gleichung. (128) Die Veränderung der Gleichungen. (131) Die Bestimmung der Coefficienten bey Ausdruckungen durch unendliche Reyhen. (133) Von unbestimmten Aufgaben. (137) Drittes Hauptstück, Von der practischen Rechenkunst. (140) Erklärung. (140) Geschichte der practischen Rechenkunst. (140) Von den vier Rechnungsarten in genannten Zahlen. (145) Von der Regel Detri , sowohl directa als inversa, der zusammengesetzten Regel Detri oder Regel Quinque , Gesellschaftsrechnung, Kettenregel u. s. w. (148) Von höhern Aufgaben der practischen Rechenkunst. (155) Die geometrische Wissenschaften, oder die Elementargeometrie, die Trigonometrie, die practische Geometrie, und die höhere Geometrie. ([169]) Erstes Hauptstück, von der gemeinen oder Elementargeometrie. ([171]) Erklärung. ([171]) Geschichte der Geometrie. ([171]) Allgemeine Sätze von Linien, Winkeln und Figuren. (176) Die Verhältniß der Winkel gegen einander, nebst den daraus fliessenden Folgen (188) Die Verwandlung der Figuren. (201) Die Ausmessung geradelinigter Figuren. (211) Die Aehnlichkeit der Dreyecke und der Figuren überhaupt. (214) Von dem Cirkel, dessen Verwandlung und Ausmessung. (225) Die Lage der Linien gegen die ebene Flächen und der Flächen gegen einander. (239) Allgemeine Begriffe geometrischer Cörper, oder Einleitung in die Stereometrie. (246) Die Verwandlung der Körper. (249) Die Ausmessung der Cörper. (253) Die Kugel oder Sphäre. (256) Die Kugelschnitte. (261) Zweytes Hauptstück, Von der Trigonometrie. (265) Erklärung. (265) Geschichte der Trigonometrie. (265) Erstes Capitel, Von der ebenen Trigonometrie. (268) Allgemeine Begriffe vom Sinus, Cosinus, Tangenten, Contangenten, Secanten und Cosecanten. (269) Allgemeine Theorie der trigonometrischen Rechnung. (279) Die Erfindung der Sinus von den Summen und Differenzen der Bogen, aus den gegebenen Sinussen , und andern trigonometrischen Linien. (287) Die Erfindung der Seiten und Winkel eines Dreyecks aus drey gegebenen Stücken, eine Seite mit darunter gerechnet. (294) Anwendung der trigonometrischen Lehrsätze auf die Polygone. (299) Die Berechnung der Sinus und der Logarithme, nebst dem Gebrauch der Tafeln. (302) Zweytes Capitel, Von der sphärischen Trigonometrie. (307) Erklärung. (307) Allgemeine Betrachtung der sphärischen Dreyecke. (308) Betrachtung und Auflösung der rechtwinklichten sphärischen Dreyecke. (310) Betrachtung der Fälle, in welchen Winkel und Seiten grösser oder kleiner als 90 Grade werden. (314) Betrachtung der schiefen Dreyecke. (317) Betrachtung und Auflösung der schiefen Dreyecke, in welchen drey Seiten oder drey Winkel gegeben sind. (319) Drittes Hauptstück, Von der practischen Geometrie. (327) Erklärung. (327) Geschichte der practischen Geometrie. (328) Die Vergleichung der vornehmsten Maaße. (330) Die Messung und Verjüngung der Linien und Figuren. (333) Die Messung und Verjüngung der Flächen, oder das Aufnehmen einer Gegend. (338) Etwas von der Markscheidekunst. (339) Viertes Hauptstück, Von der höhern Geometrie. (342) Erklärung. (342) Geschichte der höhern Geometrie. (343) Allgemeine Begriffe von algebraischen und höhern Functionen. (349) Die algebraische Linien, besonders die Kegelschnitte, oder die Parabel, Ellipse und Hyperbel. (353) Allgemeine Betrachtungen der conischen Sectionen und Linien der zweyten Ordnung. (368) Von einigen andern, besonders auch transcendentischen Linien. (373) Die geometrische Oerter und die Construction der Gleichungen. (376) Allgemeine Gründe der Differentialrechnungen. (378) Die Anwendung der Differentialrechnung auf die vier Rechnungsarten, in positiven und negativen ganzen und gebrochenen Zahlen, auch Wurzeln, Potenzen und zusammengesezten Grössen. (381) Allgemeiner Beweis des Newtonischen Binomii und des Harriotischen Lehrsatzes. (387) Allgemeine Betrachtung der höhern Differentialien. (390) Die Bestimmung der Wehrte durch höhere Differentialien, und die Verwandlung der Gleichungen durch eben diese Mittel. (396) Nic. Bernoulli Methode, Alle mögliche Reyhen, durch die sich eine Gleichung auflösen läßt, und die Gestalt der Reyhen, zu finden. (397) Die Methode vom Kleinsten und Größten. (Methodus de maximis & minimis.) (400) Von den Tangenten, Subtangenten, Normal- und Subnormallinien. (403) Allgemeine Regeln der Integralrechnung, auch in Rucksicht auf die Wiederherstellung der beständigen Grössen. (407) Einige schwerere Integralformeln für zusammengesetzte Diferentialien. (409) Von der Quadratur der krummen Linien. (414) Die Rectification der krummen Linien, besonders auch der Neilischen Parabel. (417) Newtons und Leibnizens Methoden den Cirkel zu quadrirem und zu rectificiren, nebst Diff. Formeln für den Cirkel. (420) Die umgekehrte Methode der Tangenten (Methodus Tangentium inversa.) (423) Die logarithmische Differentialien, und der Unterschied der natürlichen oder hyperbolischen, und der künstlichen Logarithmen. (425) Die Exponentialrechnung nebst einigen Integralformeln für logarithmische Differentialien. (428) Joh. Bernoulli Vergleichung der Ausschnitte des Cirkels und der Hyperbel. (430) Einige andere Vergleichungen der Sinus, Cosinus, Tangenten, nach Joh. Bernoulli Methode. (434) Herrn Eulers und Clairaut Betrachtungen über die Differentiale der Functionen, die zwo und mehr veränderliche Grössen enthalten. (437) Die Lehre von der Evolution, Evoluten, und aus Evolution erzeugten Linien, den Krümmungscirkeln und Radiis, (circulis curvaturæ, radiis osculi.) (442) Tab:I. ( - ) Tab: II. ( - ) Tab: III. ( - ) Tab: IV. ( - ) Tab:V. ( - ) Tab:VI. ( - ) Tab: VII. ( - ) Tab: VIII. ( - ) Tab:IX. ( - ) Tab:X. ( - ) Die statische Wissenschaften, oder die Statik, sonst Mechanik, die Hydrostatik, die Aerometrie und die Hydraulik. ([1]) Erstes Hauptstük, von der Statik sonst Mechanik. ([3]) Erklärung. ([3]) Geschichte der Statik. (4) Allgemeine Begriffe von den in der Statik vorkommenden Wörtern, der Kraft, Last, Schwere, Direction u. s. w. (7) Allgemeine Theorie des Hebels, (Theoria Vectis.) (9) Allgemeine Theorie der Zusammensetzung der Kräfte, nebst dem Varignomischen Beweis vom Hebel. (13) Anwendung der Lehre vom Hebel auf die Erfindung des Schwerpunkts, der Gewichter, der Zeiten u. s. w. ferner die Waagen und Schnellwaagen. (18) Das Rad und die Rolle, oder Kloben; (Axis in peritrochio & trochlea). (23) Allgemeine Theorie der schiefen Fläche. (Planum inclinatum.) (29) Die Schraube und der Keil. (Cochlea & Cuneus.) (32) Das Wasserwägen. (Nivelliren) (35) Die Wasser- und Windmühlen. (38) Von den Uhrwerken, vornemlich Penduluhren, und den dazu nöthigen mechanischen Lehrsätzen, ferner von den Hindernissen der Maschinen, wie auch vom Gesez der kleinsten Wirkung. (42) Zweytes Hauptstük, Von der Hydrostatik (51) Erklärung. (51) Die Geschichte der Hydrostatik. (51) Allgemeine Begriffe und Sätze vom Druk der flüßigen Cörper. (52) Das Gleichgewicht der flüßigen Materien untereinander. (56) Das Gleichgewicht flüßiger und vester Cörper. (59) Die Archimedische Gold-und Silberprobe, oder die Probe zweyer vermischten Metalle. (62) Etwas von dem Mathematischen bey dem Münzwesen. (64) Das Schwimmen der Cörper, besonders in Ruksicht auf das Schiffwesen. (67) Drittes Hauptstük, Von der Aerometrie. (71) Erklärung. (71) Die Geschichte der Aerometrie. (71) Die Existenz der Luft, ihre Schwere und Elasticität. (74) Die angenehme Eigenschaften der Luft nebst ihren Folgen, und zwar erstlich die Akustik überhaupt. (77) Die Musik, oder das Mathematische bey der Musik. (81) Die Luftpumpe, und die durch die Luftpumpe gemachte weitere Entdeckungen. (89) Vom Druk der Atmosphäre auf die Erde, und von dem Torricellischen Vacuo. (92) Die Luftmesser, oder das Barometer, Thermometer, Hygrometer und Manometer, auch Anemometer oder Windmesser. (95) Viertes Hauptstük, Von der Hydraulik. (101) Erklärung. (101) Die Geschichte der Hydraulik. (101) Die Bewegung des Wassers durch Pumpen, Drukwerk und andere Maschinen. (103) Die Bewegung des Wassers durch Luft, und die verschiedene Gattungen der Heber, besonders auch der Wittembergische. (106) Die Springbrunnen und Wasserspritzen. (109) Die optische Wissenschaften, oder die Optik, Catoptrik, Dioptrik und Perspectiv. ([113]) Erstes Hauptstück, Von der Optik besonders. ([115]) Erklärung. ([115]) Die Geschichte der Optik besonders. (116) Die Ausbreitung der Stärke des Lichts in verschiedenen Entfernungen. (118) Betrachtung des Schattens, besonders wenn eine dunkle Kugel von einer hellen erleuchtet wird. (120) Kurze Beschreibung des Auges. (122) Betrachtung der Erscheinungen entfernter Cörper nach ihrer Grösse und Bewegung. (123) Die Farben. (126) Zweytes Hauptstük, Von der Catoprik. (129) Erklärung. (129) Die Geschichte der Catoprik. (129) Allgemeines Gesez der reflectirten Strahlen. (132) Von den ebenen Spiegeln. (133) Von den sphärischen, parabolischen und andern Spiegeln. (136) Drittes Hauptstük, Von der Dioptrik. (140) Erklärung. (140) Geschichte der Dioptrik. (140) Allgemeines Gesez der Refraction. (143) Die dioptrische Gläser und die Erfindung der Brennweite durch Zeichnung. (146) Die Erfindung der Brennweiten durch Rechnung. (150) Von den Vergrösserungsgläsern, Kleinigkeiten in der Nähe zu sehen, oder von den Microscopiis sowohl einfachen als zusammengesezten, auch von den Brillen. (160) Von einigen andern dioptrischen Instrumenten. (164) Viertes Hauptstük, Von der Perspectiv. (167) Erklärung. (167) Geschichte der Perspectiv. (168) Allgemeine Theorie der Perspectiv und ihre Fundamentalgesetze. (169) Von dem Schatten. (174) Die astronomische und von der Astronomie abhangende Wissenschaften, oder die Astronomie im eigentlichen Verstand, die Geographie, die Chronologie und die Gnomomik. ([177]) Erstes Hauptstück, Von der Astronomie. ([179]) Erklärung. ([179]) Die Geschichte der Astronomie. (180) Erstes Capitel, Von der sphärischen Astronomie. (185) Erklärung. (185) Die Kenntniß der Fixsterne, nach ihrer Lage und täglichen Bewegung. (187) Die Kenntniß der Planeten nach ihrer Lage und Bewegung. (189) Die Kenntniß der vornehmsten Cirkel am Himmel, und die darauf beruhende sphärische Rechnungen der Höhen , Abweichung, Längen, Breiten , Ascensionen, Descensionen. (193) Die Bewegung der Sonne besonders, und die dadurch entstehende Tage und Jahre, wie auch die Zeitgleichung. (æquatio temporis.) (200) Die Vorrückung der Nachtgleichen, (Præcessio æquinoctiorum) nebst ihrer Ursache. (205) Die Parallaxe. (207) Die Refraction. (211) Zweytes Capitel, Von der theorischen Astronomie. (213) Erklärung. (213) Die Copernicanische Theorie vom Sonnen- und Planetensystem. (214) Die Kepplerische Theorie von den zwey Hauptgesetzen der Bewegung der himmlischen Cörper. (218) Die Bradleyische Theorie von der Aberration der Fixsterne. (226) Die Newtonische Mondstheorie. (231) Einige Folgen aus den bisherigen Theorien, besonders auch in Ruksicht auf den Mond, und den durch ihn entstehende Finsternisse. (238) Die Theorie oder Methode der Interpolationen. (244) Etwas von der Cometen-Theorie. (250) Etwas von dem Practischen in der Astronomie. (253) Zweytes Hauptstük, Von der Geographie. (259) Erklärung. (259) Geschichte der mathematischen Geographie. (259) Die wahre Gestalt der Erde. (261) Die Unterschiede der Mittagscirkel in Zeit und Graden. (263) Von der Breite und Länge der Oerter. (265) Die Correction der Differenzen der Mittagscirkel durch Beobachtung der Finsternissen. (267) Die Berechnung der Grade in Parallelkreisen, und die verschiedenen Zonen, nebst einigen andern geographischen Rechnungen. (269) Die Loxodromie oder etwas von der Schiffarth. (271) Drittes Hauptstük, Von der Chronologie. (275) Erklärung. (275) Geschichte der Chronologie. (275) Von den Tagen, Wochen, Monathen und Jahren. (276) Von den Cyclis. (278) Von der Reduction verschiedener Jahrzahlen. (282) Von dem Calender und der Festrechnung. (285) Viertes Hauptstük, Von der Gnomonik. (289) Erklärung. (289) Geschichte der Gnomonik. (289) Die Sonnenuhren überhaupt, besonders die Aequinoctial- und Horizontaluhren, welche das Fundament der übrigen sind. (290) Die Monds- und Sternenuhren. (292) Allgemeine Theorie der Verticaluhren. (294) Die architectonische Wissenschaften, nemlich die Civilbaukunst, und die Militarbaukunst, nebst der Artillerie. ([299]) Erstes Hauptstück, Von der Civilbaukunst. (301) Erklärung. (301) Die Geschichte der Civilbaukunst. (301) Allgemeine Grundsätze, und Regeln der Baukunst, nebst den Folgen daraus. (303) Die Säulenordnungen sowol historisch, als nach einer allgemeinen Theorie betrachtet. (309) Allgemeine Theorie von den Säulenweiten, Ordnung der Balkenköpfe, Triglyphen und ihren Zwischenweiten. (311) Vom guten Geschmak in der Baukunst und von den Eigenschaften eines guten Baumeisters. (317) Zweytes Hauptstük, von der Militarbaukunst. (322) Erklärung. (322) Geschichte der Militarbaukunst. (322) Allgemeine Regeln der Fortification, und die Namen der Haupttheile. (324) Von der irregulairen Bevestigung. (333) Etwas von der Artillerie. (335) Anhang von der Naturwissenschaft, oder Kurzer Plan der Naturgeschichte und der Experimentalphysik. ([1]) Erstes Hauptstück. Von der Natur-Geschichte. ([3]) Erklärung. ([3]) Das Naturalienreich und zwar erstlich das Thierreich. (regnum Animale.) (5) Die Classen von dem Pflanzenreich. (30) Von dem Foßilien-Reich, oder die Oryctologie. (33) Kurzer Plan von der Elementen Wissenschafft oder Geschichte, und zwar erstlich von dem Wasser, oder die Hydrologie. (42) Kurzer Plan der Aerologie und Meteorologie. (46) Kurzer Plan der Pyrologie, oder vom Feuer. (48) Zweytes Hauptstück oder kurzer Plan von der Experimental-Physik. (51) Plan des Collegii selbs. (53) Die Ordnung der Experimenten. (55) Von den Statischen Experimenten: (56) Die Optische Experimente. (61) Nachlese. (63) P. II.Tab: I ( - ) P. II Tab:II ( - ) P.II:Tab.III ( - ) P. II Tab:IV. ( - ) P.II. Tab.V ( - ) P. II.TabVI. ( - ) P: II : Tab.VII ( - ) P. II : Tab.VIII ( - ) P. II TabIX ( - ) P:II Tab: X ( - ) P. II Tab:XI ( - ) P. II : TabXII ( - ) P. II TabXIII. ( - ) P: II. Tab XIV ( - ) Einband ( - ) Abschnitt ( - )

J. A. COMENII AUFFGESCHLOSSENE GULDENE SPRACHENTHÜR: ODER EIN PFLANTZGARTEN ALLER SPRACHEN UND WISSENSCHAFFTEN J. A. Comenii Auffgeschlossene guldene Sprachenthür: Oder ein Pflantzgarten aller sprachen und wissenschafften ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Register der Capitel / nach dem A.B.C. ( - ) I. Der Eingang. (1) II. Vom Ursprung der Welt. (2) III. Von den Elementen. (3) IV. Von der Feste / oder vom Firmament. (4) V. Vom Fewr. (5) VI. Von den Meteoren / oder dingen so in der lufte geschehen. (6) VII. Von den Wässern. (7) VIII. Von der Erden. (8) IX. Von den Steinen. (9) X. Von den Metallen. (10) XI. Von den Bäumen und Früchten. (11) XII. Von den Kräutern. (14) XIII. Von den Gestauden. (17) XIV. Von den Thieren und erstlich von den vögeln. (17) XV. Von den Wasserthieren. (20) XV. [XVI.] Von den Lastthieren (dem zugviehe.) (21) XVII. Von den wilden Thieren. (23) XVIII. Von den Thieren / so beydes im wasser und auff dem lande leben / und von den kriechenden thieren. (25) XIX. Von dem Ungeziefer. (26) XX. Von dem Menschen. (27) XXI. Von dem Leibe und erstlich von den eusserlichen Gliedmassen. (28) XXII. Von den innerlichen Gliedern. (31) XXIII. Von den zufällen des Leibes. (33) XXIV. Von den kranckheiten. (35) XXV. Von den geschwüren und wunden. (37) XXVI. Von den eusserlichen sinnen. (38) XXVII. Von den innerlichen sinnen. (40) XXVIII. Von dem Gemüth. (42) XXIX. Von dem willen und dessen Bewegungen. (43) XXX. Von den handwercken insgemein. (45) XXXI. Von dem Gartenbaw. (45) XXXII. Von dem Feldbaw. (46) XXXIII. Von der müllerey. (48) XXXIV. Vom Brodbacken. (49) XXXV. Von der Viehzucht. (49) XXXVI. Vom Fleischer handwerck. (51) XXXVII. Von der Jägerey. (51) XXXVIII. Von der Fischerey. (52) XXXIX. Vom Vogelsang. (52) XL. Von der Kochkunst. (53) XLI. Von der bereitung des getränckes. (54) XLII. Vom Fuhrwerck. (55) XLIII. Von der Schiffshandthierung. (57) XLIV. Von den Reisen. (59) XLV. Von der Kauffmanschafft. (61) XLVI. Von den kleiderhandwercken. (62) XLVII. Die arten der kleidungen. (63) XLVIII. Von dem Baw und schmiedekünsten. (65) XLIX. Vom hause und desselben theilen. (68) L. Von der warmen stube. (69) LI. Von der Eßstube. (70) LII. Von der schlaffkammer. (72) LIII. Von de bade und der sauberkeit. (72) LIV. Von der Ehe und schwägerschafft. (74) LV. Von der Kindergeburt. (75) LVI. Von der blutfreundschafft. (76) LVII. Von der Haußhaltung. (77) LVIII. Von der Stadt. (78) LIX. Von der Kirchen. (79) LX. Von der Gemeine. (80) LXI. Von der Heyden und Jüden aberglauben. (81) LXII. Vom Rathhauß. (82) LXIII. Von den Gerichten. (83) LXIV. Von den Übelthätern und Straffen. (85) LXV. Vom Königlichem regierstande. (86) LXVI. Vom Königreich und der Landschafe. (89) LXVII. Vom Fried und Krieg. (89) LXVIII. Von der schuel und unterweisung. (95) LXIX. Von der studierstube. (97) LXX. Von der Sprachkunst. (98) LXXI. Von der unterredekunst (der vernunfftkunst.) (99) LXXII. Von der zierlichen redekunst und der Poeteres (der verßmacherey.) (99) LXXIII. Von der Rechenkunst. (100) LXXIV. Von der Erdmesser (Feldmesser) kunst. (101) LXXV. Von den maassen und gewichten. (102) LXXVI. Von der Gesichtskunst und Mahlerey. (103) LXXVII. Von der Singkunst. (103) LXXVIII. Von der Sternkunst. (104) LXXIX. Von der welt beschreibung. (105) LXXX. Von der Geschichtbeschreibung (der histori). (105) LXXXI. Von der Artzeneykunst. (106) LXXXII. Von der Sittenlehr in gemein. (107) LXXXIII. Von der vorsichtigkeit. (108) LXXXIV. Von der Mässigkeit. (110) LXXXV. Von der Keuschheit. (111) LXXXVI. Von der Zucht. (112) LXXXVII. Von der Genüglichkeit. (113) LXXXVIII. Von der Gerechtigkeit: erstlich der / so im wechseln (im handel und wandel) gehalten wird. (115) LXXXIX. Von der Gerechtigkeit / so im außtheilen besiehet. (117) XC. Von der Tapfferkeit. (118) XCI. Von der Gedult. (120) XCII. Von der beständigkeit. (121) XCIII. Von der freundschafft und freundligkeit. (122) XCIV. Von der auffrichtigkeit. (125) XCV. Von der Gesellschafft der gelahrten. (126) XCVII. Vom todt und begräbnüß. (129) XCVIII. Von Gottes versehung. (131) XCIX. Von den Engeln. (132) Errate, so dem günstigen zuverbessern. ( - ) Deutsches Register. (a) A. (a) B. (a 5) C. (b 2) D. (b 2) E. (b 4) F. ( - ) G. (c 2) H. ( - ) I, J (d 2) K. (d 3) L. ( - ) M. ( - ) N. (e 2) O. (e 4) P. (e 4) Q. ( - ) R. ( - ) S. ( - ) T. ( - ) U., V. (g) W. ( - ) Z. (h) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

Memorial from the trustees of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy asking Congress for aid and describing the removal of the Academy from Norwich, Vermont, to Middletown, Connecticut in 1825. ; To the Senate and House of Representatives of the UNITED STATES in Congress assembled. THE TRUSTEES OF THE AMERICAN LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND MILITARY ACADEMY, ESTABLISHED AT MIDDLETOWN, IN CONNECTICUT, RESPECTFULLY REPRESENT:— THAT this Institution which was established at Norwich, in Vermont, about five years since, under the su- perintendance of Capt. ALDEN PARTRIDGE, was removed to this City during the last year ; that sin eligible situa¬tion has been purchased, and buildings sufficient for the accommodation of about two hundred and fifty Cadets have been erected at an expense of about thirty thousand dollars ; that this sum has been raised by the voluntary con¬tributions of individuals in this and other towns in the vicinity, and by a grant from the town of Middletown, and that a Charter of Incorporation has been granted to the Institution. The distinguished reputation of the Superin- tendant, and the high approbation which his system of education and discipline have received ■ have placed under his care a much larger number of youths than the buildings are sufficient to accommodate. Applications for ad¬mission are frequent; and an increased number in the approaching spring are expected. These are from all parts of the United States. This fact induces the Memorialists to apply with confidence to the General Govern¬ment for aid to support and extend the usefulness of an Institution, and a system of instruction and discipline, which are justly considered national in their principles and objects ; not less than in the patronage they have re¬ceived. To the attainment of these objects, additional Buildings ; a Library; Apparatus for Chemical, Philoso¬phical and Astronomical observations and experiments ; and a competent fund, are indispensable. To supply these deficiencies, the Institution is destitute of resources* In addition to the direct and immediate benefits which the Institution, and those connected with it, would de¬rive from the supply of these wants, the Memorialists respectfully suggest the following considerations* The system of instruction and discipline, on which this Institution is founded, combines with mental cultivation, the full developement of the physical powers* While a knowledge of military science is acquired ; soundness of health and constitution is promoted and confirmed by frequent, regular and athletic exercise. The Cadet is ha¬bituated to an accurate knowledge, and strict performance of the rights and duties incident to his situation* These acquisitions, scarcely less important to the man of business, than to the soldier, must be considered peculiarly congenial to our republican government; founded on the intelligence and virtue, and sustained by the energy of character of the citizens ; and to be defended by their skill and bravery* The general diffusion of Military Science upon the principles adopted in this Institution would afford to the militia and their officers an opportunity to acquire with little expense of time or money a competent knowledge of their duty ; for which the greatest personal bravery is an inadequate substitute. A knowledge of Civil Engineering, a branch of science which is indispensable to the success of the great cause of Internal Improvements ; the importance of which is every day rising in public estimation ; constitutes a leading object of instruction in this Institution* With the aid which the Memorialists solicit, a considerable proportion of those who may be desirous to engage in the Military or Naval service of the United States, may receive at this Institution, a thorough Scientific, Mili* tary and Naval education. From this source an immense advantage, at a comparatively small expense, would re suit to the government, and the country ; to afford which, the military and naval Academies which are or maybe established and supported by the government, are and probably will continue to be inadequate* Impressed with the importance of extending to every part of the Republic, the benefits of this system of educa¬tion ; and fully sensible of the advantage which it cannot fail to derive from the patronage of Government; the Memorialists in making this application for aid to maintain and extend the usefulness of this first Institution of the kind established in the United States 5 anticipate with great satisfaction, the beneficial effects which will result from its success and prosperity to our common country. They therefore pray that the principles of this Institution, and the probable effects of this system of education upon the public welfare, may be investigated 5 and if found deserving of the patronage of the government of a free people ; that such aid may be afforded to the Institution as shall accomplish the objects proposed ; and in such manner as the wisdom of Congress may deem expedient. Dated at Middletown, January 9th, A. D. 1826 Signed by order and in behalf of the Trustees, GEORGE W. STANLEY, Secretary. STARR & NLLESR….PRINT.

Manuscript journal kept by Thomas H. Darling while a student at the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy (forerunner of Norwich University) from August-October 1824. ; Transcription by Nancy Yancey. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

BIBLISCHE GESCHICHTE DES ALTEN TESTAMENTS Biblische Geschichte des alten Testaments ([I]) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([I]) Vorrede. ([III]) Kapitel ([9]) I. Die Erschaffung der Welt. 1 Mos. 1, 1-25. (10) II. DieSchöpfung der beyden ersten Menschen. I Mos. 1 und 2. (12) III. Adam und Eva im Stande der Unschuld. 1 Mos. 1 und 2. (14) IV. Von dem Fall der ersten Eltern. 1 Mos. 3, 1. und ferner. (17) V. Was folgte auf den Fall der ersten Eltern? 1 Mose 3, 7. u. f. (21) VI. Cain und Abel. 1 Mos. 4, 1. u. f. (23) VII. Von der Nachkommenschaft Adams bis auf Noah, unsern anderen Stammvater. 1 Mos. 5. (27) VIII. Noah. 1 Mos. 6. (30) IX. Die Sündfluth. 1 Mos. 7. 8. 9. (34) Die zwote Periode der biblischen Geschichte vom Jahr der Welt 1756 bis 2508. (38) I. Zeitrechnung der Begebenheiten dieser Periode. (38) II. Einleitung in die Geschichte Abrahams. (39) III. Abrahams Ausgang aus seinem Vaterlande. 1 Mos. 12. (41) IV. Abrahams Wandel in Canaan war himmlisch und erbaulich. 1 Mos. 12, 6-9. (44) V. Abrahams Leiden. 1 Mos. 12, 10-20. Cap. 20. (48) VI. Von der friedfertigen und uneigennützigen Liebe Abrahams. 1 Mos. 13. (50) VII. Abrahams schönes Betragen gegen Melchisedek. 1 Mos. 14, 17-20. (53) VIII. Abrahams Beständigkeit im Glauben. (54) IX. Abrahams Gastfreyheit und Fürbitte für Sodom. 1 Mos. 18. (57) X. Die Aufopferung Isaaks. 1 Mos. 22. (61) Die Geschichte Isaaks; (66) 1) bis an seine Ehe. (66) 2) bis an sein Ende. 1 Mos. 26. (69) I. Jacobs Flucht vor Esau. 1 Mos. 28. (72) II. Jacobs Aufenthalt bey Laban. (77) III. Jacobs Rückreise und Aussöhnung mit Esau. (81) IV.Jacobs Aufenthalt in Canaan. (85) V. Jacobs Aufenthalt in Egypten und sein Ende. (89) I. Joseph wird von seinen Brüdern verkauft. 1 Mos. 37. (93) II. Joseph in Potiphars Hause. 1 Mose 39. (98) III. Joseph im Gefängniß. 1 Mos. 39, 21-23. (102) IV. Joseph erklärt zween Mitgefangenen ihre Träume. 1 Mos. 40. (104) V. Joseph erklärt dem Könige Pharao seine Träume. 1 Mos. 41. (107) VI. Die beyden Reisen der Brüder Josephs nach Egypten. (112) VII. Joseph giebt sich seinen Brüdern zu erkenne. 1 Mos. 45. (119) VIII. Josephs kindliche Aufführung gegen seinem Vater. (122) IX. Schicksale der Nachkommen Jacobs in Egypten bis an die Geburt Mosis. 2 Mos. 1. (126) Die dritte Periode der biblischen Geschichte vom Jahr der Welt 2508- 2909. (130) Die erste Hälfte der Zeitrechnung dieser dritten Periode. (130) Moses, der Erreter Israels. (131) I. Die Kindheit Mosis, 2 Mos. 2, 1-10. (131) II. Mosis Erziehung und Flucht nach Midian. 2 Mos. 2, 11. u. f. (134) III. Moses wird von Gott berufen, Israel aus Egypten zu führen. 2 Mos. 3 u. 4. (138) IV. Mosis erstes Gehör bey Pharao. 2 Mos. 5. 6. (143) V. Fernere Unterhandlung Moses mit Pharao. (147) VI. Das Osterlamm wird eingesetzt. 2 Mos. 11. 12. (152) VII. Auszug der Kinder Israel aus Egypten; Durchgang durchs rothe Meer. 2 Mos. 12, 29. und Cap. 14. (155) VIII. Wie versorgte Gott Israel in der Wüste? 2 Mose 16 und 17. (161) IX. Gott giebt Israel Gesetze; (165) 1) den kurzen Auszug derselben auf Sinai. 2 Mos. 19-24. (165) 2) Die göttlichen Gesetze von der guten Seelenbeschaffeheit und dem innerlichen Dienst der Israeliten (170) 3) Die göttlichen Gesetze vom äußerlichen Gottesdienst der Israeliten. (174) 4) Die Gesetze Gottes von der Nächstenliebe, Gerechtigkeit, Billigkeit, wegen der Gesundheit und Wohlstandes in allen Ständen. (181) X. Die Israeliten versündigen sich durch Bilderdienst; wie sich Gott dem Mosi nachhero geoffenbaret. 2 Mose 32 und 34. (186) XI. Ungehrosam und Strafe der Israeliten. 4 Mos. 11-21. (191) XII. Mosis Tod und Schriften. 5 Mose 1. bis zu Ende. Hiob. (195) I. Josua führt Israel in Canaan. Cap. 1 - 4. (202) II. Was hat sich mit Israel zugetragen, bis Josua Canaan vertheilen konnte? Jos. 5 - 10. (208) III. Austheilung des Landes Canaan; Josua stirbt. (212) Kurzer Inhalt des Buches der Richter. (216) Eli. 1 Sam. 1-4. (230) Samuel. 1 Sam. 1-7. (234) Die vierte Periode der biblischen Geschichte, von der Errichtung des Königreichs bis zur babylonischen Gefangenschaft, von dem Jahr der Welt 2925. bis zu dem 3406ten Jahr. (241) Saul regiert von 2925 bis 2945. 1 Sam. 8. u. f. (241) David regiert von 2945 bis 2985. (249) I. Er wird zum König gesalbt; kommt in Sauls Dienste; tödtet den Goliath. 1 Sam. 16,17. (249) II. Saul faßt einen unauslöschlichen Haß gegen David. 1 Sam. 18-20. (255) III. David lange Zeit ein Flüchtling. 1 Sam. 21-27. (260) IV. Saul kommt um ; David wird König. 1 Sam. 27 - 2 Sam. 5. (265) V. David holt die Bundeslade nach Jerusalem; erhält eine herrliche Verheißung. 2 Sam. 6 und 7. (269) VI. Davids blühende Glückseligkeit; schwere Versündigung. 2 Sam. 9 - 12. (273) VII. Davids Leben nach seiner Versündigung, sonderlich von Absalon. 2 Sam. 13 - 19. (277) VIII. Noch etwas zur rechten Kenntniß Davids. (282) Kurze Nachricht von den beyden Büchern Samuels. (287) Die Psalmen. (287) Salomo, vom Jahr der Welt 2985 bis 3024. (288) Theilung des israelitischen Reiches. 1 Kön. 12. (295) I. Geschichte des Königreichs Juda. (296) II. Geschichte des Königreichs Israel. (308) Was hat Gott in diesen verderbten Zeiten gethan, die wahre Religion unter seinem Volk zu erhalten? (316) 1) Elias.1 Kön. 17-19. Cap. 21, 17. u. f. 2 Kön. 1. 2. (318) 2) Elisa. 2 Kön. 2-8. (330) Jesaias. (336) Jeremias. (339) Die fünfte Periode der biblischen Geschichte, von der babylonischen Gefangenschaft bis zu der Geburt Christi, vom Jahre der Welt 3406-1400. (344) Die babylonische Gefangenschaft. (344) Daniel. (348) Die drey Männer im glüenden Ofen. Daniel 3. (357) Rückkehr der Jüden aus den babylonischen Ländern in Canaan. (360) Esra. (366) Nehemiä. (370) Esther. (377) Tobiäs der ältere. (380) Samariter. (384) Die Geschichte des Volkes Gottes, von Nehemia an bis zu der Zeit der Maccabäer. (388) Fortsetzung der Geschichte des Volkes Gottes, vom J. d. W. 3826 bis 4000. (394) Die Pharisäer und Sadducäer. (404) Die Kette der Weißagungen von dem wahren Meßias, die durch alle Zeiten vor seiner Zukunft geht, und die Kennzeichen lehret, welche er an sich haben muß. (409) Kurze Beschreibung von Palästina, oder dem gelobten Lande. ([419]) §. 1. Namen und Gränzen des Landes. ([419]) §. 2. Natürliche Beschaffenheit des Landes. (420) §. 3. Etwas von dem ehemaligen politischen Zustande des Landes. (427) §. 4. Eintheilung des Landes. (429) §. 5. Die vornehmsten Städte und Flecken. (430) §. 6. Länder, welche an Palästina stoßen. (436) Charte worauf das Iüdische Land vornemlich, wie es zu Christi und der Apostel Zeiten gewesen ist, vorgestellet wird. ( - ) Verzeichnis der Betrachtungen. ([441]) Verzeichnis der erheblichsten Druckfehler, die kleinern, deren viele sind, wolle der Leser verbessern. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Abschnitt ( - )

A ARABIANS, p. 4, 30. Abortion, case of, 61. Author, anecdote of, 121, 124, 127,402. Alderman an, comparative view of, 191. Animal Magnetifm, 253. Alteratives, 269. Agriculture Society, Odiham, 270. Aliment, its procefs, 207. Adventurer, legerdemain, 355. Anecdotes, 367. Afcot, plate won, 61. Aliment, of different kinds, 93. Authors, a review of, 135 B Breeding, p. 1. Blood Horfes, 4, 316. Breeders, northern, 7. ———, inconfiftent, ir. , penurious, 49. Bowdrow, 18. Bloodftock, current price of, 24. Bracken, remark upon, 31, 213, 219, 253, 255. Breaking, 105- Breakers, intoxication of, 109. --- , qualifications, 113. Barrier, 157, 161, 182, 213. Bleeding, adverted to, 216. Blind Stallions, 7, 36, 40. Blood, the flute of, 217, 272, 299. Bone, confidered, 314. «' Black Legs,"" who fo called, 387. Blindnefs, by hard running, 4 c. — —'—, by too frequent covering, 41. Bar Shoes, remarks upon, 183. c Cumberland, former duke of, p. 17, 65. Cantharides, dangerous ufe of, 44. Carrots, great utility of, 95. Clergyman, anecdote of, i)^ Country Farriers, 120. Cripples, by flioeing, 155. Corns, caufe of, 171, 173. —., cure, 174- Cutting, caufe of, 176. Cleanlinefs, neceffity of, 194, 202. Clarke, Mr. remark upon, 217, 272, 341. Cafes, of difeafed eyes, 233. Chafe, of flag or fox, 292, 320, 325. Chambermaid, liberality to, 372. Courts, of law, 379. Colts, improvement of, 69. D. Draft Horfe, Englifli, p. 10, 26. Dungannon, 18. Dealers practice of, 107. Difpofal, proper mode of, 38;,Eclipfe, dam of, p. 17. ■ , get of, j 8, 20. Evergreen, 20. Equeftrians, Juvenile, 193. Exercife, 203, 344. —, comparative view of, 245* — -—, in the metropolis, 25a. Eyes, defeats in, 144, 295, 348, ———, lofs of, 193. Enemies, to improvement, 99, F Foaling, proper time of, p. 47, jr. Foal, time of mares going with, 55. ——, brought up by hand, 65. Feet, different kinds of, 158. Flefliy, footed horfes, 181. Feet, attended to when young, 183. Fundaments, artificial, 257. Figure, in the Field, 291, 323. Feeding, 337, 339, 356. Farmer, a ftory of, 358, Fortunes, annihilated, 386. "" Family the,"" defcribed, 387. Fired horfes, the caufe of fo many, 109. Farriers, ability of, 168. G Gunpowder, p. 18. Gibfon, 135, 157- Gentlemen, advice to, 139,Gamblers, 387. Generofity, of Sportfmen, 140. H Hunters, Englifh, p. 5. Herod, King, 20. Highflyer, 20, 102. Hamilton, Lord Spencer, 40. Horfes, ftarting, 115. Humours, the erFeft of repletion, 208, 212, 223. Hunters, 289. ■ --- , condition of, 291, choice of, 313* Heroes, on horfeback, 188, 327. Harriers, mentioned, 319. Hunter, management of, 321. • —, in the chace, 325. ———, after the chace, 328. Hard Riders, mentioned, 367. Horfes, fele&ion of, 350. J Jupiter, p. 18, Jerry Sneak, 40. Ignorance, of grooms, 239, 294. Juvenile Equeftrians, 193. Inns, defcribed, 351. --- , their figns emblematic, 354. Ill ufage in fhoeing, 143. K King's T. the Hon. blind ftallion, p. 39. L Lelcefterfhire, p. 5, 26. Lincolnflilre, 5, 26. Lewenhock, upon Male Semen, 41. La Fofle, 160, 182. Livery Stables, 190, 203. Light, advantages of, 20 r. Labour, probable, 251. Landlords, defcription of, 35Z. * Lets go,"" its utility, 360. Lottery Office Keepers, 383. Lamenefs from fhoeing, 166, 169. M Mare, fpider legged, p. 7. Marfk, 16, 21. Mercury, 18. Meteor, 18. Milkfop, reafon why fo called, 65. Mare, management of, after foaling, 65. ■ --- , when taken to horfe, 83. Medical ftudent, anecdote of, 362. Mare, compulfively covered, 54. — --- , her time of going with foal, 55. Major O'Flaherty quoted, 190. Medicines, author's, follow Index. Matches, of the author, 401, 403. N Newmarket, p. 4. 394. Northamptonfhire, 5, 26. Nutrition, effect of, 8, 75. Nitre, its ufe, 241. --- , its abufe, 243. Noble Lord, anecdote of, 384.Ofmer, quoted, p. 148. ___'s felf-contradi&ion, 161. Oftler's, defcription of, 329, 354, 357. ———, reward to, 372. Obligation, mutual, 142, P Perfpiration, explained, p. 210. —, its obftru£tion, 248, Purging, the confiftency of, 296, 301^ __ --- j difference of action, 308. Purges, mercurial, 311. Parliament, petition to, 353. Pofthorfes, 373. Pawnbrokers, 383. Perfevere and conquer, 128. Quackery, danger of, p. 239 Quixotes, equeftrian, 189. R ReftifFhorfes, ill ufage of, p. Ill, 127, 129, 14c. Rowelling, 253, explained, 256. • --- , anecdote of, 235, 263. ————, investigated, 277. --- 1—, conclufion drawn, 283, &c. Repletion, and its effects, 189, 191, 208, 338. Racing, in the chace, 327.Road horfes, 349. Road horfes, management of, 365. , on a journey, 369. Repofitory, local law of, 377. Running horfes, number of, 387. Riders, alias jockies, 388, 395, 397* s Stallions, blind, p. 7, 36, 40. --- , of falhion, 16, 35, 39. ———, Shakespear, 17, --- , Marfk, 17. Soldier, 18. Sweetbriar, 20. Sulphur, anecdote of, 60. Shoeing, 130. Sportfmen, liberality of, 140. Smiths, ill ufage of horfes, 143. Stabling, 187. Stimulus, cathartic, 305. Sound, its meaning, (in law) 379* Sporting, bankrupts, 383. Swampy, four grafs, 68. T Turf, p. 19, refinement of, 107. Tradefman, Manchester, 188. Tony Lumpkin, 293. Twitch, its ufe confidered, 348. Turf, the, 382, villainy of, 388. Trainers, 388. Tax, minifterial, 387-Training, expenfive, p. 385. Turf, integrity, 405. U Unions, heterogeneous, p. 6, 10. V Verturruius, p. 18. Ventilators, recommended, 201. Veterinarian education. 270- W Woodpecker, p. 20. Woodcock, 54* Weaning foals, 85, ici. Writers, difFerent, review of, 135. Water and its efFecb, 248, 330, 339, 342, 357, 370, 373 Warm Arables, 356. Wignell, anecdote of, 363. Waiter, reward to, 372. Weftminfter Hall, 380. Y Yorkfhire breeders, p. 5, 26, "

BESCHREIBUNG DER PROVINZIAL-HAUPTSTADT LINZ UND IHRER NÄCHSTEN UMGEBUNG, Beschreibung der Provinzial-Hauptstadt Linz und ihrer nächsten Umgebung, ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Karte]: Karte des Kommissariats u. Steuer-Bezirks der K. K. Prov. Hauptstadt Linz ( - ) Titelseite ([I]) [Motto]: ([II]) [Widmung]: Den edeln Einwohnern Linz's. ([III]) [Motto]: ([IV]) Vorrede. ([V]) Inhalts-Anzeige. (VII) I. Einleitung. (VII) II. Beschreibung der Provinzial-Hauptstadt Linz, mit der ältesten Geschichte. (VII) III. Die nächste Umgebung der Provinzial-Hauptstadt Linz. (XII) Verzeichnis der P. T. Herren Pränumeranten. (XIII) A. (XIII) B. (XIII) C. - E. (XIV) F. (XIV) G. (XV) J. (XVII) K. (XVII) L. (XVIII) M. (XIX) N. (XIX) O. - Q. (XX) R. (XXI) S. (XXI) T. - V. (XXIII) W. (XXIII) Z. (XXIV) I. Einleitung. ([1]) 1. Umriß des Landes Oberösterreich oder des Landes ob der Enns überhaupt. ([3]) 2. Angabe der über Oberösterreich erschienen Karten. (11) 3. Aufzählung der bis jetzt über Oberösterreich erschienen vorzüglichsten Propekte. (14) 4. Die bis jetzt verzeichneten Orts- und Berghöhen, dann Bäche-, Flüsse- und Seebemessungen in Oberösterreich. (19) [Tabelle]: Ortshöhen. (19) [Tabelle]: Berghöhen. (21) Bäche-, Flüsse- und Seebemessungen. (27) 5. Bäder und Gesundbrunnen in Oberösterreich. (31) 6. Römische Denkmähler und ausgegrabene Römermünzen in Oberösterreich. (34) A) Im Innkreise: (35) B) Im Hausruckkreise: (37) C) Im Traunkreise: (42) D) Im Mühlkreise: (46) II. Beschreibung der Provinzial-Hauptstadt Linz verbunden mit der ältesten Geschichte. ([49]) Zusammenstellung der Nachrichten verschiedener Schriftsteller über Linz. (51) Topographie und Statistik der Stadt Linz. (56) Name; mathematische Lage; Klima (56) [Tabelle]: Uebersicht des Flächenmaßes und der Naturalerträgnisse vom Kommissariats- und Steuerbezirke Linz. (57) Abgränzung des k. k. Landgerichtsbezirkes von Linz. (58) Abgränzung des Kommissariatsbezirkes Linz. Abgränzung des Steuerbezirkes von Linz. (59) Abgränzung des Stadtburgfriedens. (59) Gränzbeschreibung des einstigen k. k. Landgerichts Donauthal vom Standpunkte Linz. (60) Entfernung von den nächstgelegenen vorzüglichsten Hauptstädten. (62) [Tabelle]: Häuserzahl des Distriktskommissariats Magistrat Linz i. J. 1822. (62) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Bevölkerung an Einheimischen. (2)Hinsichtlich der Klassifikation zeigt sich folgendes Verhältniß: (63) [Tabelle]: Zehnjährige Uebersicht der nach Ausweis der Begräbniß-, Tauf- und Kopulations-Protokolle in Linz und deren Vorstädten, einschließlich des Marktes Urfahr, Gestorbenen, Geborenen und Getrauten. (64) [Tabelle]. Viehstand überhaupt. (65) Stadtthore und ihre Aufschriften. (65) Stadtwappen. (66) Eintheilung der Stadt. (66) Die Donaubrücke. (67) Plätze. (68) Kirchen, Kapellen, Köster, dann zu kirchlichen und ähnlichen Zwecken verwendete Gebäude. (72) Merkwürdige Profangebäude. (74) Vorzügliche Gebäude im Umkreise des Kommissariatsbezirkes Linz. (80) Lehr- und Wohltätigkeitsanstalten. (81) Gewerbe, Fabriken und Handlungen. (82) Jahrmärkte. (83) Wochenmärkte: (84) Gesellschaftsgärten. (84) Geschichte der Entstehung der Stadt Linz und ihrer ferneren Schicksale. (88) Verzeichniß der Herren Markgrafen, Landeshauptleute, Verwalter der Landeshauptmannschaft, Gouverneure und Regierungspräsidenten, die bis auf gegenwärtige Zeit dem Lande und Erzherzogthum Oesterreich ob der Enns vorgestanden sind. (130) Landesstellen. (142) Die Landschaft des Erzherzogthums Oesterreich ob der Enns mit den untergeordneten Aemtern. (150) Die Diözese Linz. (156) Kirchen und Kapellen. (160) Die Kapuzinerkirche sammt Kloster im sogenannten Weingarten Nro. 831. (164) Die Kirche der Barmherzigen sammt Spital in der Herrengasse Nro. 542. (169) Die Kirche und das Kloster der PP. Karmeliter Nro. 467. an der Landstrasse. (174) Die Kirche und das Kloster der Ursulinerinnen Nro. 433 an der Landstrasse. (181) Die Alumnats-Kirche sammt dem bischöflichen Seminarium in der Harrach Nro. 435. (183) Die Kirche der Elisabethinerinnen, ihr Kloster und Spital in der alten Bethlehemgasse Nro. 400. (186) Die Dom-Kirche zu Linz. (192) Die Stadtpfarrkirche Nro. 163 sammt dem Dekanalhause Nro. 235 am Pfarrplatze. (199) Die sogenannte Minoriten- oder Landhauskirche in der Klostergasse Nro. 9. (208) Die einstige St. Margarethenkirche, die Kalvarienbergskirche und das Kirchlein Maria-Thal. (211) Unterrichts- und Erziehungsanstalten. (214) Das Lyceum. (217) Theologisches Studium. (218) Philosophisches Studium. (219) Hebammenunterrichts-Anstalt. (220) Die Lyceums-Bibliothek (222) Das physikalische Museum. (225) Der k. k. Musterhof Nro. 503. (227) Das k. k. Gymnasium. (228) Die k. k. Normal-Hauptschule am Hofberge Nro. 82. (233) Die ständischen Unterrichts-Anstalten. (236) In der französischen Sprachlehre. In der italienischen Sprachlehre. In der Zeichnungsschule. In der Tanzschule. (237) In der Reitschule. (238) Die Mädchenschule und Erziehungsanstalt bei den Ursuliner-Frauen. (238) Die beiden militärischen Erziehungshäuser. (238) Die Privat-Taubstummen-Lehranstalt. (240) Die unentgeltliche Musik-Lehranstalt des hiesigen Musik-Vereins. (251) Das nordische Stift. (252) Kranken-, Armen-, Versorgungs- und andere Humanitäts-Anstalten. (254) 1) Das Linzer Bürgerspital (255) 2) Siechenhäuser (256) 3) Das Lazareth. (257) 4) Das in der hiesigen Vorstadt an der Landstraße Nro. 526 bestandene Bruderhaus (257) 5) Die Thonmüller'sche Stiftung. (258) 6) Die Prunner'sche, Keller'sche und Theresianische Waisenhausstiftungen. (259) 7) Die ständische Pfründer-Stiftung 8) Die Stiftung auf Ausstattung zweier Bürgersmädchen 9) Ueber das männliche allgemeine Krankenhaus 10) Das weibliche allgemeine Krankenhaus (262) 11) Die k. k. milde Versorgungsanstalt mit dem dazu gehörigen Siechenhause zu Münzbach. (262) 12) das hier garnisonierende Militär hat ein besonders, gut gebautes, mit Reinigungsöfen und einem Garten für Rekonvalescenten versehenes Krankenhaus (265) 13) Für die ob der ennsischen herrschaftl. Pflegbeamtens- und Linzer Advokatenwittwen oder die nach ihrem Tode an ihre Stellen tretenden Kinder (265) 14) Das Armen-Institut. (266) 15) Eine Rumford'sche Suppenanstalt im Prunner-Stifte dahier. (269) 16) Arme verunglückte Staarblinde (270) 17) Das Pensions-Institut für die Wittwen und Waisen der sämmtlichen Schullehrer in der Linzer Diöcese. (270) 18) Das k. k. Strafhaus in Linz. (274) Die verschiedenen Handlungen, Manufakturen, Fabriken und Fabrikanten. (280) Die k. k. Wollenzeug-, Tuch- und Teppich-Fabrik (282) a) Material- und Spezerei-Waaren-Handlungen. b) Tuch- und Schnittwaaren-Handlungen. (292) c) Weißwaaren-Handlungen. (292) d) Galanterie- und Nürnberger-Waarenhandlungen. e) Eisen-Handlungen. f) Mit gefärbter und roher Seide, dann Kameel- und Arras-Garn. g) Vortsadt-Handlungen mit gemischten Waaren. (293) h) Leder-Handlungen. (294) i) Buch-, Kunst-, und Musik-Handlungen. (294) k) Fabriken. (296) l) Zeug- Kotton- und Sammer-Fabrikanten, dann Kauf- und Verlags-Weber. (296) Post- und Bothenwesen, Donaufahrten. (298) I. Der Abgang der Ordinari- und Journalbriefposten zu Linz ist so geordnet: (299) II. Ankommende Posten: (300) III. Mit dem Abgange und mit der Ankunft der fahrenden Posten ist folgende Einrichtung getroffen: (301) IV. Verzeichniß der in Linz alle Wochen ankommenden Bothen, deren Einkehr und Aufenthalt. (303) V. Von Linz nach Wien auf der Donau zu reisen, (308) Anstalten zur öffentlichen Sicherheit und Bequemlichkeit. (309) Oeffentliche Vergnügungen und - gesellschaftliche Unterhaltungen. (316) Theater; Kasino; Redouten; Musiken; Lektüre und öffentliche Leih-Bibliothek; die ruhigen Gesellschafts-Spiele; die gewöhnlichen Unterhaltungen in gemischten Gesellschaften; (316) Die Frauenzimmer in Linz (321) Zerstreute Merkwürdigkeiten in Linz. (323) A) Zerstreute In- und Aufschriften. (324) B) Verschiedene zerstreute Denkwürdigkeiten (325) III. Die nächste Umgeung der Provinzial-Hauptstadt Linz. ([331]) I. Die nächste Umgebung von Linz nördlich am linken Donau-Ufer. (333) 1) Das Urfahr. (333) 2) Der Hagen. (337) 3) Der Au-Berg. (338) 4) Der Pöstling-Berg. (339) II. Die nächste Umgebung von Linz östlich am linken Donau-Ufer. (342) 1) St. Magdalena. (342) 2) Der Au-Hof. (344) 3) Steyeregg. (345) III. Die nächste Umgebung von Linz östlich am rechten Donau-Ufer. (350) 1) Der Gottesacker. (350) 2) Der Kaplan-Hof, das Seiler-Gütl, St. Peter und Zizl-Au. (354) IV. Nächste Umgebung von Linz im Süden am rechten Donau-Ufer. (357) 1) Ebersberg. (357) 2) Der Markt und das Stift St. Florian. (364) 3) Kleinmünchen. (381) 4) Leonding. (383) V. Die nächste Umgebung von Linz westlich am rechten Donau-Ufer. (385) 1) Dörnach oder Maria vom guten Rath. (385) 2) Der Kirnberg. (386) 3) Das Cistercienser-Stift Wilhering (Hilaria) (390) VI. Die nächste Umgebung von Linz westlich am linken Donau-Ufer. (396) 1) Buchenau. (396) 2) Ottensheim. (398) Aenderungen während dem Drucke und aufgefundene Nachträge. (405) Zusammenstellung abweichender Schreib-Arten von vielen in diesem Werke vorgekommenen Orten, Personen und Sachen. (415) [Tabelle]: Druckfehler und ihre Verbesserungen. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

STAATSBÜRGERLICHES MAGAZIN MIT BESONDERER RÜCKSICHT AUF DIE HERZOGTHÜMER SCHLESWIG, HOLSTEIN UND LAUENBURG Staatsbürgerliches Magazin mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg (-) Staatsbürgerliches Magazin mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg (Erster Band) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Inhalt des ersten Bandes. ( - ) Ersten Bandes erstes Heft. ([1]) I. Vorwort. ([1]) II. Der unbescheidene Schlagbaum. ([17]) No. I. (31) No. II. (36) No. III. (38) No. IV. (39) III. Reisebemerkungen aus Holstein. ([40]) IV. Plan zur Errichtung einer allgemeinen Brandversicherungs-Gilde für bewegliche Güter. ([47]) Einleitung. ([47]) Erstes Capitel. Von dem Zweck der Beschaffenheit und Einrichtung der allgemeinen Brandversicherungs-Gilde für bewegliche Güter. ([53]) Zweites Capitel. Von der Versicherung. (58) Drittes Capitel. Von der Entschädigung. (64) Viertes Capitel. Von der Verwaltung der allgemeinen Brandversicherungs-Gilde. (68) V. Aufforderung an christliche Volksfreunde, zur Bearbeitung kleiner religiöser Schriften speciellen Inhalts. ([77]) VI. Einige Bemerkungen und Vorschläge, veranlaßt durch die neuesten Verzeichnisse der in Schleswig und Holstein verhafteten Verbrecher. (80) VII. Uebersicht der Verhandlungen über die Anlegung neuer Kanäle in Holstein. ([120]) VIII. Ueber eine Kanalverbindung zwischen der Elbe und Ostsee mittelst der Alster, der Trave, des Ploener Sees und der Swentine. (Erste Fortsetzung zu der über diesen Gegenstand herausgegebenen Preisschrift. Enthaltend die Verbindung der Trave mit dem Ploener See. Mit einer Charte.) Von H. von Justi, Capt., und F. A. Lorentzen, Dr. u. Ritter [et]c. ([129]) Vorwort. ([129]) Einleitung. (130) Ueber die Verbindung der Ober-Trave mit dem großen Ploener See. (134) Erster Abschnitt. Die Behandlung und Ausgrabung de Vertheilungslinie des Kanals, von der Brandmühle bis zum Muggesfelder See. (138) 2ter Abschnitt. Die Behandlung und Ausgrabung des von der Brandmühle kommenden Flußes, bis in die Trave. (151) 3ter Abschnitt. Die Behandlung und Ausgrabung des aus dem Muggesfelder See kommenden Abzuggrabens und der nachherigen Tensfelderaue, oder vom Muggesfelder bis in den großen Ploener See. (152) Ersten Bandes zweytes Heft. ([197]) XIII. Jahresfeyer der englischen Gesellschaft zur Verbesserung der Gefängnißzucht am 2ten Juny 1821. (Schreiben an Herrn Professor Falck.) ([197]) XIV. Eines Holsteinischen Predigers Ansprache an seine Gemeinde zur Erweckung ihrer Theilnahme an dem Christenwerk der Heidenbekehrung. (Der Schluß einer Predigt.) ([231]) XV. Ausführliche Erhärtung des Beweises von der Friesischen Abstammung der Dithmarscher, hauptsächlich aus den noch übrigen zahlreichen Spuren in der Sprache. ([238]) Vorwort. ([238]) Kapitel (242) XVI. Sollte es wirklich gut seyn, statt der Geldabgaben Kornlieferungen eintreten zu lassen? ([289]) XVII. Ueber das Reisen in Holstein. ([300]) XVIII. Ueber die Compromißgerichte, welche in landwirthschaftlichen Contracten angeordnet zu werden pflegen. ([339]) XIX. Einige Bemerkungen über die Quellen des vaterländischen Rechts. ([356]) §. 1. Einleitung. ([356]) §. 2. Begriff der Rechtsquellen und Inhalt der Quellenkunde. (357) §. 3. Eintheilung der Rechtsquellen. (358) §. 4. Von den allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätzen. (359) §. 5. Von der Billigkeit. (361) §. 6. Die Prinzipien des allgemeinen Völkerrechts. (364) §. 7. Von den Gewohnheiten im Allgemeinen. (366) §. 8. Einige besondere die Gewohnheiten betreffende Fragen. (368) §. 9. Von den geschriebenen Gesetzen, und von der gesetzgebenden Gewalt. (376) XX. Chronik. ([380]) Naturereignisse. ([380]) Ausgezeichnete Glücks- und Unglücksfälle. (381) Veränderungen in den Amtsbesetzungen. (382) Steigen und Fallen der Kornpreise. (383) Neue Erfindungen, Einrichtungen und öffentliche Anstalten. (384) XXI. Literatur. ([394]) Vorschläge und Ansichten betreffend die Ackervertheilung in den Herzogthümern Schleswig und Holstein, insbesondere mit Anwendung auf die Kieler Stadtländereien. Von A. C. Gudme, Landinspector. Schleswig, 1821. Gedruckt und verlegt im Königl. Taubstummen-Institut. ([394]) XXII. Miscellen. ([404]) 1. Kurze Nachricht von dem du Cros'schen Stipendio für Theologie Studirende, für die Aspiranten zu demselben. ([404]) 2. Taubstummen-Confirmation in Schleswig. (406) 3. Der Herzog von Chartres besucht die öffentliche Schule in Paris. (409) 4. Der deutsche Adel. (411) 5. Stellen aus einem nachgelassenen Werke der Frau von Staël dix années d'exile. (412) 6. Die Herren von Straßburg. (Historische Erzählungen, die Denkungsart und Sitten der Alten zu entdecken. Zürich, 1769. S. 45. (413) 7. Bedarf des Landeigenthum einer Abhülfe? Aus dem in Copenhagen herauskommenden Blatt: der Staatsfreund. (414) 8. Ueber Lottocollecten in den Dörfern. (418) 9. Wunsch nach gutem Bier. (421) 10. Ist es möglich, daß der Tagelöhner in Holstein jährlich fünf und zwanzig Thaler Steuer gebe? (422) 11. Eine öffentliche Angabe über den Betrag der dänischen Staatsschuld. (423) 12. Literarische und geschichtliche Notizen über öffentliche Angelegenheiten des Vaterlandes, insbesondere die Verfassung betreffend. (424) 13. Nachträge zu frühern Aufsätzen. (429) 14. Wohlthätige Gesellschaft in Weimar. (432) Ersten Bandes drittes Heft. ([433]) XXIII. Dethmars Chronik, vom Oberappellationsrath Dr. Hach zu Lübeck. ([433]) XXIV. Sätze aus der Staatsverwaltungs- und Staatswirthschaftslehre mit besonderer Rücksicht auf einen vorhandenen Staat, vorläufig zur näheren Prüfung aufgestellt. ([497]) XXV. Betreffend den kirchlichen Calender. ([534]) An Herrn Professor Falck. ([534]) An Seine Königl. Majestät, obersten Bischoff. Supplicatum Kiel d. 27. Nov. 1820. (535) Nachschrift. (540) XXVI. Literatur. (Kobbe's Lauenburg. Geschichte. - Wedekinds Noten - sein Hermann - Schmidt von Lübeck -) ([541]) XXVII. Ueber die wesentlicheren in kammeralistischer Hinsicht Statt findenden Unterschiede zwischen Feste- und Bonden-Gütern in den Herzogthümern Schleswig und Holstein und über das hergebrachte Verfahren bey Aufhebung der Feste-Verfassung. Von dem Kammerrath Feldmann in Schleswig. ([561]) XXVIII. Aufforderung zu einer vaterländischen Preisaufgabe. ([585]) XXIX. Erörterung der "Ueber das Reisen in Holstein" in dem zweiten Heft des ersten Bandes des Staatsbürgerlichen Magazins gemachten Bemerkungen, von einem Postbeamten. ([591]) XXX. Chronik. ([602]) Naturereignisse. ([602]) Amtsveränderungen. (608) Oeffentliche Anstalten. (609) Oeffentliche Anerkennung von Verdiensten. (611) XXXI. Miscellen. ([612]) 1. Auszug aus einer Reisebeschreibung des Herzogs Christian Albrecht. ([612]) 2. Einige Urkunden, betreffend die ehemaligen Verlöbnißsolennien in Dithmarschen. (623) 3. Ueber das Creditwesen in Eiderstedt. (629) 4. Einige Bemerkungen über Herrn Professor Olussens Beitrag zur National Industrie. (630) 5. An die Rectoren unserer vaterländischen Gelehrten-Schulen. (631) 6. Verzeichniß der in den Herzögthümern Schleswig und Herzogthum Holstein. (632) 7. Das Amtsgefängniß in Ploen. (Ein Schreiben an einen der Herausgeber.) (634) 8. Dänische Anleihe in London. (636) 9. Schreiben an Herrn Professor Falck, betreffend die Kieler Stadtländereien. (638) 10. Noch einige Bemerkungen über die Vertheilung der Kieler Stadtländereien. (642) 11. Vorschlag zu einem Buche für die Holsteinische Jugend. (643) 12. Wunsch. (643) 13. Adversarien im Staatsbürgerlichen Magazin I, 2. von Pastor Harms. (644) 14. Zusätze und Bemerkungen zu frühern Aufsätzen. (650) 15. Brandstiftungen in Dithmarschen. (Aus einem Schreiben aus Dithmarschen.) (653) 16. Anfrage wegen Revisore öffentlicher Rechnungen. (654) Smollis und Fiducit. (654) Ersten Bandes viertes Heft. ([657]) XXXII. Ueber die Landkriege der Dänen mit den Deutschen im neunten und zehnten Jahrhunderte. (Beiläufig etwas über die s. g. Schleswigsche Mark und die historische Glaubwürdigkeit Adams von Bremen. - Ein Seitenstück zu Hegewisch "Ueber die vermeinten seeräuberischen Unternehmungen der s. g. Normänner)." ([657]) XXXIII. Abhandlung über das Protocollationswesen in den Herzogthümern Schleswig und Holstein, oder Zusammenstellung der in den hauptsächlichsten Protocollationsverordnungen enthaltenen Grundsätze, nebst einer kurzen Geschichte der Ausbildung des Hypotheken-Instituts. Von Andr. Aug. Posselt, Advocaten in Neustadt. (Mit sechs Beilagen.) ([708]) I. Ueber die Ausbildung der Protocollationswesens. ([708]) II. Ueber den Zweck der Schuld- und Pfandprotocolle. (722) III. Einrichtung des Schuld- und Pfandprotocolls. (726) IV. Protocollationsfähige Forderungen. (732) V. Form der Protocollation. (735) VI. Schließung des Foliums im Schuld- und Pfandprotocoll. (740) VII. Verhältniß der Protocollata. (745) VIII. Tilgung der Protocollata. (749) IX. Wirkungen der Protocollation. (755) XXXIV. Landwirthschaftliche Zeitschriften. ([767]) XXXV. Chronik. ([775]) Von der Universität. ([775]) Amtsveränderungen. (777) Ausgezeichnete Verbrechen. (779) Bevölkerungs Nachrichten. (780) Vermischte Nachrichten. (781) XXXVI. Miscellen. ([782]) 1. Vaterländisches Mancherley. ([782]) a) Schaafstämme in Schleswig und Holstein. ([782]) b) Der Roland zu Bramstedt. (784) 2. Einige Bemerkungen über des Herrn Doctors Meyer Sommerreise in Holstein. (793) 3. Auszug eines Schreibens vom Landinspektor Gudme an den Herrn Conferenzrath Lawaß in Altona d. d. Kiel den 20sten December 1821. (799) 4. Einige Wünsche wegen Dilatirung und Repartition der Abgaben. (806) 5. Fragmentarische Bemerkungen, die Landschaft Eiderstedt und deren Verfassung betreffend. (808) a) Ueber die Eintheilung der Landschaft Eiderstedt [et]c. (808) b) Mating, Matingsding. (810) c) Erklärung einiger zum Deich- und Wege-Wesen gehörender Wörter. (814) d) Polizeimänner, Stockrichter u. s. w. (814) e) Dingstock. (815) 6. Bemerkungen über die neuesten Mittheilungen der Central-Administration der patriotischen Gesellschaft. (816) 7. Schreiben an einen der Herausgeber, die Visitation der Postsachen durch die Zollcontrolleure und einiges Andere betreffend. (824) 8. Kleine Erzählung aus alter Zeit. (826) 9. Die theure Freiheit. (828) 10. Etwas über Naturalzehnten. (829) Druckfehler im 3ten Hefte. ( - ) Plan zur Verbindung der Ober-Trave mit dem Großen Ploener See von H. v. Justi ( - ) Einband ( - ) Abschnitt ( - )

Article by Morris Arnold on the Arkansas Legal System during the Colonial Period. ; THE ARKANSAS COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM, 1686-1766 Morris S. Arnold* Except for the silence of its final letter, there is nowadays noth­ing very French about Arkansas. Yet before the American takeover in 1804 the great majority of the European inhabitants of the area presently occupied by the state were of French origin. There is s9me visible proof of this in the names, many now mangled beyond e:asy recognition, which eighteenth-century voyageurs and coureurs de bois gave to a good many Arkansas places and streams; 1 and there are, as well, a number of Arkansas townships which bear the names of their early French habitants .2 While these faint traces of a remote European past survive, ab­solutely nothing remains of the laws and customs which the ancient residents of Arkansas observed. This is no accident. It was a favor­ite object of Jefferson to introduce the common law of England into the vast Louisiana Territory as quickly as he could. In the lower territory he waited too late. New Orleans had had a large French population and a somewhat professionalized legal system for some time, and the civilian opposition, given time to congeal, proved to * Ben J. Altheimer Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock. B.S.E.E. 1965, LL.B. 1968, University of Arkansas; LL.M. 1969, S.J.D. 1971, Harvard Law School. This article is the first chapter of Professor Arnold's book, UNEQUAL LAWS UNTO A SAVAGE RACE: EUROPEAN LEGAL TRADITIONS IN ARKANSAS, 1686-1836, which will be published later this year. l. See generally Branner, Some Old French Place Names in the State of Arkansas, 19 ARK. HIST. Q. 191 (1960). The etymology of some of these names is difficult and interesting. Who would guess very quickly, for instance, that Smackover in Union County is Chemin Couvert (covered road) in disguise? Id. at 206. Tchemanihaut Creek (pronounced 'Shamanahaw") in Ashley County is a good deal easier: Chemin a haut (high road) must have been its original name. Its initial letter, one local historian has plausibly suggested, is probably attributable to "a misguided attempt to derive the name from the Indian lan­guage." Y. ETHERIDGE, HISTORY OF ASHLEY COUNTY, ARKANSAS 17, 18 (1959). Other names should on sight be instantly intelligible to a modern Parisian, though their current pronunciation might cause him consternation: Examples are the Terre Rouge (red earth) and Terre Noire (black earth) Creeks in Clark County, the L 'Angui!le (eel) River in north­east Arkansas, and La Grue (crane) township in Arkansas county. 2. Vaugine and Bogy Townships in Jefferson County, Darysaw (Desruisseaux) Town­ship in Grant County, and Fourche La Fave (Lefevre) Township in Perry County are good examples. 391 392 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 have sufficient muscle to win a partial victory.3 As a result, as to substantive civil matters the state of Louisiana is today a thoroughly civilian jurisdiction. In the upper territory, however, by a piecemeal process beginning in 1804, the English common law was insinuated into the legal system, until, in 1816, it was at last adopted virtually wholesale by the General Assembly of the Missouri Territory.4 The purpose of this article is to explain why civilian legal institutions proved so weak in Upper Louisiana and especially in Arkansas. It turns out that the smallness and character of the European popula­tion in Arkansas was the main cause for the vulnerability of Euro­pean legal norms there. The reception of the common law in Arkansas was simply one element in a more general exchange of cultures which occurred following the Louisiana Purchase. I At ten o'clock on the morning of March 12, 1682, Robert Cava­lier, sieur de la Salle, having been commissioned four years earlier by Louis XIV of France to explore and take possession of the Mis­sissippi and its tributaries, drew near the Quapaw Village of Kappa. The village was located on the right bank of the Mississippi River about twenty miles north of the mouth of the Arkansas. From the war chants emanating from the Indian town, La Salle judged that he was in for a hostile reception; so he hastily constructed a "fort" on an island opposite the village and awaited developments. Soon, however, the Quapaw chief sent the calumet of peace, and La Salle and his men went to Kappa where they were received with every possible demonstration of affection both public and private. Asked by the Quapaws for help against their enemies, La Salle promised that they could thenceforth look for protection to the greatest prince of the world, in whose behalf he had come to them and to all the other nations who lived along and around the river. In return, La Salle said, the Quapaws had to consent expressly to the erection in their village of a column on which His Majesty's arms were to be painted, symbolizing their recognition that he was the master of their lands. The Indians agreed and Henry de Tonti, La Salle's lieutenant 3. See generally G. DARGO, JEFFERSON'S LOUISIANA: POLITICS AND THE CLASH OF LEGAL TRADITIONS (1975). 4. 1 LAWS OF A PUBLIC AND GENERAL NATURE, OF THE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA, OF THE TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA, OF THE TERRITORY OF MISSOURI, AND OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI, UP TO THE YEAR 1824, ch. 154 (1842). 1983) COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 393 and commandant of one of the two brigades in the company, imme­diately caused the column to be fashioned. On it was painted a cross and the arms of France, and it bore these words: Louis the Great, King of France and of Navarre, rules. 13th of March, 1682. Tonti then conducted the column with all the French men-at-arms to the plaza of the village, and, La Salle taking up a position at the head of his brigade and Tonti at the head of his, the Reverend Fa­ther Zeno be Membre sang the hymn 0 crux, ave, spes unica. The company then went three times around the plaza, each time singing the psalm Exaudiat te Dominus and shouting vive le roy to the dis­charge of their muskets. They then planted the column while re­peating the cries of vive le roy, and La Salle, standing near the column and holding the king's commission in his hand, spoke in a loud voice the following words in French: On behalf of the very high, very invincible, and victorious prince Louis the Great, by the grace of God, King of France and of Navarre, the fourteenth of this name, today, the 13th of March, 1682, with the consent of the nation of the Arkansas assembled at the village of Kappa and present at this place, in the name of the king and his allies, I, by virtue of the commission of His Majesty of which I am bearer and which I hold presently in my hand . , have taken possession in the name of His ffi.ajesty, his heirs, and the successors to his crown, of the country of Louisiana and of all the nations, mines, minerals, ports, harbors, seas, straits, and roadsteads, and of everything contained within the same . . . . After more musket-firing and the giving of presents the Indians cele­brated their new alliance throughout the night, pressing their hands to the column and then rubbing their bodies in testimony to the joy which they felt in having made so advantageous a connection. Thus did France gain sovereignty over and ownership of Arkansas. The reason that we know all these details and more about La Salle's activities in Arkansas is that he had requested, and received, from Jacques de la Metairie, the notary who was in his company, a lengthy proces-verbal describing the events at Kappa and officially attesting their occurrence.5 This was Arkansas's first exposure to civilian legal processes. It would be almost 150 years before the influence of the civil law ceased to make itself felt there. 5. 2 P. MARGRY, DECOUVERTES ET ETABLISSEMENT DES FRAN<;:AIS DANS L'0UEST ET DANS LE SUD DE L'AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE, 1614-1754 (1881). 394 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 II Arkansas Post was the first European establishment in the lower Mississippi valley. It was first located about twenty-seven miles by river from the mouth of the Arkansas on the edge of Little Prairie at what is now called the Menard Site. (See Figure 2). Set­tled in 1686 by six tenants of Henry de Tonti to whom La Salle in 1682 had granted the lower Arkansas as a seignory, 6 it was to serve as an Indian trading post and as an intermediate station between the Illinois country and the Gulf of Mexico.7 Tonti's plans for the place had been large indeed. In 1689 he promised the Jesuits to build a house and chapel at the Arkansas and to grant a resident priest a sizeable amount of land; while there, Tonti confidently asserted, the priest could "come and say mass in the French quarter near our fort."8 No priest in fact established himself during Tonti's ownership of the Arkansas and his French quarter and fort never materialized. When in an undated grant of land to Jacques Cardinal, one of his men at the Post, Tonti styled himself seigneur de ville de Tonti (lord of the town of Tonti),9 he was in the grips of an excessive enthusi­asm. There is no evidence that the European population of the place ever exceeded six. In fact, when Joutel arrived there in 1687 there were only two Frenchmen remaining in residence; 10 and the single log house he descpbed is apparently the only structure ever erected at Tonti's Post. Joutel remarked of Tonti's two traders that "if I was joyous to find them, they participated in the joy since we left them the wherewithal to maintain themselves for some time." Indeed, he said, "they were almost as much in need of our help as we of theirs." He ridiculed the whole idea of a post at that location. "The said house," Joutel noted sarcastically, "was to serve as an 6. See Faye, The Arkansas Post ef Louisiana: French Domination, ;26 LA. HIST. Q. 633, 635-36 ( 1943). 7. Such was the view of Father Douay, a Jesuit who described Tonti's post in 1687. See M. THOMAS, THE ARKANSAS POST OF LOUISIANA, 1682-1783 (M.A. Thesis, University of California, 1948). 8. Tonti's grant to the Jesuits is quoted in 1 M. GIRAUD, A HISTORY OF FRENCH LOUI­SIANA 8 (J. Lambert trans., 1974). 9. The grant is translated in THE FRENCH FOUNDATIONS 396 (T. Pease & R. Werner eds., 1934). 10. Faye, supra note 6, at 735. 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM Henry de Tonti, lieutenant of La Salle. He founded Arkansas Post in 1686 and in the late seventeenth century styled himself seigneur de ville de Tonti. He was the first European to possess judicial authority in Arkansas. (Courtesy of the Museum of the History of Mobile). 395 396 UALR LAW JOURNAL · [Vol. 6:391 entrepot [way-station] for the French who travelled in these parts, but we were the only ones whom it so served." 11 Short of supplies and virtually inaccessible, the tiny outpost never prospered. The war with the Iroquois closed the route to Ca­nada and made trade to and from Arkansas impossible much of the time until 1693.12 By 1696, Jean Couture, Tonti's lieutenant and commandant at the Post, had deserted to the English, 13 and in 1699 Jesuit missionaries to the Quapaws found no trace of a French set­tlement. 14 By then the French had evidently abandoned the Arkan­sas, though there may have remained behind a "few white savages thereabouts as wild as red savages." 15 However grandiose and ambitious had been the schemes of Tonti, they would soon come to seem tame. In 1717 the Mercure de France, a Paris newspaper, began advertising the riches of Louisi­ana to its readers: Gold and silver could be mined there "with al­most no labor." The mountains situated on the Arkansas River would be explored, and there, one correspondent exuded, "we shall gather, believe me, specimens from silver mines, since others al­ready have gathered such there without trouble." When Cadillac sensibly protested that "the mines of the Arkansas were a dream" he was promptly committed to the Bastille "on suspicion of having spo­ken with scant propriety against the Government of France."16 The man behind the propaganda campaign was John Law, a Scot, who owned a bank in Paris and who had in 1717 succeeded in securing for his Compagnie d'Occident a monopoly on Louisiana trade. Law's company recruited thousands of colonists to settle in Louisiana and the king granted it authority to grant land from the 11. Joutel Remarques sur /'Ouvrage de Tonti Re/at(( a la Louisiane ( 1703), Archives Service Hydrographique (Paris), vol. 115-9, no. 12 (Typescript in Little Rock Public Li­brary). The translation in the text is mine. 12. Faye, supra note 6, at 638. 13. IBERVILLE'S GULF JouRNALS 144 at n.98 (R. McWilliams ed. 1950). 14. 18 COLLECTIONS OF THE WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY 427, at n.37 (1908). 15. Faye, supra note 6, at 646. See also I M. GIRAUD, supra note 8, at 8: "When d'Iberville reached the Mississippi [i.e., in 1699] the post had been abandoned." Some writ­ers are reluctant to say that the Arkansas was completely devoid of Europeans at this time. See, e.g., P. HOLDER, ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD RESEARCH ON THE PROBLEM OF THE LOCA­TIONS OF ARKANSAS POST ARKANSAS 4 (1957): "The French occupation of the general area along the lower courses of the Arkansas and White Rivers was virtually continuous from the 1680's onward." The truth is that the sources simply fail to mention any Europeans in Ar­kansas, except Jesuit missionaries, between 1699 and 1721. It is, however, hard to resist believing that a few hunters and trappers ventured from time to time into the area and established temporary camps there. Almost certainly no real settlement existed however. 16. Faye, supra note 6, at 653. 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 397 Royal domain. Proprietors of the company's land grants (conces­sionaires) were given considerable latitude in choosing the spots for their settlements, since the interior of Louisiana was not well known; and they therefore exercised much discretion in locating their colonists on arrival. 17 However, the company early on had recognized the Arkansas River as an important spot, since it was thought that it might well be the best route to the Spanish mines of Mexico. Thus the company specifically directed where the Arkansas concession should be located and ordered that it be the first occu­pied. 18 It granted this concession to Law himself. In August of 1721, a group of Law's French engages (perhaps as many as eighty) took possession of land on Little Prairie at or near the site of Tonti's abandoned trading post. 19 (See Figure 2). Although Law was by then bankrupt and had fled France, the news did not reach Louisiana until after Jacques Levens, Law's director in Louisiana, had caused the Arkansas colony to be established under the command of some of his subordinates.20 By December of that year Bertrand Dufresne, sieur du Demaine, replaced Levens as director for Arkansas, and in March of 1722 he took possession of the concession and began an inventory of its effects and papers.21 On his arrival he found only twenty cabins and three arpents (about 2.5 acres) of cleared ground. He reported a total of about fifty men and women resident,22 tristes debris, Father Charlevoix called them,23 of Mr. Law's concession. They had produced only an insig­nificant harvest. Lieutenant la Boulaye was nearby with a military detachment of seventeen men.24 (See Figure 1). Despite the existence of a company store at the Arkansas con­cession, both the colony and the military establishment were in con­siderable difficulty.25 Dufresne therefore immediately released twenty of the engages from service and gave them lots to cultivate in the hopes that a better harvest of corn and wheat would be realized in 1722. In February of the following year there were only forty-one colonists remaining, divided now into two small farming communi- 17. 4 M. GIRAUD, H!STOJRE DE LA LOUISIANE FRANc_;;AISE 198 (1974). 18. Id. 19. Id. 20. Id. at 199. 21. Id. at 271. 22. Id. at 272. 23. 6 P. CHARLEVOIX, JOURNAL D'UN VOYAGE FAIT PAR ORDRE DU Roi DANS L'AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONNALE 164 (1744). 24. 4 M. GIRAUD, supra note 17, at 273. 25. The following paragraph is based on Id. at 273-74. 398 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 ties: Fourteen men and one woman at Law's concession under Dufresne, and sixteen men, some with families, two leagues down the river with the troops. Among this latter group there lived six black slaves. 26 Benard la Harpe, while exploring the river in 1721, had predicted, or at least hoped for, a turn in the fortunes of the struggling colony, but that hope proved false and in 1727 Father Paul du Poisson, the Jesuit missionary to the Arkansas, reported that only about thirty Frenchmen remained behind.27 The military post had been abandoned two years previous. 28 Village des Arcan~as ---N Poste francais commande par le S. la Boulaie 0 - - - -, ·: ·Concession de M. Law I I L. --- ' MISSISSIPPI Figure 1 Sketch of the location of Law's colony by Du­mont de Montigny,Archives Nationales, Paris, 6 JJ-75, Piece 254. All this seemed worth recounting in some detail because for generations historians of Arkansas have believed that a colony of Germans once occupied their river. Law did recruit many Germans for settlement in Louisiana, and they were destined for the Arkan­sas, but as soon as the news of Law's bankruptcy reached the colony 26. Recensement General des Habitans Estab!ys,,.SoteJouy Arkansas et d~s Ouvrier~ ~e la Concession cy devant Apartenant a M. Law, 18 February, 1723. (Transcnpt at Lomsiana History Center, Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans). 27. Du Poisson to Father___, translated in Falconer, Arkansas and the Jesuits in 1727-A Translation, 4 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARKANSAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 352, at 375 (1917). 28. Faye, supra note 6, at 670. 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 399 in June of 1721, the Compagnie des Indies took over the direction of his concession;29 and when the time arrived to transport the German immigrants to Arkansas, the company, in an economy move, de­cided instead to send them to Delaire's grant in Lower Louisiana.30 In short, none of Law's Germans ever reached Arkansas. This is a pity, as the prospect of discussing, or at least imagining, a group of German immigrants living under French law on the Arkansas River was an intriguing one--one of which the facts have now unfortu-nately deprived us. · III Before 1712, the colony of Louisiana, with a population of only a few hundred, had been entirely under military rule and regular civil regulation was altogether lacking. On September 19, 1712, the Crown granted a trade monopoly to Antoine Crozat but he was given no governmental authority: As Henry Dart noted, the charter was "only an operating contract with the duties of government re­tained in the Crown."31 However, the charter did adopt as law for the colony "nos Edits, Ordonnances Et Coutumes Et !es usages de la Prevoste Et Vitf/omte de Paris--our edicts, ordinances, and customs, and the usages of the Provostry and Viscounty of Paris."32 The Cou­tume, despite its name, was actually a small code of some 362 titles first reduced to writing in 1510,33 and treating both substantive and adjective law. It was itself terse, indeed epigrammatic; but the com­mentary on it by the time of its adoption in Louisiana was volumi­nous. 34 Annotated versions of the Coutume were therefore very popular in France and in time they found their way to Louisiana.35 Also in 1712, by a separate instrument, a new and important institution was created for the colony, the Superior Council of Loui­siana. 36 Modelled on the governmental arrangements already in 29. 4 M. GIRAUD, supra note 17, at 216. 30. Id. at 248. 31. Dart, The Legal Institutions of Louisiana, 3 SOUTHERN LAW Q. 247 (1918). This article also appears in 2 LA. HIST. Q. 72 (1919). 32. The charter is printed in 4 PUBLICATIONS LA. HIST. Soc. 13, at 17 (1909). 33. For a precis of its provisions, title by title, see Schmidt, History ef the Jurisprudence of Louisiana, l LA. L. J., no. l, l (1841). 34. The most useful eighteenth-century commentary is C. FERRIERE, CoMMENTAIRE SUR LA CouTUME DE LA PREVOTE ET VICOMTE DE p ARIS. It is available in several editions. 35. Dart, The Law Library ef a Louisiana Lawyer in the 18th Century, 25 REPORTS OF THE LOUISIANA BAR ASSOCIATION 12, at 22 et seq. (1924). 36. See Dart, supra note 31, at 249 et seq. See also, for some discussion of the work of this body, Hardy, The Superior Council in Colonial Louisiana, in FRENCHMEN AND FRENCH 400 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 place in other French colonies, the Council had original and exclu­sive jurisdiction to decide disputes arising anywhere in Louisiana. It consisted of the Lieutenant General of New France; the Intendant of the same; the Governor of Louisiana; a first councilor of the king; two other councilors; the attorney general; and a clerk. Judgments in civil cases required the concurrence of at least three members and in criminal cases at least five. The Council was originally created to exist for three years, but on September 7, 1716, it became by virtue of a Royal Edict a permanent institution.37 In 1717 a fundamental change occurred in the government of Louisiana. In that year Crozat, having lost an enormous sum under his operating charter, surrendered it, and John Law's Compagnie d'Occident was given a monopoly over trade in the colony. In addi­tion, unlike Crozat's company, the Compagnie d'Occident was granted extensive governmental authority: It had the power to ap­point the Superior Council, to name governors and military com­mandants, and to appoint and remove all judges. The charter also provided that "Seront tous !es juges Etbalis en tous !es d. Lieux tenus de juger suivant !es Loix Et ordonnances du Royaume Et se Con-former a la Coutume de la prevoste Et Vicomte de Paris. . . ."; that is, that "all the judges established in all the said places shall be bound to judge according to the laws and ordinances of the realm, and [shall also be bound] to conform to the customs of the Prevostry and Viscounty of Paris."38 This portion of the charter obviously provided for the reception of general French legislation and the Custom of Paris. In addition, it has been shown that subsequent French legislation, as soon as it was registered in the colony, and the legislation of the Superior Council itself, formed part of the body of colonial Louisiana law.39 The subsequent French legislation was of three distinct sorts: (a) general legislation; (b) special colonial legis­lation; ( c) colonial legislation passed specifically for Louisiana. 40 Two years later we hear for the first time about inferior courts for outlying portions of the colony. On September 12, 1719, the king noted the need to appoint persons to act as judges "to facilitate w A YS IN THE MISSISSIPPI v ALLEY 87 (J. McDemott ed., 1969); Micelle, From Law Court to Local Government: Metamorphosis of the Superior Council of French Louisiana, 9 LA. HIST. 85 (1968). 37. The edict is printed in 4 PUBLICATIONS LA. HIST. Soc. 21-23 (19CS). 38. Id. at 48. 39. Baade, Marriage Contracts in French and Spanish Louisiana: A Study in "Notarial" Jurisprudence, 53 TUL. L. REV. 3, 9 (1978). 40. Id. 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 401 the administration of justice in places distant from the place where the Superior Council holds it sessions."41 The "heads or directors" of concessions along with "other of our subjects, capable and of pro­bity" were to "exercise both civil and criminal justice." The edict went on to provide that, even in these inferior courts, "three judges shall sit in civil matters and in criminal matters five judges . " The plan, evidently, was to have a kind of provincial council at each settlement. The king further provided that an appeal from these lo­cal tribunals would lie in all cases to the Superior Council.42 All this was being done, of course, to make ready the way for Law's coloniz­ing schemes. In 1720 or 1721 Louisiana was for the first time divided into districts (or counties). Arkansas was one of the nine districts origi­nally created, and a local commandant and a judge was assigned to each "to put justice with greater ease in reach of the colonists."43 Presumably, and understandably, the plan to establish local councils outside New Orleans was abandoned at this time. The sources sim­ply fail us on the question of whether more than one person was expected to sit on local courts, but it could not have proved worka­ble in remote places like Arkansas to assemble a multi-member ju­dicial body. In May of 1722 the Regent issued an order creating a provincial council for Illinois, the jurisdiction of which supposedly extended from "all places on and above and Arkansas River . . . to the boundaries of the Wabash River." The commandant of the Illinois, Lieutenant de Boisbriant, was to serve as "chief and judge" of this so-called council, which in fact had only one other member.44 It thus seems to have been the plan to abolish the Arkansas district and annex its territory to its nearest northern neighbor; and the Illi­nois provincial council was directed "to hold its sessions at the places where the principal factories of the company shall be estab- 41. The edict is printed in 4 PUBLICATIONS LA. HIST. Soc. 63 (1908). 42. The translation in the text is mine. The entire edict is translated and discussed in Dart, supra note 31, at 261 et seq. Further discussion of this edict can be found in Dart, The Colonial Legal Systems of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, 27 REPORTS OF THE LOUISIANA BAR ASSOCIATION 43 at 52 (1926). 43. Id. at 267. The other districts were New Orleans, Biloxi, Mobile, Alibamous, Natchez, Yazoo, N atchitotches, and the Illinois. 44. Translated extracts from this order appear in 2 J. WHITE, A NEW COLLECTION OF LAWS, CHARTERS, AND LOCAL ORDINANCES OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND SPAIN, RELATING TO THE CONCESSION OF LAND IN THEIR RESPECTIVE COLO­NIES . 439-40 (1837). 402 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 lished."45 This language could have been construed to require the Illinois council to sit at the Arkansas. It is, however, very much to be doubted that such a session was ever held, and certainly it is not believeable that anyone would repair from Arkansas to Illinois to settle a grievance in 1722. It seems probable, then, that whatever judicial functions were exercised at the Arkansas were entrusted to its resident directors even after the supposed creation of the council of the Illinois. The only resident director that the Arkansas ever had was, as we saw, Bertrand Dufresne, sieur du Demaine, who arrived at the Post March 22, 1722, and he was evidently the judge from that point on. Prior to that, Jacques Levens had been director, but as he never took up residence in Arkansas we have to presume that if judicial func­tions were undertaken by anyone, it was by one or more of the three subordinates to whom Levens had entrusted the management of the struggling colony: Jean-Baptiste, Menard, Martin Merrick, and Labro.46 When Dufresne left the Arkansas around 1726 we can hardly guess the means resorted to for the settlement of disputes. Probably Father Paul du Poisson, the Jesuit missionary resident from 1727 to 1729, used his good offices to maintain order among the approximately thirty Frenchmen who had remained behind.47 It seems probable, therefore, that Arkansas's first sustained ex­posure to European legal proceedings and principles occurred in the period during which Law's Company held sway in Louisiana. Tonti's seventeenth-century feudal seignory no doubt carried with it the right to render justice. Though his charter from La Salle has not as yet come to light,48 other conveyances of La Salle's are extant; and in them he gave his grantees judicial power over small cases ("low justice" this is called) while specifically reserving important cases ("high justice") to himself. (Cases of the latter type he di­rected to be heard by the judge "who shall be established at Fort St. 45. Id. at 440. 46. 4 M. GIRAUD, supra note 17, at 272. Menard left the Arkansas in 1722 (jd., 275) and was in New Orleans in 1720. Index to the Records efthe Superior Council of Louisiana, 4 LA. HIST. Q. 349 (1921). 47. Dufresne appears in the Arkansas census of January !, 1726; but on October 21, 1726, he is described as a "settler in Arkansas, but now domiciled with Mr. Traguidy [in New Orleans]." Index to the Records of Superior Council of New Orleans, 3 LA. HIST. Q. 420 (1920). In 1727 there was no director at the Arkansas, as Father Du Poisson tells us that he took up evidence in "the India Company's house, which is also that of the commandants when there are any here . " See Falconer, supra note 27, at 371. 48. For a charter from Tonti to Jacques Cardinal, one of his men at the Arkansas, see THE FRENCH FOUNDATIONS, supra note 9, at 396. 'Fhla is tlae Olll)' grant gf Tgati's eKtastF 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 403 Louis.")49 We do not know whether Tonti's charter contained iden­tical provisions but it certainly would have contained similar ones. But during the fifteen years or so that Tonti held the right to dispose of certain cases arising in his seignory, it hardly seems credible that he or his deputies ever held anything resembling a court, or even executed many instruments or documents.50 IV In 1731 the Compagnie d'Occident surrendered its charter to Louis XV, and for the rest of the period of French dominion Louisi­ana was a Crown Colony. Late that same year a military garrison was re-established in Arkansas; it consisted of twelve men com­manded by First Ensign de Coulange and was located again on the edge of Little Prairie. 51 (See Figure 2). It was apparently during the reorganization of the colony in 1731 that civil and military authority at the outposts of Louisiana were combined in the commandant of the garrison-an arrangement that would survive into the Spanish period and even for a short time during the American regime. Part of a post commandant's civil authority was to act as notary and judge. The exact scope of his judicial jurisdiction during the French period is obscure, there being no document of which I am aware which describes it specifically. Parkman, writing of condi­tions in the Illinois in 1764, says that the "military commandant whose station was at Fort Chartres on the Mississippi, ruled the Col­ony with a sway as absolute as that of the Pasha of Egypt, and judg­ed civil and criminal cases without right of appeal."52 Captain Phillip Pittman, an English engineer and Mississippi explorer who was writing at almost exactly the same time, gives a slightly different version. According to him, the Illinois commandant "was absolute 49. Concession in fee by La Salle to Pierre Prudhomme, in id. at 32. 50. When Tonti petitioned for confirmation of his charter, he was evidently refused. The petition is printed in E. MURPHEY, HENRY DE TONTI, FUR TRADER OF THE MISSISSIPPI 119 (1941). It is possible that La Salle did not have the power to make permanent grants and that may be the reason that Tonti needed confirmation. The Letters Patent of May 12, 1678, giving La Salle the right to explore "the western part of New France" in the king's behalf, gave him the power to build forts wherever he deemed them necessary; and he was "to hold them on the same tern1s and conditions as Fort Frontenac." See T. FALCONER, ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI 19 (1844). La Salle said expressly in 1683 that this allowed him to "divide with the French and the Indians both the lands and the commerce of said country until it may please his majesty to command otherwise . " See THE FRENCH FoUNDATio~;upra note 9, at 43. The language is ambiguous, but on one permissible read­ing it indicates a specifically reserved power in the king to revoke grants made by La Salle. 51. Faye, supra note 6, at 673. 52. Quoted in Dart, supra note 31, at 249. 404 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 in authority, except in matters of life and death; capital offences were tried by the council at New Orleans."53 Of course, the Arkan­sas commandant's judicial jurisdiction was not necessarily as exten­sive as that possessed by the commandant of the Illinois. He may very well have been subordinate to the Illinois commandant during most of the French period. Some fitful light is thrown on the judicial authority of the Ar­kansas commandant by an interesting proceeding which took place at the Post in 1743.54 In October of that year, Anne Catherine Chenalenne, the widow of Jean Francois Lepine, petitioned Lieu­tenant Jean-Francois Tisserant de Montcharvaux, whom she styled "Commandant for the King at the Fort of Arkansas," asking him to cause an inventory and appraisal to be made of the community property in her possession. The object in view was to make a distri­bution to the petitioner's son-in-law and daughter who had the pre­vious May lost all their goods when attacked by Chickasaws on the Mississippi not far below the mouth of the Arkansas. They had nar­rowly escaped with their lives.55 Widow Lepine had decided to make a distribution to "her poor children, at least to those who have run so much risk among the savages." She was preparing to marry Charles Lincto, a well-to-do resident of the Post, and she wished to dissolve the old community which by custom had continued after her husband's death in her and their children. The commandant informed Madame Lepine that on 26 Octo­ber, 1743, he would inventory the "real and personal property de­rived from the marital community" and would bring with him two persons to look after the widow's interest and two to represent the children. The idea was that each party in interest should have in­dependent appraisers present to insure the impartiality of the inven­tory and evaluation. De Montcharvaux in the presence of these and other witnesses caused the inventory to be made on the appointed day. The estate was fairly sizeable, being valued at 14,530 /ivres and 10 sols. It contained a great deal of personalty, including four slaves, a number of animals, 1600 pounds of tobacco, and notes and accounts receivable; the realty noted was "an old house" with three small outbuildings. Interestingly, no land was mentioned. There are two possible explanations for the absence of land in S3. P. PITTMAN, THE PRESENT STATE OF THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT ON THE M1ss1s­SIPPI S3 (1770) (Reprinted with intro. by R. Rea 1973). S4. The relevant documents are translated in Core, Arkansas through the Looking Glass ef 1743 Documents, 22 GRAND PRAIRIE HISTORICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 16 (1979). SS. This incident is reported and discussed in Faye, supra note 6, at 677-78. 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 405 the inventory. One is that land may not have been actually granted to Arkansas settlers but only given over temporarily to their use. The other possibility is that the land on which the house was built had belonged to Lepine before the marriage and had remained his separate property under his marriage contract or under the general provisions of the Coutume de Paris. The Coutume, which, as we have seen, was in force in French Louisiana, provided that all mov­ables (personalty), belonging to a husband or wife, whenever ac­quired, became part of the community; but only certain immovables (realty) acquired after the marriage were so treated.56 This rule could be altered by contract, but in Louisiana, as in France, the Cou­tume was often specifically incorporated into marriage contracts by future spouses in defining the regime that would rule their prop­erty; 57 and if there was no contract provision creating a property regime, the Coutume of course automatically applied. The inventory is said to have been made "Pardevant nous Jean Francois Tisserant Ecuyer Sieur Demoncharvaus Commandant pour le Roy au Fort des Arkansas." The formulapardevant nous ("before us") is Parisian notarial boiler-plate and indicates that the comman­dant was acting in his surrogate notarial capacity. To an American common lawyer, the notary is not a member of the legal profession, not even a paralegal. But in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France he enjoyed a much more elevated status, as indeed he still does in that country. Originally an official of the medieval Euro­pean ecclesiastical courts, the notary developed into a nonconten­tious secular legal professional in France. In England, partly because the canon and secular laws were not on speaking terms, "the notarial system never took deep root."58 For one thing, an im­portant aspect of the notary's duties, his authority to "authenticate" documents, was of little use to the English. The whole notion of a state-sanctioned authenticator of private acts was entirely foreign to the common law: Whereas in France we see notaries "making" and "passing" contracts, the common law left that to the parties. The state was very much in the background in England, and was called upon only to enforce obligations that arose by force of nature. The other aspect of the French notary's duties, the drafting of instruments, conveyancing, and the giving of legal advice, was per- 56. See Baade, supra note 39, at 7, 8. 57. Id. at 25. 58. l F. POLLOCK & F. MAITLAND, A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW 218 (2d ed., reissued with intro. by S. Milsom 1968). 406 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 formed by the regular legal profession in England. It is true that there was a scriveners' company organized in London in the six­teenth century which was granted a charter in the reign of James l.59 Members were empowered to draft legal documents, especially obli­gations (or bonds), and they gave a certain amount of low-level le­gal advice particularly in commercial and banking matters. 60 The few secular notaries who practiced in London at that time con­cerned themselves mainly with drafting documents relevant to inter­national trade, and they were members of this company.61 But in the eighteenth century the company lost its effort to keep common­law attorneys from competing, and in 1804 parliament made con­veyancing the monopoly of the regular legal profession.62 In con­trast, the French notary's duties by the eighteenth century had come to include not only the familiar ones of administering oaths, taking acknowledgements, and giving "authenticity" to "acts" of private persons by attesting them officially, but they also ran generally to the drafting of documents, conveyancing, and the giving of practical legal advice.63 It is not surprising, therefore, that notaries would 59. See 12 w. HOLDSWORTH, A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW 70 (1938). See generally on the notary in England, Gutteridge, The Origin and Development ef the Profession of Notaries Public in England, in CAMBRIDGE LEGAL ESSAYS 12 (1926). 60. 12 w. HOLDSWORTH, supra note 59, at id. 61. 5 w. HOLDSWORTH, supra note 59, at 115 (3d ed. 1945). 62. 12 w. HOLDSWORTH, supra note 59, at 71-72; T. PLUCKNETT, A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE COMMON LAW 227-28 (5th ed. 1956). 63. As draftman of wills, marriage contracts, and conveyances, Mons. le Notaire has survived in France as a much respected person, especially in the country villages. He is a general non-forensic legal practitioner, his part in the legal scheme "being confined to vol­untary as distinct from contentious jurisdiction." Brown, The office of Notary in France, 2 INT'L & COMP. L. Q. 60, at 64 (1953). Indeed, the French notary is close to the equivalent of the English solicitor, except for the latter's participation in litigation. Thus one modern-day commentator opined that "a solicitor would feel much at home in the etude of the French notary, though he would be surprised, and perhaps disappointed, by the cordiality of the morning post." Id. at 71. Today in Louisiana as well the notary enjoys considerable powers. See Burke & Fox, The Notaire in North America: A Short Study of the Adaptation of a Civil Law Institution, 50 TUL. L. REV. 318, at 328-32 (1975); Brosman, Louisiana-An Accidental Experiment in Fu­srim, 24 TUL. L. REV. 95, 98-99 (1949). The Louisiana notary has the power "to make inventories, appraisements, and petitions; to receive wills, make protests, matrimonial con­tracts, conveyances, and generally, all contracts and instruments of writing; to hold family meetings and meetings of creditors; . to affix the seals upon the effects of deceased per­sons and to raise the same." LA. STAT. ANN.§ 35:2 (1964). When the Louisiana legislature defined the practice of law, and prohibited all but licensed attorneys from engaging in it, it therefore remembered to except acts performed by the notary which were "necessary or incidental to the exercise of the powers and functions of (his] office." LA. STAT. ANN. § 37:212(B) (1974). A walk through modern-day New Orleans will reveal a number of signs proclaiming the existence of "Law and Notarial Offices", a combination having an odd ring in the ears of an American common lawyer. The Louisiana notary is simply "a different and 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 407 make an appearance in eighteenth-century Louisiana. In New Orle­ans, of course, there was much work for them, but there were also provincial notaries operating in Biloxi, Mobile, Natchitoches, Pointe Coupee, and Kaskaskia.64 Since De Montcharvaux acted as notary for the Lepine inven­tory, it is reasonably clear that there was no provincial notary resi­dent at the Arkansas at that time. This comes as no surprise since in 1746 there were at the Post only twelve habitant families, ten slaves, and twenty men in the garrison, 65 hardly a sufficient European pop­ulation to require or attract a law-trained scrivener. When it was time to have their marriage contract made, the widow Chenalenne and her future spouse executed it in New Orleans. No doubt there was available there legal advice on which they might more comfort­ably rely.66 Besides, there was at that time no resident priest at the Post to perform the marriage. v On May 10, 1749, an event occurred that considerably reduced the European population of Arkansas and also made it difficult to attract settlers there for some time. On that day, the Post was at­tacked by a group of about 150 Chicaksaw and Abeka warriors. Their coming was undetected67 and thus they caught the small habi­tant population altogether unaware. They burned the settlement, killed six male settlers, and took eight women and children as slaves.68 The census taken later that year shows, not surprisingly, that the population had decreased since the previous census. Seven more important official person than is the notary public in other jurisdictions of the United States." Brosman, supra at 98. 64. See Baade, supra note 39, at 12. 65. Memoire sur /'Eta! de la Colonie de la Louisiane en 1746. Archives des Colonies, Archives Nationales, Paris [hereinafter cited as ANC], Cl3A, 30:242-281, at 249, (Typescript of original document available at Little Rock Public Library). As the average family size in Arkansas in the middle of the eighteenth century was about four, this would put the number of habitant whites at the Post at about forty-eight. 66. For an abstract of this marriage contract, see Records o.f the Superior Council o.f Louisiana, 13 LA. HlsT. Q. 129 (1944). 67. However, the habitants may have had a warning that something was afoot, for on May l, Francois Sarrazin had written from Arkansas that "two savages have killed a man and a woman and burnt a man in the frame." Records efthe Superior Court o.f Louisiana, 20 LA. HlsT. Q. 505 (1937). This incident may have been connected with the attack nine days later. 68. Vaudreuil to Rouille, September 22, 1749, calendared in THE VAUDREUIL PAPERS 59-60 (B. Barron ed., 1975). See also Faye, supra note 6, at 684 et seq. W. BAIRD, THE QUAPAW INDIANS: A HISTORY OF THE DOWNSTREAM PEOPLE 34 (1980), gives the number taken as slaves as thirteen. 408 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 men, eight women, eight boys, and eight girls remained, a total of only thirty-one white habitants at the Poste des Akansa .69 Nor did all this mark an end to serious trouble. When in June of 1751 First Ensign Louis-Xavier-Martin de Lino de Chalmette, the comman­dant of the Post, went uninvited to New Orleans to consult with the governor, his entire garrison of six men took the opportunity to de­sert. 70 Things were obviously at a critical juncture. When later in 17 51 Lieutenant Paul Augustin le Pelletier de la Houssaye took command at Arkansas he found there a post recently rebuilt by its habitants and _voyagij,tfrs and probably already relo­cated to a spot ten or twelve miles upriver at the edge of the Grand Prairie. (See Figure 2). It is clear that Governor Vaudreuil had determined to hold the Arkansas even if the cost proved high, for he assigned to De La Houssaye a large company of forty-five men.71 The lieutenant was also authorized to build a new fort; government funds being lacking, he undertook the construction at his own ex­pense in return for a five-year Indian trade monopoly.72 This new beginning could, in the nature of things, have given only a slight lift to the prospects for sustained settlement in the Ar­kansas country. Late in 1752 Governor Vaudreuil was informed that the Osages had attempted an attack on Arkansas Post but had failed. 73 While this indicates a stability of sorts for the l?ost, thanks no doubt to the size of the new garrison, still the perceived danger must have been so high as to discourage all but the most intrepid from taking up residence at the Arkansas. Mentions of Arkansas in the legal records tend to emphasize the dangerousness of the place. For instance, a couple from Pointe Coupee, on the verge of leaving for a hunting trip to the White River country, thought it best to deed their property to a relative, with the stipulation that the deed was to be void if they returned.74 It is not surprising, therefore, that even as late as 1766, the last year of French dominion, only eight habitant families, consisting in all of forty white persons, were resident at Arkansas Post.75 69. Arkansas Post Census, 1749, Loudon Papers 200, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA. There were also fourteen slaves resident at the post and sixteen voyageurs who had returned after their winter's work. There were five hunters on the White River and four on the St. Francis. Thirty-five hunters had failed to return from the Arkansas River. 70. Faye, supra note 6, at 708. 71. Id. at 211. 72. Id. 73. THE VAUDREUIL PAPERS, supra note 68, at 136. 74. Index to the Records of the Superior Council of Louisiana, 24 LA. HlsT. Q. 75 (1941). 75. See Din, Arkansas Post in the American Revolution, 40 ARK. HIST. Q. 3, at 4 (1981). 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 409 All of these difficulties, and others, made for a place in which it might be regarded as too polite to expect the presence of much which corresponds to a legal system. In addition, political exigen­cies sometimes interfered to such an extent that the application of even-handed legal principle became inexpedient and thus entirely impracticable. For instance, the continued existence of the Arkan­sas settlement depended heavily on the loyalty of the Quapaws and their wishes were therefore relevant to any important decision made there. Their influence could extend even to the operation of the le­gal system as the following incident demonstrates. On 12 September, 1756, a meeting was held in the Government House in New Orleans to hear an extraordinary request from Guedetonguay, the Medal Chief of the Quapaws.76 His tribe had captured four deserters from the Arkansas garrison and had re­turned them; but the chief had come on behalf of his nation to ask Governor Kerlerac to pardon the soldiers. One of those captured, Jean Baptiste Bernard, in addition to having deserted, had killed his corporal Jean Nicolet within the precincts of the fort. The chief, obviously a great orator, said that he had come a long distance to plead for the soldiers' lives despite the heat and the demands of the harvest; and in his peroration he said that his head hung low, hi~ eyes were fixed to the ground, and his heart wept for these men. He knew, he explained, that if he had not come they would have been executed, and this was intolerable to him because he regarded them as his own children. He recited many friendly acts of the Qua paws to prove the fidelity of his people to the French. Among them was the release of six slaves (perhaps Chicaksaws cap­tured by the Quapaws) "who would have been burned" otherwise, and the recent capture of five Choctaws and two trespassing Eng­lishmen. He himself, he noted, had recently lost one son and had had another wounded in the war against the Chickasaws; and he . counted this "a mark of affection for the French." In recompense he asked for the pardon of the soldiers. The chief added that this was the only such pardon his nation had thus far requested, and he promised never to ask again. He did not doubt that Kerlerac, "the great chief of the French father of the red men," charged to govern them on behalf of "the great chief of all the French who lived in the 76. What follows is based on a memorandum entitled "Harangues faites dans /'assemb/ee tenue a /'hotel du gouvernment cejourdhui, 20 Juin 1756," found in ANC, Cl3A, 39:177-180 (Transcript at Little Rock Public Library). The translations are mine. 410 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 great town on the other side of the great lake," would listen and do the just thing. Guedetonguay left his best argument for last. He maintained vigorously that, under his law, any criminal who managed to reach the refuge of the Cabanne de Valeur where the Quapaws practiced their religious rites was regarded as having been absolved of his crime. It was their custom everywhere that the chief of the Cabanne de Valeur "would sooner lose his life than suffer the refugee to un­dergo punishment for his crime." Evidently the soldiers were claim­ing this right; and Ouyayonsas, the chief of the Cabanne de Valeur, was there to back them up. This last argument was an excellent one because it called upon the French to recognize an established Indian usage not dissimilar from the European custom of sanctuary. And the argument carried with it a threat of violent reaction if the cus­tom were not allowed. Kerlerac answered the chief that he was not unmindful of the past services of the Quapaws, nor was he ungrateful for them. "But," he said, "I cannot change the words declared by the great chief of all the French against such crimes, and . . . it would be a great abuse for the future" to pardon the soldiers. So, he continued, "despite all the friendship that the French have for you and your nation, these men deserve death." The great chief stood for a long time with his head down and finally answered ominously that he could not be responsible for the revolutions which the chief of the privileged house might stir up-­revolutions which he said ''would not fail to occur." The argument continued and the governor offered to grant the chief "anything else except these four pardons." But Guedetonguay stubbornly main­tained that "the sole purpose of his journey was to obtain the par­don of the four men." In the end the Governor extracted from the Quapaw chiefs "publicly and formally their word . . . that they would in the future deliver up all deserting soldiers as malefactors or other guilty persons without any restriction or condition whatso­ever, and that . pardons would be accorded at the sole discretion of the French." No immediate decision was reached by the Governor, but later that day some of his advisors, having reflected on what they had heard, reckoned "that a refusal of the obstinate demands of these chiefs . . . the faithful allies of the French would only involve the colony in troublesome upheavals on the part of the said nations who have otherwise up to the present served very faithfully." They con- 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 411 eluded that "saving a better idea by Monsieur le Gouverneur it would be dangerous, under all the present circumstances, not to sat­isfy the Indians with the pardons which they demanded." The governor took the advice but evidently did not write to Berryet, the French Minister of the Marine, for some time to tell him about it. From the comfort of Versailles it was easy for Berryet to pick at Kerlerac's decision.77 In responding to Kerlerac, Berryet first made the point that Bernard's case was different from that of the other captured soldiers since he was accused of homicide in ad­dition to desertion. Then, too, the minister had a lot of questions. Could not the difference in Bernard's case have been urged on the Arkansas chiefs to get them to relent in his case? Where was the record of the legal proceedings which should have been conducted relative to the killing? If this was a wilfull murder the pardon had been conceded too easily. "It would be dangerous," the minister warned, ''to leave such a subject in the colony, not only because he would be an example of impunity but also because of new crimes that he might commit." (The arguments of general and specific de­terrence are not very recent inventions.) Finally, the governor was sternly admonished "not to surrender easily to demands of this sort on the part of the savages . If on the one hand it is necessary, considering all the present circumstances, to humor the savages, it is also necessary to be careful of letting them set a tone that accords neither with the king's authority nor the good of the colony." Nevertheless, the minister talked to the king and he ratified the governor's decision. Writs of pardon were therefore issued under the king's name for each of the Arkansas soldiers. Because the homicide committed by Bernard was not a military crime and was cognizable therefore by the Superior Council of Louisiana, his par­don was directed to the Council. Interestingly, though Berryet ad­mitted knowing nothing of the circumstances surrounding the killing, the pardon recited that a quarrel had arisen between Ber­nard and Nicolet, that they had beaten each other, that Bernard : "had had the misfortune to kill the said Nicolet," and that the death "had occurred without premeditated murder."78 Thus Louis XV pardoned Jean Baptiste Bernard for killing by mischance when there was no evidence adduced as to the facts resulting in Nicolet's 77. What follows is based in Berryet's letter to Kerlerac and Bobe Descloseaux dated July 14, 1769. ANC, B, 109:487-88 (Transcript at Little Rock Public Library). The transla­tion is mine. 78. The pardon (brevet de grtJce) was enclosed in the letter and is ANC, B, 109:489 (Transcript at Little Rock Public Library). The translation is mine. 412 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 death. The decision was generated simply by a desire to accommo­date an important ally. Faithful adherence to legal principle some­times had to take a back seat to the more compelling demands of politics. VI Father Louis Carette, the Jesuit missionary who came to the Post of Arkansas in 1750, nevertheless attempted to bring some or­der to the legal affairs of the place. As he noted in a procuration (power of attorney) dated at Arkansas in 1753, he was "authorized by the king to make in every post where there is not a Notary Royal all contracts and acts . "79 There is no evidence that he had any formal legal training, but he was a Jesuit, and thus a learned man, one of a handful of such who would make their residence in eight­eenth- century Arkansas. The 1753 procuration is itself of some interest, as it sheds light on how litigants whose cases were technically beyond the jurisdic­tion exercised by the Arkansas commandant (whatever that was) might have had their cases heard if they wanted to resort to regular methods of dispute settlement. As incredible as it seems, it is prob­able that the only court of general jurisdiction in the entire colony was the Superior Council of Louisiana. Now, in 1763 La Harpe said that it was a two-week boat trip from the Arkansas to New Orleans, and six to eight weeks back.80 Obviously, the procuration was an important device for people in remote posts like Arkansas, for it enabled them through their attorneys, in the language of the docu­ment under discussion, "to act . . . as though they were personally present."81 Convoys or individual vessels travelled down the Mis­sissippi frequently enough to make this means of tending to legal affairs more tolerable than it might otherwise have been. In this case, the attorney chosen was Commandant de la Houssaye, and he was deputed to act in a probate matter at Pointe Coupee for Etienne de Vaugine de Nuysement and his wife Antoinette Pelagie Petit de Divilliers. An interesting feature of procurations which increased their utility and flexibility was that they were assignable. This fea­ture came in handy in this instance since De La Houssaye, having 79. Index to the Records of the Superior Council of Louisiana, 22 LA. H!sT. Q. 255 (1939). 80. La Harpe to Chosseul, August 8, 1763, ANC, Ci3B, 1 (Typescript in Little Rock Public Library). 81. Records, supra note 79, at id. 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 413 been detained at the Arkansas due to illness, simply transferred the power of attorney to a member of the Superior Council "to act in my place as myself."82 Perhaps one of the reasons that Carette had acted as notary in this instance was that the only other person in the little community authorized so to act, the commandant, was a party to the instru­ment. But in the French period priests were given general notarial powers and could act even in the absence of circumstances disabling the commandant. For instance, Carette acted as notary, and thus probably draftsman, for a marriage contract in which the comman­dant was not interested. This was the marriage contract of Francois Sarrazin and Francoise Lepine, executed at Arkansas Post on Janu­ary 6, 1752. Marriage contracts have no exact parallel in common-law prac­tice, and it thus seems worthwhile, before discussing the particulars of the Sarrazin-Lepine contract, to devote some time to their expla­nation and description. In a recent seminal study, Professor Hans Baade has outlined the provisions which one typically finds in mar­riage contracts executed in accordance with eighteenth-century Pari­sian notarial practice.83 The first and invariable undertaking by the future spouses was a promise to celebrate their marriage in facie ec­c! esiae. The parties would then choose the regime which would govern their property during the marriage. Next would come a dec­laration that the ante-nuptial debts of the parties were to remain their separate obligations; this was followed by a disclosure of the parties' assets, a requirement for the validity of the previous provi­sion. The dowry brought to the marriage by the wife was next re­cited; and delineating preciput, the right of the spouse to specific property in the event of dissolution of the community, frequently followed. Finally came the donation clause, usually a reciprocal grant of all or part of the predeceasing spouse's estate. In Louisiana, this donation, in order to be valid, had to be registered with the Superior Council in New Orleans. An inspection of the Sarrazin-Lepine marriage contract reveals that it very clearly drew on these French notarial precedents, and it reflects, moreover, an awareness of the practical requirements of the Louisiana registration provisions. It contained a promise to cele­brate the marriage in regular fashion, the creation of a community property regime, a clause stating the amount of the wife's dowry, a 82. Id. 83. What follows is taken from Baade, supra note 39, at 15-18. 414 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 mutual donation to the survivor of all property owned at death, and an undertaking to have the contract registered in New Orleans.84 While there was no clause dealing with ante-nuptial debts and no mention of preciput, it is quite obvious that the good Jesuit knew more than a little about French notarial practice, and may well have had at his disposal a form book on which he could draw. He was, for all practical purposes, for a time the "lawyer" of the post as well as its cure. Before we leave this interesting document there is an aspect of it which bears detailed attention. The property regime chosen by the parties included in the community "all property, movable and immovable"85-as common lawyers would say, all property, both personal and real. In this respect the contract departs from the Cus­tom of Paris which included in the community all movables but only certain immovables (conquets) acquired after marriage. 86 Par­ties were allowed in Louisiana to contract almost any property ar­rangement they wanted, 87 and Sarrazin and Lepine had elected a somewhat unusual variety of community. Curiously, however, the contract reckoned that this regime was "in accordance with the cus­tom received in the colony of Louisiana." A few months after the execution of this contract Commandant de la Houssaye wrote to the governor to say that Monsieur Etienne V augine, a French officer, was of a mind to marry Madame de Gouyon, the commandant's sister-in-law, and he sent along "the proposed conditions for the contract of marriage."88 This was a draft of the contract, as De La Houssaye asked the governor to pass "/'exemplair du contra!" along to the New Orleans notary Chantaloux if the governor decided to give his permission for the marriage. Chantaloux was "to make it as it should be."89 Three weeks later the governor wrote to say that the contract would be sent back soon and that Chantaloux had left it intact except for one rea­sonably minor alteration.90 In 1758 Father Carette, dismayed by the irreligious inclination of his flock, left the Arkansas and no replacement was sent. In 17 64, 84. Records of the Superior Council of Louisiana, 25 LA. HlsT. Q. 856-57 (1942). 85. Id. at 856. 86. Baade, supra note 39, at 15. 87. Id. 88. La Houssaye to Vaudreuil, Dec. l, 1752, LO 410, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA. 89. Id. 90. THE v AUDREUIL PAPERS, supra note 68, at 152. 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 415 Captain Pierre Marie Cabaret Detrepi, commandant at the Arkan­sas, after Madame Sarrazin had found herself widowed, passed a second marriage contract for her which was extremely unsophistica­ted and rudimentary.91 It contained only a promise to marry regu­larly and a mutual donation. Perhaps the good widow had by this time tired of long-winded formalities. Just as likely, the Post was feeling the absence of Carette's drafting skills. VII As tiny, remote, and inconsequential as the Arkansas settle­ment was, then, it is nevertheless clear that at least some of its peo­ple were part of the time adherents to French legal culture. Of course almost everyone who lived at the Post during the period of French domination was either a native of France or French Cana­dian; and by the end of the French period a substantial number of native Louisianans were there. It is most interesting to find the sur­vival of civilian legal form in so remote an outpost of empire. Obvi­ously, not all of Arkansas's residents lapsed into a kind of legal barbarism. There were, however, circumstances at work which would make it impossible for some time to establish a community which could be expected to value the observance of legal niceties very highly. As we have already seen, the Post could not have been very attractive to the more civilized settler owing to its dangerous loca­tion. Arkansas Post, moreover, over the years experienced an ex­treme physical instability since it was necessary to relocate it several times due partly to flooding. (See Figure 2). The Arkansas River was in the eighteenth century "a turbulent, silt-laden stream, subject to frequent floods which were disastrous along its lower course."92 This proved to be a considerable disincentive to settlement. Add to that the enormous expanse occupied by the alluvial plain of the Mississippi and the difficulty becomes plain enough. Almost any site within thirty miles of the mouth of the Arkan­sas carried with it a considerable risk of floods. Law's colony, on the Arkansas twenty-seven miles or so from its mouth, was said in 1721 to be "in a fertile sector but subject to floods."93 The success of the attack by the Chickasaws in 1749, when the Post was at the same 91. Records of the Superior Council of Louisiana, Feb. 11, 1764, Louisiana History Center, Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans. 92. P. HOI.DER, supra note 15, at 152. 93. 4 M. GIRAUD, supra note 17, at 273 (1974). 416 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 location, was made possible by the absence from the neighborhood of the Quapaws: Because of recent floods they had abandoned their old fields for a more promising place upstream.94 This place, called Ecores Rouges (Red Bluffs) by the French, was about thirty-six miles from the mouth of the Arkansas and was at the present loca­tion of the Arkansas Post Memorial.95 After the attack, the Post was moved to join the Indians at Ecores Rouges so as to provide for mutual protection.96 The new spot was free from floods but proved unsatisfactory from a strategic standpoint because of its distance from the Missis­sippi. The location delayed convoys and Governor Vaudreuil ex­pressed the view that "a post on the Mississippi would be more practical."97 Therefore in 1756 the Post was moved back downriver to about ten miles above the mouth. But the inevitable soon oc­curred. In 1758 heavy flooding, graphically described in a letter of Etienne Maurafet Layssard the garde magasin (storekeeper) of the Post, caused heavy damage, almost undoing the work of builders and architects who had been at work for the better part of a year. The houses were saved by virtue of being raised on stakes against such a day as this; but the habitants' fields, everything but Lays­sard's garden for which he had providently provided a levee, were entirely inundated.98 It was in fact a small enough loss. From the beginning, and understandably, the attempt to make a stable agricultural commu­nity of the Arkansas had failed miserably. There is no doubt that the European population of Arkansas during the French period con­sisted almost entirely of hunters and Indian traders. In 1726 the reporter of the Louisiana census remarked of the Arkansas that "all the habitants were poor and lived only from the hunting of the Indi­ans." 99 A 1746 report said of the twelve Arkansas habitant families 94. Faye, supra note 6, at 717-19. 95. See figure 2. 96. For details, see Appendix II to my forthcoming book, UNEQUAL LAWS UNTO A SAV­AGE RACE; EUROPEAN LEGAL TRADlTIONS IN ARKANSAS, 1686-1836. 97. THE VAUDREUIL PAPERS, supra note 68, at 118. 98. Faye, supra note 6, at 718-19. A detailed description of the repairs made in the summer of 1758, evidently necessitated by these floods, is in ANC, CBA, 40:349-50 (Type­script in Little Rock Public Library). In addition to making repairs, the builders constructed a house 26 feet long and 19 wide just outside the fort for the Indians who came there on business. It was of poteaux en terre construction, was covered with shingles, and was en­closed with stakes. The report describing the renovation and construction work of 1758 is signed by Denis Nicol~s Foucault, chief engineer of the Province of Louisiana. 99. ANC, GI, 464 (Transcript at Little Rock Public Library). 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM • DeWitt ARKANSAS COUNTY • Dumas I I I 0 1. 1686-1699; 1721-1749 N 1 DESHA COUNTY T I I 4 I 8 mi Figure 2 Locations of Arkansas Post, 1686-1983 2. 1749-1756; 1779-1983 3. 1756-1779 JB Based on a map drawn by John Baldwin which appeared in Arnold, The Relocation of Arkansas Post to Ecores Rouges in 1779, 42 ARK. HIST. Q. 317 (1983). Used with permission of the Arkansas Historical Association. 417 418 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 that "their principal occupation is hunting, curing meat, and com­merce in tallow and bear oil." As for cultivating the soil, the same source reported that the habitants grew "some tobacco for their own use and for that of the savages and voyageurs." 100 In 1765 Captain Phillip Pittman, an Englishman, said that there were eight families living outside the fort who had cleared the land about nine hundred yards in depth. But, according to him "on account of the sandiness of the soil, and the lowness of the situation, which makes it subject to be overflowed," their harvest was not enough even to supply them with their necessary provisions. Pittman noted that "when the Mis­sissippi is at its utmost height the Lands are overflow' d upwards of five feet; for this reason all the buildings are rais'd six feet from the ground." Thus the residents of the Arkansas, he said, subsisted mainly by hunting and every season sent to New Orleans "great quantities of bear's oil, tallow, salted buffalo meat, and a few skins." 101 Both Layssard102 and Father Watrin103 hint that the discour­agement produced by the frequent flooding contributed to Father Carette's decision to leave. However that may be, it must be clear that during the period of French dominion the Post did not provide fertile soil for either crops or religion. Would regular bourgeois le­gal procedures have generally been afforded a more cordial accept­ance? Even absent direct evidence, this would in the abstract seem most unlikely. Unsafe, unstable, and uncomfortable, the Arkansas Post of Louisiana during the period of French dominion must surely also have been largely unmindful of bourgeois legal values. It is true, as we have seen, that some of the Post's residents tried to maintain a connection between their remote outpost and Euro­pean legal culture. But the few legal records that chance has al­lowed to come down to us from the French period are remarkable not only for their small number but also for the social and economic characteristics they reveal of the people who figured in them. They were an elite, related by marriage and blood, struggling under the difficult circumstances of their situation to participate in regular le- 100. Memoire, supra note 65 (Transcript at Little Rock Public Library). 101. P. PITTMAN, supra note 53, at xliv, 40-41. 10+. See ANC, Cl3A, 40:357 (Transcript in Little Rock Public Library). Layssard there remarks that the inhabitants at Arkansas were too poor to build a levee, and that "the Father would rather leave than go to such an expense. He is very poor." 103. See J. DELANGLEZ, THE FRENCH JESUITS IN LOWER LOUISIANA 444, where Watrin is quoted as saying that, despite there being little hope for conversion of the Quapaws, Fa­ther Carette "nevertheless followed both the French and the savages in their various changes of place, occasioned by the overflowing of the Mississippi near which the post is situated." 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 419 gal processes. The probate proceeding of 1743 was instituted by one of the most well-to-do residents of Arkansas in the person of Anne Catherine Chenalenne, widow of Jean Francois Lepine. The com­munity property inventoried included four slaves. 104 Her future husband Charles Lincto became the most substantial civilian resi­dent of the Post. The 17 49 census, if one excludes from it for the moment the commandant and his household, reveals that Lincto's household accounted for eight of the twenty-nine white habitants and seven of the eleven slaves at the Arkansas. 105 Etienne de Vau­gine de Nuysement who executed the procuration of 1753 was a member of one of the most distinguished French families of Louisi­ana; 106 and he granted the power to Commandant de la Houssaye who would soon become a Major of New Orleans and a Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis. 107 Vaugine and De la Houssaye married sisters. The marriage contract executed at the Arkansas in 1752 was entered into by the Post's garde magasin and Francoise Lepine, a daughter of Anne Catherine Chenalenne the petitioner in the probate proceeding of 1743; and the bride's dowry had resulted from the dissolution of the community which had been the aim of that proceeding. Finally, Francoise Lepine's second mar­riage contract, passed by Detrepi in 1764, was prelude to her mar­riage to Jean Baptiste Tisserant de Montcharvaux, officer and interpreter at the Post and son of the commandant who executed the 1743 inventory. We are dealing with a propertied and intercon­nected gentry here, a tiny portion of what was anyway a very small population. How the other, the major part of the Arkansas populace regu­lated their lives during the French period will, in the nature of things, be difficult to document. But there is some evidence on this point and it indicates that there was a good deal of lawlessness on the Arkansas. According to Athanase de Mezieres, the Lieutenant Governor at Natchitoches, the Arkansas River above the Post was inhabited largely by outlaws. "Most of those who live there," he claimed, "have either deserted from the troops and ships of the most Christian King and have committed robberies, rape, or homicide, 104. For a translation of this inventory, see Core, supra note 54, at 22. 105. Resancement General des Habitants, Voyageurs, Femmes. En.fans, Esclaves, Clzevaus, Beufs, Vaclzes, Coclzons du Foste des Akansas, 1749. Lo. 200, Huntington Library, San Ma­rino, CA. 106. On the Arkansas Vaugines, see Core, T!ze Vaugine Arkansas Connection, 20 GRAND PRAIRIE HISTORICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 6 (1978). 107. Faye, supra note 6, at 709. 420 UALR LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 6:391 that river being the asylum of the most wicked persons, without doubt, in all the Indies." 108 On another occasion, De Mezieres sin­gled out as a particularly heinous offender an Arkansas denizen nicknamed Brindamur, a man "of gigantic frame and extraordinary strength." Brindamur, De Mezieres complained, "has made himself a petty king over those brigands and highwaymen, who, with con­tempt for law and subordination with equal insult to Christians, and the shame of the very heathen, up to now have maintained them­selves on that river." 109 He had been resident on the Arkansas for a long time, as his name appears in the census of 1749. Interestingly, it is placed at the very head of a considerable list of "the voyageurs who have remained up the rivers despite the orders given them." 110 All persons hunting on the rivers were supposed to return every year as passports were not issued for longer periods. But there were large numbers of hunters who lived for twenty years or more in their camps without ever reporting to the Post. They constituted a large proportion, indeed sometimes a majority, of the European popula­tion in Arkansas during the French period. The 17 49 census, for instance, lists a habitant population of only thirty-one, including the commandant and his wife. But there were forty hunters on the Ar­kansas River whose passports had expired, and nine on the White and St. Francis Rivers. Sixteen hunters were said to be at the Post being outfitted to return to the hunt. Brindamur, the bandit King, was murdered by one of his men after the end of the French period, "though tardily" De Mezieres reckoned, and "by divine justice."111 In the Spanish period an effort was made to rid the river of these malefactors. VII Since no records of litigation initiated at the Arkansas during the French period have survived, if indeed any were ever kept, very little can be said directly on how lawsuits were conducted there. However, in 1747 Francois Jahan initiated a suit in the Superior Council in New Orleans against one Clermont, a resident of Arkan­sas Post, claiming damages for the conversion of a cask of rum at Arkansas. 112 The Superior Council, as we have shown, had jurisdic- 108. 1 ATHANASE DE MEZIERES AND THE LOUISIANA-TEXAS FRONTIER, 1768-1780 166 (H. Bolton ed., 1914). 109. Id. at 168-69. 110. Resancement, supra note 105. 111. t\. BOLTON, supra note 108, at 167. 112. Index lo the Records of the Superior Court of Louisiana, 17 LA. HIST. Q. 569 (1934). 1983] COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 421 tion throughout Louisiana, and this case reveals how it was exer­cised against a defendant in the hinterlands. The summons was served on the Attorney General of Louisiana; thus, as Henry Dart pointed out, "it would seem . . . that a resident of the Post of Ar­kansas could be sued in New Orleans by serving the citation on the Procureur [Attorney] General."113 How the case would have, in the ordinary instance, proceeded from there is difficult to say. Probably the Arkansas commandant would have been asked to act as a master to gather facts and to report to the Superior Council. But it seems that the commandant had already ruled independently on the matter. Commandant de Monbharvaux's statement on this case, which is entered in the record a'few days after the suit was initiated, indicates that he had held a hearing on the matter at the Arkansas, had taken testimony as to the rum, and had "sentenced Clermont to pay for it."114 Apparently he had kept no record of the proceeding, as none was offered: The good lieutenant bore his own record. It is interesting to note, however, that this case was evidently not brought to enforce the commandant's judgment but was an independent action. How did the justice provided by the Post commandant during the French period measure up? In the absence of litigation records, this is the hardest kind of question to answer. We know, however, that whatever jurisdiction was exerciseable by the commandant, he acted alone, without official advisors and without, of course, a jury. To say that rule is autocratic is not to say