Proportionality in WTO Law
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 4, Heft 3, S. 441-480
ISSN: 1464-3758
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In: Journal of international economic law, Band 4, Heft 3, S. 441-480
ISSN: 1464-3758
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 4, Heft 4, S. 755-772
ISSN: 1464-3758
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 7, Heft 3, S. 491-521
ISSN: 1464-3758
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 5, Heft 3, S. 719-746
ISSN: 1464-3758
In: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35347
In April 1994, the ministers of more than a hundred governments signed the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations achieved after seven and a half years of negotiation. The Act comprises the Agreement Establishing the Multilateral Trade Organization with its important Annexes 1 to 4 in its Part II, Ministerial Decisions and Declarations in its Part III and the Understanding on Commitments in Financial Services in Part IV. The WTO came into effect on 1 January 1995 and has 134 Members presently.
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In: Common Market Law Review, Band 40, Heft 2, S. 313-367
ISSN: 0165-0750
In: The Banana Dispute, S. 39-111
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 7, Heft 1, S. 23-72
ISSN: 1464-3758
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 7, Heft 1, S. 143-167
ISSN: 1464-3758
In: The Banana Dispute, S. 247-307
In: Legal issues of economic integration: law journal of the Europa Instituut and the Amsterdam Center for International Law, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Band 31, Heft 3, S. 185-218
ISSN: 1566-6573, 1875-6433
The broad issue considered here is when national laws can be regarded as being in conformity with the WTO Agreements. More specifically, the focus is on the distinction between mandatory and discretionary legislation in WTO law. When the application of a national law in individual cases depends upon the exercise of executive discretion, this law may be capable of application in a manner either consistent or inconsistent with WTO obligations. The question here is whether the law itself can be challenged as incompatible, or whether only specific instances of incompatible applications can be challenged. The mandatory / discretionary distinction is a creation of judicial policy, and its application is an indicator of the role of Panels and the Appellate Body in furthering the objectives of the WTO Agreements. This is an interesting time to review the case law since there are developments which indicate to the present author a less tolerant approach towards discretionary legislation than has historically been the case.
In: European journal of international law, Band 15, Heft 3, S. 555-574
ISSN: 1464-3596
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 5, Heft 1, S. 91-110
ISSN: 1464-3758
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 2, Heft 4, S. 723-728
ISSN: 1464-3758