Suchergebnisse

The course of the Church's history in Nicaragua had changedfrom an institution led by a martyred Bishop protecting Indianrights before Rome and the Spanish King to one largelyconcerned with protecting its own interests followingNicaragua's independence to one that had come to terms with itsmission to save souls and to serve its people. However, many ofthose who took the initiative to bring the Church toward a morehumanitarian orientation in modern times had allowedthemselves to become the tool of a revolutionary politicalmovement whose aim was to perpetuate its own power.Ironically, those who truly wished to serve God and His peoplefound themselves oppressed by those who claimed that theywere doing the same. After a long struggle, a free election in1990 brought to power a series of democratic governmentsallowing freedom of the Church to fulfil its mission.

The survey Values and Society During the Covid-19 Pandemic (HODYSE 2020) was designed and conducted by researchers at the Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences to obtain up-to-date data on public opinion in six thematic areas: social trust, politics and democracy, conspiracy theories, vaccination, environment and leisure.
The year 2020 was a year of significant socio-political changes. Since the beginning of the year, the most important topic in the public debate and in the media has been the global pandemic of COVID-19 disease. The pandemic became a central issue of both the ending and the new government after the parliamentary elections in February 2020.
Findings from opinion polls have allowed us to capture how a pandemic has changed the traditional view of values, and how traditionally examined values have taken on new meanings. The data also document the severity of the pandemic situation during which the research was conducted (November 2020). In this context, the topics that resonated most in the public debate on COVID-19 were addressed - questions about vaccination, health concerns and the economic situation of respondents, or compliance with the measures.

Das Verhältnis zwischen Öffentlichkeit und Religion ist einer der großen Klassiker der Geistesgeschichte, der bis heute nichts von seiner Bedeutung eingebüßt hat. Mit großer Regelmäßigkeit rekurrieren Soziologen und Politikwissenschaftler auf eine Rückkehr der Religionen in den öffentlichen Raum. Im Zuge von Säkularisierung, Globalisierung und Digitalisierung stehen moderne Öffentlichkeiten und Religionen in einem stetig komplexeren Netz wechselseitiger Transformation. Einen besonderen Kristallisationspunkt dieses intensiven Wechselverhältnisses bilden die beiden großen Schlüsselthemen öffentliche Bildung und universitäre Forschung. Die im vorliegenden Band versammelten Beiträge beleuchten schlaglichtartig einige ausgewählte Aspekte in diesem weiten Feld vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts bis in die Gegenwart.

La lectura es una herramienta muy importante para las sociedades. Por eso, desde hace muchos siglos gobiernos y poderosas instituciones han controlado lo que la gente podía leer, descatalogando obras que hacían lectores libres y competentes en pos de aquellas que actuaban como catalizador de determinadas ideologías. En la literatura infantil también. ; Lecture is a very important tool for societies. Therefore, for many centuries, governments and powerful institutions have controlled what people could read, uncataloging books that were critical readers and encouraging those who passed certain ideologies. Children's literature too.

La democracia y el Estado ocuparon un lugar particular en el pensamiento sociológico de Emile Durkheim, que se vuelve evidente cuando se analizan los orígenes de la institucionalización de la sociología como disciplina científica, cuando se observa cercanamente los factores temporal y espacial en el que ocurrieron los eventos socio-históricos más relevantes que sustentan su propio sistema de pensamiento, cuando se tiene en cuenta la crisis moral que sacudió a la III República a finales del siglo XIX y, en adición, las críticas que arguyó frente al pensamiento político de la filosofía francesa tradicional. La presentación amplia de todos estos factores que se hace a lo largo de todo el trabajo reconstruye el particular lugar que el Estado y sus conceptos aliados jugaron en el pensamiento del sociólogo francés. ; The democracy and State occupied a special place in Emile Durkheim´s sociological thought, which becomes evident when the origins of the institutionalization of sociology as a scientific discipline is analyzed, when the temporal and spatial factors in which happen the most relevant socio-historical events that support his own system of thought are observed more closely, when the moral crisis that shook the Third Republic in the late nineteenth century is taken into account, and addition the critics who argued against the political thought of French philosophy traditional. Comprehensive presentation of all these factors is done throughout the paper reconstruct the particular place that the State and its allies concepts played in the thought of the French sociologist.

The 21st century set new urban standards in relation to the demands of the population of the city of São Paulo. Economic growth, an increase in the population's income and low unemployment have altered the political agenda of the city, which now has to address socio-spatial structures consolidated throughout history. From the urban and spatial point of view, there is still room for new critical assessments of the recent situation in which the largest metropolis in South America finds itself. In particiular with regard to the new urban practices which came to light during the 2013 protests. Recent economic and demographic indicators point toward a shift in the social geography of the city, which may result in significant impacts on its urban shape. The aim of this research is to investigate in detail the potential urban transformations emerging out of this new political and economic con guration. In order to do so, we highlight a number of urban and social phenomena which could lead to alternatives to the traditional administrative pacts (or those currently in force). This new condition points to speci c spatial di culties for urban planning and architecture, which go beyond the historical impediments already analyzed by the Brazilian critical tradition. ; El siglo XXI establece nuevas normas urbanas con relación a las demandas de la población de la ciudad de San Pablo. El crecimiento económico, el aumento de los ingresos y las tasas bajas de desempleo han alterado la agenda política de la ciudad, que ahora tiene que ocuparse de las estructuras socioespaciales consolidadas a lo largo de la historia. Desde el punto de vista urbano y espacial, todavía hay cabida para nuevos enfoques críticos sobre la situación en la que se encuentra la metrópoli más grande de América del Sur, en especial, con respecto a las nuevas prácticas urbanas que surgieron durante las protestas de 2013. Los últimos indicadores económicos y demográficos muestran un cambio en la geografía social de la ciudad, los cuales pueden tener un impacto signi cativo en su forma urbana y, por ende, en su plani cación. Este artículo da cuenta de las transformaciones urbanas que emergen de la nueva con guración política y económica. Para ello, destacamos fenómenos urbanos y sociales que podrían convertirse en alternativas a los pactos administrativos tradicionales (o los que están actualmente en vigor). ; O século XXI apresenta um novo patamar urbano nas reivindicações populares na cidade de São Paulo. O crescimento econômico, o aumento da renda e o baixo desemprego modificaram a agenda política da cidade, que confronta de forma abrangente as estruturas socioespaciais historicamente consolidadas. Do ponto de vista urbano e espacial, a avaliação crítica dessa condição recente da maior metrópole da América do Sul não se esgotou, principalmente em relação às novas práticas urbanas que se explicitaram nas manifestações de 2013. Indicadores econômicos e demográ cos recentes apontam para uma guinada na geogra a social da cidade, com incisivas implicações na sua forma urbana. O objetivo desta pesquisa é perscrutar as possibilidades de transformação urbana emergentes dessa con guração política e econômica verificada. Para tanto destacamos alguns fenômenos urbanos e sociais que possam indicar alternativas aos pactos tradicionais (ou vigentes). Essa nova condição aponta para di culdades espaciais especí cas do urba- nismo e da disciplina arquitetônica, que vão além impedimentos históricos já analisados pela tradição crítica local.

This article identifies, among Georg Simmel's various writings, his conception of one of modern social theory's founding concepts: the tension between individual and society. Simmel insists that the question 'How is society possible?' requires a philosophical, as much as a purely sociological, answer. In this article we argue that Simmel's objective in founding a science of society cannot be separated from his interpretation of modernity. We shall try to bring out what we see as the clear & specific connection between his two projects.

Throughout all different socio-historical tensions undergone by the Latin American modernit(ies), the literary-historical production as well as the reflection on the topic - regional, national, supranational and/or continental – have been part of the critical and intellectual itinerary of very significant political and cultural projects, whose particular development allows the analysis of the socio-discursive dynamics fulfilled by the literary historiography in the search of a historical conscience and representation of the esthetic-literary processes. In present literary and cultural Central American literary studies, the academic thought on the development of the literary historiography has given place to some works whose main objects of study involve a significant corpus of national literature histories published mainly in the 20th century, between the forties and the eighties. Although these studies differ greatly from the vast academic production undertaken by the literary critics in the last two decades, the field of research of the literary historiography in Central America has made a theoretical-methodological effort, as of the eighties and until now, to analyze the local literary-historical productions. However, this effort was carried out more systematically in the last five years of the 20th century, within the Central American democratic transition and post-war context, when a national, supra national and transnational model of literary history was boosted. This gave place to the creation and launching of the project Hacia una Historia de las Literaturas Centroamericanas (HILCAS) at the beginning of the new millennium. Given the ideological relevance which the literary historiography has played in the process of the historical formation of the Hispano-American States, and whose philological tradition has also had an impact in the various Central American nation states, the emergence of this historiographic project marks an important rupture in relation with the national paradigms, and it is also manifested in a movement of transition and tension with regard to the new cultural, comparative and transareal dynamics, which seek to understand the geographical, transnational, medial and transdisciplinary movements within which the esthetic narrative processes and the idea and formation of a critical Central American subject gain shape. Taking this aspect into account, our study puts forward as its main hypothesis that the historiographic thought developed as a consequence of the project Hacia una Historia de las Literaturas Centroamericanas (HILCAS) constitutes a socio-discursive practice, which reflects the formation of a historic-literary conscience and of a critical intellectual subject, an emergence that takes place between the mid-nineties and the first decade of the 21st century. In this respect, and taking as a basis the general purpose of this investigation indicated before, the main justification for our object of study consists of making the Central American historiographic reflection visible as a part of the epistemological and cultural changes shown by the Latin American historiographic thought, and from which a new way of conceptualization of the space, the coexistence and the historic conscience emerge with regard to the esthetic-literary practices and processes. Based on the field and hypothesis stated before, the general purpose of this research is framed by the socio-discursive dimension fulfilled by the Latin American literary historiography, and it aims to analyze the Central American historical-literary thought developed between the second half of the nineties and the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century. ; Während der unterschiedlichen soziohistorischen Spannungen, die die lateinamerikanische(n) Moderne(n) durchquerten, waren sowohl die historisch-literarische Produktion als auch die Reflexion, seien sie regionaler, nationaler, supranationaler und/oder kontinentaler Art, ein Teil des kritischen und intellektuellen Weges bedeutender politischer und kultureller Projekte, deren besondere Entwicklung es gestattet, die sozio-diskursive Dynamik zu analysieren, die die literarische Historiographie bei der Suche eines historischen Bewusstseins und einer Repräsentation ästhetischliterarischer Prozesse erfüllt. In zeitgenössischen literaturgeschichtlichen und kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschungen in Zentralamerika führte das akademische Nachdenken über die Entwicklung der literarischen Historiographie zu einigen Forschungsprojekten, deren wichtigste Studienobjekte aus einem signifikanten Korpus nationaler Literaturgeschichten bestehen, die hauptsächlich zwischen den vierziger und achtziger Jahren publiziert wurden. Wenngleich die erwähnten Forschungsarbeiten in vielbedeutendem Kontrast zu der umfassenden akademischen Produktion stehen, die in die literarische Kritik während der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte eingedrungen ist, wurde im Forschungsbereich der literarischen Historiografie in Zentralamerika seit den achtziger Jahren bis zur Gegenwart ein theoretisch-methodischer Aufwand betrieben um die historisch-literarischen Produktionen lokaler Art zu analysieren. Trotzdem wurde erst ab Mitte der neunziger Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts im Kontext des demokratischen Übergangs und der zentralamerikanischen Nachkriegszeit mit größerer Systematisierung der Entwurf eines historisch literarischen Modells supra- und transnationaler Art vorangetrieben, der dazu führte, dass gegen Anfang des neuen Jahrtausends das Projekt Hacia una Historia de las Literaturas Centroamericanas (HILCAS) erschaffen und initiiert wurde. Aufgrund der ideologischen Relevanz, die die literarische Historiographie im Prozess der hispanoamerikanischen Nationalstaatenbildung besaß und deren philologische Tradition der Entwicklung der unterschiedlichen zentralamerikanischen Nationalstaaten nicht fern stand, erscheint die Entstehung dieses historiographischen Projektes als wichtiges Zeichen für einen Bruch gegenüber den nationalen Paradigmen, wobei es sich gleichzeitig in einer Dynamik des Übergangs und der Spannung zeigt in Bezug auf die neuen kulturellen, komparativen und trans-arealen Dynamiken, die versuchen, die geographischen, transnationalen, medialen und transdisziplinären Verschiebungen zu verstehen, in denen sich die ästhetisch-narrativen Prozesse und die Bildung eines kritischen zentralamerikanischen Subjekts dynamisieren. In Anbetracht dieses letzten Aspektes behauptet die zentrale Hypothese der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit, dass das historiographische Denken, das von dem Projekt Hacia una Historia de las Literaturas Centroamericanas (HILCAS) aus entwickelt wurde, eine soziodiskursive Praktik begründet, von der aus die Bildung eines historisch literarischen Bewusstseins und eines kritisch intellektuellen Subjekts bewiesen wird, das zwischen der Mitte der neunziger Jahre und den ersten Jahrzehnten des 21. Jahrhunderts eingeschrieben ist. In diesem Sinn und auf Grundlage des übergreifenden Vorhabens, das in dieser Forschungsarbeit geäußert wurde, besteht der wichtigste Nachweis, auf den unser Studienobjekt hinweist, in der Sichtbarmachung des Nachdenkens über die zentralamerikanische Historiografie als Teil der epistemologischen und kulturellen Veränderungen, die das lateinamerikanische historiografische Denken während der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte erfuhr und von dem aus eine neue Form der Konzeptualisierung des Raums, der Konvivenz und des historischen Bewusstseins in Bezug auf ästhetisch-literarische Praktiken und Prozesse errichtet wird. Auf Grundlage der vorher formulierten Bereiche und Hypothesen umfasst das allgemeine Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit die sozio-diskursive Dimension, die die literarische Historiographie in Lateinamerika erfüllte mit der Absicht, das historische literarische Denken in Zentralamerika zu analysieren, das zwischen Mitte der neunziger Jahre und den Anfängen der ersten Jahrzehnte des 21. Jahrhunderts entwickelt wurde.

In the «new society» which is being formed in a permanent and accelerated manner, there exists a series of problems that affect the economical, juridical, political, social, religious, educational and technical aspects of the world. We do not however always find «answers» or «solutions» while considering each one of these aspects. Significantly, the very topic of «schooling» is affected by a «silent» revolutionary process based upon an ideological view which on a middle-term basis -which nontheless suggests short-term incidences- results in an «abduction» of the individual personality of the human being, as well as «pressure» in favor of particular models of a specific society. On the other hand, modern societies are found to be indifferent to, or lacking of transcendental ethical values, with religious essences being replacer by rationalistic constructions of a Humanism which does not find itself firmly anchored by moral roots. For this reason, precisely, the family -at least so far- constitutes the most positive factor in the face of these borderline situations found in the new society. The family in itself constitutes a School. Curiously enough, in Third-world countries, on a pedagogical level the family is called upon -sought- to find a new its proper place, since even the finest techniques or pedagogical systems, or the most refined school plan, always find the urgency or necessity for that educative redoubt, the family, precisely as the foundation where the first values or virtues which later will hace to be exercised with sufficience in society are placed. All this, naturally, far from the phenomena of rupture, crisis, or familial or juvenile emancipation. Three questions seem to us to be of fundamental importance. What do we wish the new society to be like? What will the new society actually be like? Why and what for this new society? These questions, in one way or another -regardless of whether we are dealing with a cosmological, anthropological or theocentric vision of Man and society- have been ...

Partiendo de la noción de "arte de gobierno liberal", que encuentra su configuración en la forma de una Economía Política y su modelo normativo en un gobierno frugal, pretendemos elevar nuestro estudio hacia un análisis del tipo de subjetividad que funciona como correlato de la racionalidad política (neo)liberal: el homo oeconomicus y su actualización en la forma de sujeto "empresario de sí mismo". Para tal fin nos veremos en la necesidad de señalar la mutación epistemológica planteada por el análisis neoliberal –iniciado por la Escuela de Friburgo y, más específicamente, desarrollado por la Escuela de Chicago en el ámbito norteamericano–, el cual tiende un puente entre el análisis de los procesos económicos y el estudio de la racionalidad interna del comportamiento humano. Asimismo, haremos una incursión en la teoría del Capital Humano a través de intelectuales como Theodore W. Schultz y Gary S. Becker y sus derroteros actuales. Lejos de iniciar una relectura en términos puramente académicos, con nuestro análisis –y siguiendo un método praxeológico– pretendemos llamar la atención sobre una de las numerosas vías de investigación que Foucault dejó abiertas. Con esto pretendemos abrir el espacio para un ejercicio crítico que tome por objeto las derivas de esta comprensión de los sujetos en términos de "riqueza" en ámbitos de la vida que no son estrictamente económicos. ; Bringing into focus the idea of "liberal rationality of government", wich is configurated by a Political Economy form and a frugal government, the aim of this paper is to present our study in the direction of an analysis of the kind of subject wich is working as a correlative part of the (neo)liberal political rationality: the homo oeconomicus and his update in the way of a subject as "expert of himself". This paper critically examines the mutation of the epistemology suggested by the neoliberal analysis originated by the Freiburg School and, specifically developed by the Chicago School. The liberal analysis makes a connection between the analysis of the economics process and the study of the rationality of the human behaviour. Addiotionally, we will do a incursion in the Human Capital Theory following some intelectual figures like Theodore W. Schultz and Gary S. Becker. It is not our purpose to do a reading in a academic terms; the aim of this paper is to emphasize one of the research line wich was opened by Foucault. Following a practical method, the study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of the effects of this type of representation of the subject in terms of source of wealth.