Suchergebnisse

The paper analyses the development of the EU energy policy since the beginning of the European integration and argues that the eastern enlargement and two gas crises in 2006 and 2009 have crucially impacted its evolution. Originally, the ES/EU dealt primarily with the formation and liberalisation of internal energy market, however after 2004 the focus has shifted towards issues of energy security and external energy relations in general. The paper uses the spillover concept to analyse the development of the EU energy policy. It argues that the development of internal energy market was caused by a spillover from internal market as such, while the progress in the area of energy policy after the eastern enlargement was an outcome of efforts to achieve energy security; efforts that resulted in further spillover effects in areas such as diversification, external energy relations or efficiency. The paper thus claims that common European energy policy in its internal and external dimensions started to evolve gradually after the Eastern enlargement.

This article deals with the political problematisation of gender inequalities in the context of the European Union's gender equality policies on a supranational level. Based on the concept of transnational advocacy networks (TAN), the first part of the article presents the European Women's Lobby and units at the European Commission dealing with gender equality policies as two key actors in TAN that promote gender equality issues within the structures of the EU. The article then moves on to describe policy frame analysis as an approach to analysing the way in which the gender inequalities addressed by these actors are politically problematised in three policy documents connected to the European Commission's 'Roadmap for Equality between Women and Men 2006–2010'. The analysis focuses on the main frames in these documents that legitimise the existence of an independent policy field concerned with gender equality at the EU level and discusses the ramifications of these frames for the promotion of gender equality; for example, how certain policy measures might lead to different outcomes when promoted within different frames.

The development of trade in the modern economy has brought about an increased importance of transport. Multiplication of means of transportation and the quantity of goods transported has led to the fact that contracts governing the area of transport have become, especially since the beginning of the 21st century, the most common and widely used ones.
The frequently used one is contract on the carriage of goods, forwarding contract and often also contract on operating a means of transportation.
In practice there are often situations when more than one of the aforementioned contracts is used for carriage in one "business case" (e.g. a forwarding contract and a contract on the carriage of goods), although comprehensive logistic solutions either under a forwarding contract or under an innominate contract have lately been increasingly required by contracting parties.

The featured observations represent selected viewpoints of World War I, highlighting
background events that led to the war. They present the situation in Austro-Hungary for whom the
war was a tool to solve its political problems and further demonstrate how the war actually made
the aforementioned country's relations with national groups more complicated. The observations
also focus on the image of the war, distorted by propaganda, and the situation on both the front
line and in the hinterland. Last but not least they deal with the war from the Czech viewpoint,
unique for many reasons including the fact that at this time the Czechs were escalating their
attempts at creating their own state.

In recent years, there was a great boom of publications on the village of Vojvodovo. Although there was a plenty of contributions on this topic in scholarly journals recently, there are still some blind spots that remain uncovered by the scholars. One of these are the Vojvodovo Bulgarians, who were – since the 1920s – the second most numerous (!) group of Vojvodovo inhabitants. It is them, the local Vojvodovo Bulgarians, the neighbors of the Vojvodovo Czechs, whose identities, changing in the course of time, we describe in this study. ; In recent years, there was a great boom of publications on the village of Vojvodovo. Although there was a plenty of contributions on this topic in scholarly journals recently, there are still some blind spots that remain uncovered by the scholars. One of these are the Vojvodovo Bulgarians, who were – since the 1920s – the second most numerous (!) group of Vojvodovo inhabitants. It is them, the local Vojvodovo Bulgarians, the neighbors of the Vojvodovo Czechs, whose identities, changing in the course of time, we describe in this study.

Enthält den Text außerdem in tschechischer Spr. u.d.T.: Promyslet Evropu. Konference na Prazskem hrade 6-8 zari 2001

This paper aims to review the existing debate on the relations between national and European levels in the EU and identify existing gaps. It aims at showing the current compartelization of the academic debate and suggesting a possible remedy. It discusses the current trends in Europeanization studies and shows that one of the dimensions (bottom-up) remains understudied. Similarly, the concept has been applied in the area of foreign policy in a very limited way to the detriment of our understanding of reality. Following these findings, the article suggests, firstly, that the relationship between the adjustment to European integration and the ability to pursue one's interest should be studied, both in terms of form and results, and, secondly, that foreign policy should be included in this research framework. ; This paper aims to review the existing debate on the relations between national and European levels in the EU and identify existing gaps. It aims at showing the current compartelization of the academic debate and suggesting a possible remedy. It discusses the current trends in Europeanization studies and shows that one of the dimensions (bottom-up) remains understudied. Similarly, the concept has been applied in the area of foreign policy in a very limited way to the detriment of our understanding of reality. Following these findings, the article suggests, firstly, that the relationship between the adjustment to European integration and the ability to pursue one's interest should be studied, both in terms of form and results, and, secondly, that foreign policy should be included in this research framework.

The aim of this article is an analysis of the Iranian policy towards the region of Western Balkans, mainly the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, since the early 1990s until present days. The security and political dimensions of mutual relation between Iran and Bosnia and Herzegovina are examined. This country has been on the focus of Iranian foreign policy for decades. The article maps Iranian political, religious and cultural activities in the country during and after the civil war. One of the main outcomes of the text is the analysis of stagnation, and we might say even fall of Iranian influence in the region caused by changing of the international atmosphere, Iranian regime itself and the decline of Iranian money flow to Bosnia and Herzegovina caused by problematic economic situation in the Islamic Republic suffering the lack of sources.