Previše je komentatora koji krivnju za zločin povezuju s drogom. Da, oni su uistinu povezani, ali smjer uzrokovanja ide gotovo suprotno. Radi se o tome da zabrana supstanci koje uzrokoju ovisnost vodi do zločinačkog ponašanja, a ne obrnuto. Ukoliko želimo sigurnost povezanu s drogom, utoliko je legalizacija preferentno rješenje za javnu politiku. ; All too many commentators blame crime on drugs. Yes, the two are indeed correlated, but the direction of causation is almost entirely in the opposite direction. It is the prohibition of addictive substances that leads to criminal behavior, not the other way around. If we want drug safety, legalization is the preferred public policy solution.
Javne su politike, kao višedimenzionalan i izrazito kompleksan fenomen, nužno multidisciplinaran predmet istraživanja. Cilj je rada istražiti što je specifično politološko znanje o javnim politikama, odnosno koji je jedinstveni doprinos politologa izučavanju i upravljanju javnim politikama u svrhe profiliranja te mlade politološke discipline u Jugoistočnoj Europi. Rad je nastao kao rezultat pregleda temeljnih udžbenika javnih politika u svijetu i regiji, te literature o metodologiji i pristupima istraživanju u društvenim znanostima i politologiji. Kreće se od određivanja što su javne politike i što je politički aspekt javnih politika. Propituju se pristupi istraživanju javnih politika (policy studije). Zatim se identificiraju vrste profesionalne uporabe tih istraživanja (policy analize). Ključna je pretpostavka kako je politologija prvenstveno kompetentna za analizu aktera stvaranja politika. Osnovni je nalaz da temelj profesionalnog profiliranja politologa u javnim politikama, s obzirom da jedini rabe istraživačku perspektivu usmjerenu na aktere, reprezentativnost i legitimnost stvaranja politika, može biti jedan oblik participatorne policy analize. ; Public policies, as a multi-dimensional and highly complex phenomenon, necessarily make a multidisciplinary research subject. The aim of this paper is to examine what is specific political science knowledge about public policy, and what is the unique contribution of political scientists to policy research and governance to enhance consolidating this young discipline in Southeastern Europe. This paper is a result of a review of policy textbooks in Southeastern Europe and worldwide, and literature on approaches and methodologies in social sciences and political science. It starts with determining public polices and their political aspect. Then it explores approaches of policy studies. Finally, it identifies types of professional policy research or policy analysis. The key assumption is that political science is primarily competent to analyze policy actors. The main finding of the paper is that the basis of political scientist professionalization in policy research, given that they are best in actor-centered research, and issues of representativeness and legitimacy of policy-making, can be a form of participatory policy analysis.
Civilno društvo u mnogim zemljama demokratskog svijeta, pa tako i u Republici Hrvatskoj, zauzima vrlo važno mjesto u političkom i društvenom životu. Naime, Europska je unija kao predstavnik zapadnih, demokratskih zemalja, prepoznala civilni sektor kao jedan od stupova društva pa se u mnogim politikama zemalja javlja pitanje u kojoj mjeri te na koji način je ispravno uključiti civilni sektor u kreiranje javnih politika. Prema ideji, civilno bi društvo trebalo sudjelovati u političkom životu pojedine zemlje od samoga početka s glavnim zadatkom detekcije postojanja pojedinih društvenih problema. Takvim inicijativama, ali i sudjelovanjem u samom kreiranju politika te njihovoj promidžbi, civilni sektor postaje partnerom vlasti. Predmet ovog rada jesu civilne udruge kao najčešće organizacije civilnog društva te politički život, tj. kreiranje javnih politika, odnosno, sudjelovanje civilnog sektora u politici. Svrha ovog rada jest dati pregled mogućnosti utjecaja civilnih udruga na kreiranje javnih politika. Konačno, cilj ovog rada jest razumjeti problematiku te eventualne prepreke u sudjelovanju civilnih udruga u političkome životu. ; Civil society in many countries of the democratic world, including the Republic of Croatia, occupies a very important place in political and social life. Namely, the European Union, as a representative of Western, democratic countries, has recognized the civil sector as one of the pillars of society, so in many countries' policies the question arises to what extent and in what way it is right to involve the civil sector in policy making. According to the idea, civil society should participate in the political life of a particular country from the very beginning with the main task of detecting the existence of certain social problems. With such initiatives, but also by participating in the very creation of policies and their promotion, the civil sector becomes a partner of the government. The subject of this paper are civil society organizations as the most common civil society organizations and political life, ie the creation of public policies, ie the participation of the civil sector in politics. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the possibilities of the influence of civil society organizations on policy making. Finally, the aim of this paper is to understand the issues of this possible obstacle to the participation of civil society organizations in political life.
Civilno društvo u mnogim zemljama demokratskog svijeta, pa tako i u Republici Hrvatskoj, zauzima vrlo važno mjesto u političkom i društvenom životu. Naime, Europska je unija kao predstavnik zapadnih, demokratskih zemalja, prepoznala civilni sektor kao jedan od stupova društva pa se u mnogim politikama zemalja javlja pitanje u kojoj mjeri te na koji način je ispravno uključiti civilni sektor u kreiranje javnih politika. Prema ideji, civilno bi društvo trebalo sudjelovati u političkom životu pojedine zemlje od samoga početka s glavnim zadatkom detekcije postojanja pojedinih društvenih problema. Takvim inicijativama, ali i sudjelovanjem u samom kreiranju politika te njihovoj promidžbi, civilni sektor postaje partnerom vlasti. Predmet ovog rada jesu civilne udruge kao najčešće organizacije civilnog društva te politički život, tj. kreiranje javnih politika, odnosno, sudjelovanje civilnog sektora u politici. Svrha ovog rada jest dati pregled mogućnosti utjecaja civilnih udruga na kreiranje javnih politika. Konačno, cilj ovog rada jest razumjeti problematiku te eventualne prepreke u sudjelovanju civilnih udruga u političkome životu. ; Civil society in many countries of the democratic world, including the Republic of Croatia, occupies a very important place in political and social life. Namely, the European Union, as a representative of Western, democratic countries, has recognized the civil sector as one of the pillars of society, so in many countries' policies the question arises to what extent and in what way it is right to involve the civil sector in policy making. According to the idea, civil society should participate in the political life of a particular country from the very beginning with the main task of detecting the existence of certain social problems. With such initiatives, but also by participating in the very creation of policies and their promotion, the civil sector becomes a partner of the government. The subject of this paper are civil society organizations as the most common civil society ...
Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je napraviti regulatorni pregled izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni u zemljama Europske unije i Ujedinjenoj Kraljevini. Materijal i metode: Sastavljen je pregled regulatornih sustava bezreceptnih lijekova u europskim zemljama, s naglaskom na dostupnost bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Pregledani su regulatorni zahtjevi 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjene Kraljevine i napravljena je usporedba regulatornih sustava zemalja obuhvaćenih pregledom. Rezultati: Analizirajući 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjenu Kraljevinu uočavamo tri načina regulacije i organizacije izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova. U 10 analiziranih zemalja, uključujući Austriju, Francusku i Španjolsku, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova dozvoljeno je samo u ljekarnama. U 6 analiziranih zemalja, među kojima su Njemačka i Hrvatska, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni odvija se uz obavezan nadzor stručne osobe. Ujedinjena Kraljevina i skandinavske zemlje spadaju u posljednju kategoriju koju čini 9 zemalja s razvijenim prometom bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Bezreceptni lijekovi u tim su zemljama dostupni u supermarketima, na kioscima i benzinskim postajama, a postoje "general sales list", tj. popisi gotovih lijekova s uvjetima pod kojima se smiju izdavati izvan ljekarni. Zaključci: Postoje razlike u načinu regulacije distribucije bezreceptnih lijekova među europskim zemljama. Uočava se trend liberalizacije i deregulacije ljekarništva. Iako u dijelu analiziranih zemalja ljekarne još uvijek imaju "monopol" na izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova, u većini analiziranih zemalja određeni bezreceptni lijekovi dostupni su izvan ljekarni. ; Objectives: The aim of this research was to make a regulatory review of the dispensing of over-the-counter medicines outside pharmacies in the countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Material and Methods: An overview of over-the-counter regulatory systems in European countries has been compiled, with an emphasis on the availability of over-the-counter medicines ...
Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je napraviti regulatorni pregled izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni u zemljama Europske unije i Ujedinjenoj Kraljevini. Materijal i metode: Sastavljen je pregled regulatornih sustava bezreceptnih lijekova u europskim zemljama, s naglaskom na dostupnost bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Pregledani su regulatorni zahtjevi 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjene Kraljevine i napravljena je usporedba regulatornih sustava zemalja obuhvaćenih pregledom. Rezultati: Analizirajući 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjenu Kraljevinu uočavamo tri načina regulacije i organizacije izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova. U 10 analiziranih zemalja, uključujući Austriju, Francusku i Španjolsku, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova dozvoljeno je samo u ljekarnama. U 6 analiziranih zemalja, među kojima su Njemačka i Hrvatska, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni odvija se uz obavezan nadzor stručne osobe. Ujedinjena Kraljevina i skandinavske zemlje spadaju u posljednju kategoriju koju čini 9 zemalja s razvijenim prometom bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Bezreceptni lijekovi u tim su zemljama dostupni u supermarketima, na kioscima i benzinskim postajama, a postoje "general sales list", tj. popisi gotovih lijekova s uvjetima pod kojima se smiju izdavati izvan ljekarni. Zaključci: Postoje razlike u načinu regulacije distribucije bezreceptnih lijekova među europskim zemljama. Uočava se trend liberalizacije i deregulacije ljekarništva. Iako u dijelu analiziranih zemalja ljekarne još uvijek imaju "monopol" na izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova, u većini analiziranih zemalja određeni bezreceptni lijekovi dostupni su izvan ljekarni. ; Objectives: The aim of this research was to make a regulatory review of the dispensing of over-the-counter medicines outside pharmacies in the countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Material and Methods: An overview of over-the-counter regulatory systems in European countries has been compiled, with an emphasis on the availability of over-the-counter medicines ...
The article focuses on the interconnectedness of foreign policy environments to explain Slovenia's opportunities and constraints for foreign policy action. During the period of pre-independence para-diplomacy, the building of an internal and external domestic environment successfully turned constraints (no international recognition) into opportunities (applying for membership of European and global intergovernmental organizations). In the second period — post-recognition — considering the absence of a strategic foreign policy document, the Slovenian internal foreign policy environment became a major constraint to seize foreign environment opportunities. This affected Slovenia's accomplishments, notably after NATO and EU memberships were achieved in 2004. Although the Slovenian internal environment matured during the following period to adopt, in 2015, a comprehensive foreign policy strategy the recent turn in world politics (especially the European financial and economic crisis and the migration crisis) created for the first time a foreign environment for Slovenia that offered many fewer opportunities and far more constraints. ; The article focuses on the interconnectedness of foreign policy environments to explain Slovenia's opportunities and constraints for foreign policy action. During the period of pre-independence para-diplomacy, the building of an internal and external domestic environment successfully turned constraints (no international recognition) into opportunities (applying for membership of European and global intergovernmental organizations). In the second period — post-recognition — considering the absence of a strategic foreign policy document, the Slovenian internal foreign policy environment became a major constraint to seize foreign environment opportunities. This affected Slovenia's accomplishments, notably after NATO and EU memberships were achieved in 2004. Although the Slovenian internal environment matured during the following period to adopt, in 2015, a comprehensive foreign policy strategy the recent turn in world politics (especially the European financial and economic crisis and the migration crisis) created for the first time a foreign environment for Slovenia that offered many fewer opportunities and far more constraints.
Rad analizira razvoj činovništva u Dalmaciji u periodu druge austrijske uprave od 1814. do 1914., kada je počeo Prvi svjetski rat. Želimo pokazati kako se promijenila civilna administracija iz perspektive službenika koji su odgovarali za realizaciju politike uprave. Činovništvo je imalo veliki utjecaj, zato u historiografiji treba više govoriti o njemu. ; Historians often write in general about how a state or administration 'implemented' or 'introduced' reforms. Of course, an administration does make certain decisions but, in modern times, whole groups of officials are responsible for their realisation. This is the duty of the official apparatus. The success of a given reform is dependent not only on the theory prepared in the silence of the cabinet, but also on its implementation in practice. For this reason, it is important to understand who the officials were and what was their position in the Habsburg Monarchy, where the administration had been one of the most important lynchpins of the functioning of the state since the time of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. It was no different in Dalmatia, where, as we shall later see, every reform of the central authorities increased the number of sections and therefore the number of officials. Regardless, the topic of officials who worked in Dalmatia in the period of the second Austrian administration did not draw the appropriate attention of Yugoslav and Croatian historians until now. This paper analyses the development of the officialdom in Dalmatia during the 'second Austrian government', from 1814 to 1914, when World War I began. We wish to show how the civil administration changed from the perspective of the officials, who were responsible for the realisation of the administration's policies. The officialdom had a great influence, and deserves to be given more attention in historiography.
Istraživači javnih politika od druge polovice 20. stoljeća sve više analitičke pažnje posvećuju prijenosu javnih politika iz jednog političkog djelokruga u drugi. Pritom se koriste konceptima poput difuzije, konvergencije i transfera javnih politika. Transfer javnih politika, najmlađi od navedenih pristupa, dobiva na zamahu nakon druge polovice devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća te je u posljednjih dvadeset godina izrastao u respektabilan, naveliko citiran I korišten istraživački pristup. Ovaj se rad može shvatiti kao historijat istraživanja prijenosa javnih politika između političkih djelokruga. Pored pregleda evolucije pristupa ponudit će se i izvorna sistematizacija i demarkacija različitih studija. Rad se zaključuje uvidom kako su studije transfera distinktivne u odnosu na studije konvergencije i difuzije. Odlikuje ih procesni analitički fokus, usmjerenost na razumijevanje djelovanja aktera, kvalitativna metodologija te korištenje malih uzoraka. U radu se zastupa mišljenje kako su studije transfera javnih politika izvrstan heuristički alat jer omogućuju multidimenzionalno istraživanje procesa stvaranja javnih politika. ; From the second half of the twentieth century policy scholars are increasingly devoting their attention to the transference of policy from one political jurisdiction to another. Concepts such as policy diffusion, convergence and transfer are being used to elucidate the modern-day policy process. Policy transfer, the youngest of these approaches, has been gaining momentum from the second half of the nineties and has grown into a respectable, widely cited and used research frame. This article is a historical account of policy transfer research. In addition to examining the evolution of similar approaches (diffusion, convergence, and transfer), the original systematization and demarcation of different studies is offered. The paper concludes with the insight that policy transfer studies are distinctive in relation to convergence and diffusion studies. They are characterized by an analytical focus on processes, on understanding of policy actors' actions, on qualitative methodology, and using small samples. The paper concludes that policy transfer studies are an excellent heuristic tool because they enable a multidimensional research of the policy process.
Članak analizira učinke Europskog semestra, okvira EU-a za socijalno-ekonomsku koordinaciju, na promjenu politike zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj. Slučaj Hrvatske treba ilustrirati kako, pod kojim uvjetima i u kojoj mjeri arhitektura Europskog semestra utječe na politike zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj. U žarištu su analize dvije stavke javnih politika: Garancija za mlade i dob za umirovljenje. Nalazi vezani za Garanciju za mlade podržavaju očekivanje prema kojemu pojačani nadzor i obveze izvještavanja pridonose promjeni nacionalnih javnih politika. Koristeći intervjue kao izvore podataka, auto pronalazi dva ključna elementa utjecaja: administrativni pritisak i slabu upoznatost s načinom rada Europske komisije u sklopu Europskog semestra. Istodobno, Hrvatska je opetovano zanemarivala preporuke za usklađivanjem dobi umirovljenja za muškarce i žene. Razlozi slaba utjecaja Europskog semestra na tom području mogu se pronaći u ograničavajućem efektu sastava koalicijske vlade, krutosti javne politike, suprotstavljenih uvjerenja i vrlo neizvjesne političke situacije. Ti su uvjeti bili čimbenici odvraćanja od promjene javnih politika, unatoč mogućim sankcijama EU-a. ; This paper analyzes the effects of the European Semester, EU's framework for socio-economic policy coordination, on change of Croatian employment policy. The case of Croatia is used to illustrate in what manner, under which conditions and to what extent the European Semester architecture actually influences Croatian employment policies. The focus is on two policy items: the Youth Guarantee and the retirement age provision. The findings on the Youth Guarantee lend crucial support to the expectation that intensified monitoring and reporting obligations will contribute to domestic policy change. Drawing on interview data, the author identifies administrative pressure and low familiarity with the European Commission's modus operandi within the European Semester as two crucial elements of influence. On the other hand, Croatia repeatedly neglected EU's recommendation to step up the harmonization of female and male retirement age. Reasons for low European Semester impact on this issue can be found in a number of constraining conditions that were at play: coalition politics, the stickiness of the policy issue, opposite policy beliefs and a highly uncertain political situation. These factors acted as factors from policy change despite potential EU sanctions down the pike.
Ciljevi ovog rada su: 1) odrediti ključne promjene u procesu razvoja Zajedničke ribarstvene politike EU (ZRP) i hrvatske ribarstvene politike te 2) opisati strukturu i dinamiku kretanja makroekonomskih i proračunskih pokazatelja vezanih uz hrvatsko ribarstvo u razdoblju 2007.-2016. U radu je korištena povijesna metoda i deskriptivna analiza makroekonomskog stanja i strukture proračuna. ZRP je službeno uveden 1983. godine s namjerom da predstavlja zajednički sustav upravljanja ribarstvom u ime svih zemalja članica. Ciljevi ZRP-a bili su: riješiti konflikte zemalja članica na morima, osigurati stabilnost sektora ribarstva, spriječiti totalno uništenje ribljih stokova i osigurati ribarima bolju kvalitetu života. Međutim, ZRP je redovito na meti kritika zbog nedovoljne primjene okolišnih mjera i znanstvenih sugestija kao i zbog nedostatka zajedničkog dijaloga između institucija EU i lokalnih dionika razvoja. Kako u EU, tako se i u Hrvatskoj sektor ribarstva suočio s mnogo problema, a osobito devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, u vrijeme tranzicije. Neki od njih bili su ozbiljni pad ulova, zastarjela tehnologija i ribarska flota, osiromašenje podmorja, nedostatak razvojnih trendova u marikulturi, nedostatak mjera za razumno iskorištavanje i zaštitu pojedinih vrsta većeg ekonomskog značaja. Razdoblje pregovora za ulazak u EU predstavljalo je ujedno i priliku da hrvatski sektor ribarstva prilagodi svoje ciljeve, mjere i dionike u svrhu dostizanja održivog i međunarodno konkurentnog sektora u budućnosti. Također, članstvo olakšava trgovinu unutar EU zone i značajnu financijsku i tehničku podršku. Struktura potpora iz proračuna i postojeća politika naglašavaju povećanje primjene strukturnih mjera koje bi trebale doprinijeti poboljšanju društvenih, gospodarskih i okolišnih elemenata u ribarstvu. ; The aim of the paper is: 1) to determine the key changes in the evolution process of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and the Croatia's fisheries policy and 2) to describe the structure and dynamics of macroeconomic and budget performance related to Croatian fisheries in the period 2007-2016. Two methods were used: the historical method and the descriptive analysis of macroeconomic performance and budget structure. The CFP was officially introduced in 1983, bringing the management of fisheries in all EU member states under one system. Its aims were: to resolve sea conflicts between member states, to provide stability to the fisheries sector, to prevent a total collapse of fish stocks and to provide higher quality of life to the fishermen. However, the CFP has constantly been criticized for poor enforcement of environmental measures and scientific recommendations, and for the lack of a common language between the EU institutions and local stakeholders. Both the European and Croatian fisheries sector faced many problems, especially during the transition period in the 1990s. Some of them included a serious decrease of catches, outdated technology and fisheries fleet, depletion of demersal species, lack of developmental trends in mariculture, absence of measures of rational exploitation and protection of economically significant species. The negotiation period was an opportunity for the fisheries sector in Croatia to adapt its goals, measures and stakeholders in order to achieve a more sustainable and internationally competitive fisheries sector in the future. The membership facilitates trade in the EU area, along with providing significant funding and technical assistance. The budget support structure and the existing policy framework point out an increase in the implementation of structural measures which should assist in an overall improvement of social, economic and environmental aspects of fisheries.
Zajednička poljoprivredna politika (ZPP) ustanovljena 1962.god. je najznačajnija javna politika na koju odlazi velik dio proračuna Europske unije. Nakon 30 godina stabilnosti, ZPP prolazi kroz prvu značajnu reformu 1992., poznatijom kao MacSharryjeva reforma. Zatim slijede Agenda 2000 (1999.), Srednjoročni pregled (eng. Mid-Term Review, MTR 2003.), Zdravstveni pregled (eng. Health-Check, 2008.), Reforma ZPP-a 2013.-2020. i Reforma nakon 2020. Početkom 1990.-ih, kroz trgovinske pregovore u sklopu GATT-a (današnjeg WTO-a) na međunarodnoj razini se postiže dogovor, Sporazum o poljoprivredi, čime su se postavile prihvatljive i neprihvatljive mjere agrarne politike. Promjenom stavova društva o poljoprivredi i njezinom financiranju, unazad 30-ak godina, mijenjali su se i ciljevi agrarne politike, te oni sada obuhvaćaju zaštitu okoliša, krajobraz, dobrobit životinja, kvalitetu i sigurnost hrane. ; The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) established in 1962 is the most important public policy to which a large part of the European Union budget goes. After 30 years of stability, the CAP is undergoing its first significant reform in 1992, better known as the MacSharry reform. This is followed by Agenda 2000 (1999), Mid-Term Review (MTR 2003), Health-Check (2008), CAP reform 2013-2020. and CAP post 2020 reform. In the early 1990s, through trade negotiations under the GATT (today's WTO), an agreement was reached at the international level, the Agreement on Agriculture, which set out acceptable and unacceptable agricultural policy measures. With the change in society's attitudes towards agriculture and its financing, over the past 30 years, the goals of agricultural policy have changed, and they now include environmental protection, landscape, animal welfare, quality and food safety.
Gradska uprava u Varaždinu sastavljala je popise vlasnika fundusa za potrebe ubiranja redovnih i izvanrednih poreza i gradskih pristojbi. Iz druge polovice 17. stoljeća sačuvano je deset popisa od kojih je posljednji, iz 1698. godine, cjelovit, a ostali se odnose na pojedine gradske četvrti. Popisi također donose informacije o broju fundusa koje su posjedovali isusovci, pavlini, prelati, Varaždinski generalat i tridesetnica koji su, kao vlasnici gradskih zemljišta, također bili obavezni plaćati poreze. Porez se plaćao prema veličini fundusa. Analiza prosječne veličine posjeda potvrđuje da su tijekom druge polovice 17. stoljeća povećane ekonomske i socijalne razlike unutar gradskog društva. Stanovnici unutrašnjeg grada posjedovali su prosječno 1,5 - 2 fundusa, a u suburbijima 1,1 - 1,4. Na prosječnu veličinu posjeda utjecali su vlasnici većeg broja fundusa, samostani, Crkva, vojne i civilne službe Kraljevine, čiji broj fundusa raste posebno u unutrašnjem gradu. Oni posjeduju više od 20 posto gradskog zemljišta. Najveći pojedinačni vlasnici su isusovce. Većim brojem fundusa raspolažu također suci, senatori te plemstvo. U suburbijima pratimo suprotan proces, umjesto povećanja, postojeći fundusi se dijele na sve manje čestice. To je pokazatelj veće gustoće stanovanja u suburbijima, ali i sve većeg broja siromašnih građana čija je ekonomska snaga u padu. Uz analizu ekonomskih i socijalnih procesa u gradu popisi su izvor za procjenu broja stanovnika Varaždina krajem 17. stoljeća. Na temelju broja nastanjenih fundusa i prosječnog broja ukućana procijenjeno je da je krajem 17. stoljeća u gradu živjelo između 2850 i 3350 stanovnika. Popisi sadrže, uz ime i veličinu fundusa, informacije o smještaju, vrsti, kvaliteti zemljišta i iznosu plaćenog poreza ili pristojbe te je važan izvor za povijest katastra grada Varaždina. ; The city authorities in Varaždin compiled a number of lists of estate owners with the purpose of collecting the regular and supplementary taxes as well as other levies imposed by the city government. From the second half of the 17th century nine such records have been preserved, the last of which, dating from 1698, is a complete document, while the rest refer only to certain city areas. The records also provide information on the number of parcels owned by Jesuits, Pauline Fathers, prelates, members of the Varaždin Generalate, and customs offices, which, as owners of city parcels, were also required to pay taxes. The amount of these taxes depended on the size of their parcels. The analysis of the average size of estates shows that there is a noticeable economic and social divergence in the city during the second half of the 17th century. While the inner-city inhabitants owned 1.5 – 2 plots on average, in the suburbs the average estate size was between 1.1 and 1.4 plots. The average size of estates was affected by the owners of a larger number of plots, such as monasteries, the Church, and both military and civil services of the Kingdom. The number of their plots, particularly in the inner city is increasing and at the end of the 17th century they own more than twenty percent of city lands. The biggest individual owners are Jesuits. A larger number of plots is also owned by judges, senators and noblemen. In the suburbs, there is a completely different process at work. Instead of augmentation, the estates are being divided into smaller parcels of land. This proves a higher population density in the suburban areas, which resulted in an increased number of the poor and those citizens whose economic power is in decline. Besides allowing the analysis of the economic and social processes in the city, the records are a valuable source in estimating the number of inhabitants in Varaždin at the end of the 17th century. Taking into consideration the number of uninhabited plots and the average number of household members, between 2,850 and 3,350 inhabitants are estimated to have lived in Varaždin at that time. Except for the names and plot sizes, the records also contain the information on locations, types, quality of these lands and the amount of taxes and duties paid. They are therefore an important source in investigating the history of the land register of the city of Varaždin.
Ovaj rad bavi se istraživanjem industrijske politike Europske Unije. U radu se iznosi teorijski aspekt industrijske politike, odnosno, različite definicije industrijske politike raznih autora, alati i instrumenti, kao argumenti za i protiv industrijske politike. Zatim se opisuju razvojne faze industrijske politike Europske Unije, a detaljnije se obrađuje industrijska politika Europske Unije od vremena Lisabonske agende. Daje se pregled industrijske performanse Europske Unije i nekih zemalja članica i usporedba s Japanom i Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Detaljno se opisuje industrijska politika u okviru strategije Europa 2020, prioriteti, inicijative, komunikacije, kao i trenutni izazovi vezani uz modernizaciju industrije. Također, iznose se programi, instrumenti i politike koje izravno i neizravno doprinose industrijskoj politici Europske Unije. Nadalje, prikazuje se način vođenja moderne industrijske politike Savezne Republike Njemačke. Cilj istraživanja jest sintetizirati znanje o industrijskoj politici Europske Unije i prikazati trenutne inicijative i programe industrijske politike na razini Europske Unije i Savezne Republike Njemačke koji doprinose gospodarskom rastu i razvoju. Svrha istraživanja jest u konačnici ukazati na značaj i ulogu industrijske politike Europske Unije u promicanju konkurentnosti industrije i samog gospodarstva. ; This paper deals with the research of the European Union's industrial policy. The paper presents the theoretical aspects of industrial policy, different definitions of industrial policy from various authors, tools and instruments, as arguments for and against industrial policy. Then, the development phases of the European Union's industrial policy are described and the European Union industrial policy since the Lisbon Agenda is more elaborated. An overview of the European Union's performance and some of member states is given, and a comparison with Japan and the United States of America. A detailed description of industrial policy within the Europe 2020 strategy is given, as well as priorities, initiatives, communications and current challenges related to industrial modernization. Also, there are programs, instruments and policies that directly and indirectly contribute to the European Union's industrial policy. Furthermore, the modern industrial policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is presented. The aim of research is to synthesize knowledge of the European Union's industrial policy and present current initiatives and industrial policy programs at EU and Federal Republic of Germany level that contribute to economic growth and development. The purpose of the research is to point out the importance and role of the European Union's industrial policy in promoting competitiveness of the industry and the economy of European Union.
