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The paper looks back at the history of communication analysing this historical issue in the context of social structures and social institutions. In terms of chronological limits, the research attempts to date back to the period of the 16th-17th centuries; in respect of regional borders, it encompasses the Duchy of Biržai (hereinafter referred to as the "DB"), whereas in terms of socio-structural aspects, the study attempts to analyse the society of the Duchy. The subject of the thesis is the society of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the 16th-17th centuries; the issue under analysis is the structure of this society and the social communication maintaining it. It is attempted to identify the types of contacts binding the afore-mentioned local society, the origins of those links, the manner of manifestation of the social contacts within the DB community, which were common to the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the "GDL"), and the specific contacts inherent to this domain only as well as the social formations created by these contacts apart from those determined by the estate-based society. The paper seeks to identify how far-reaching could have been and actually were the horizons of the contacts of the DB residents at the level of Biržai domain, the level of the GDL and the international level. The research of the contacts maintained should be useful in answering the question of how the centres of public communication (estate, church, castle, town, etc) pursued their activities and what inherent characteristics defined them. Finally, the analysis of social communication may provide background for discussing cultural contacts and interactions in future. Major problematic concepts employed in the research are communication and local society. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of communication of the DB society, which operated in the context of immediate institutional and social interaction. Following the remaining sources, the attempt is made to reconstruct the social structure of the DB and the social relations supporting it. The aspect of communication is chosen for the analysis as the manifestation of local processes evolving within the DB. The paper seeks to identify to what extent a certain communicative code of the DB society, i.e. a set of rules and mechanisms, which is standardized for that local community and thus allows the coexistence of its social groups and their adequate adjustment to one another, can be identified. The communicative code links all major communicative elements – the channel (forms), context (environment, settings) and participants. The sources do not allow the identification of the entire content and meanings of social communication but enables the reconstruction of its forms and structure. The relevancy of research of the society and communication of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the period from 1589 to 1655 can be defined on the basis of at least four aspects. In a conceptual sense, the research is relevant as the venture in historical regionalistics oriented towards the knowledge about the entire, even if local, society. None of the local communities of the estate-owned domain of the GDL in the 16th–mid-17th centuries has been the object of a separate research up until now. It should be noted that the research deals with a relatively early, socially and ethno-confessionally heterogenic micro-society with limited references in historical sources. The objective of methodological individualism applying the micro-historic method is to encourage the identification of rules of social structure and its functioning out of the numerous similar research studies of local communities in future. The new aspect of research in this paper is the attempt to synthesise separate fields of historical acquisition (social, military, religious, economic, cultural fields). The conducted research may contribute to the search for the criteria of historical regionalisation. The novelty of the research reveals in the problematics under analysis (communication research). Attention paid to inter-group relations and social daily practices of those groups is not common in historiography. The communication research enables a better identification of the peculiar character of the society of the early New Ages and the context of the period and thus extends the information network of the 16th-17th century society. The results of research will be of use for the researchers engaged in social communication studies as the sample of communicative history stimulating the research of the systems of communication of other local communities. The factographical novelty of the research reflecting in the introduction of the new data into scientific circulation is worth mentioning as well. Numerous archival sources employed for the first time should supplement the historiographical depository of the Radvilas family and may encourage the research of other periods as well as create preconditions for writing the entire history of the DB (1547-1811) in future. In terms of the use of the new data, the paper may be found valuable and interesting for the researchers of the history of war, church, economy and society. Another relevant aspect of the paper is the fact that it contributes to the correction of inaccuracies of historical "myths" since the findings do not always confirm the tendencies of the GDL history documented in academic syntheses and historiography.

The paper looks back at the history of communication analysing this historical issue in the context of social structures and social institutions. In terms of chronological limits, the research attempts to date back to the period of the 16th-17th centuries; in respect of regional borders, it encompasses the Duchy of Biržai (hereinafter referred to as the "DB"), whereas in terms of socio-structural aspects, the study attempts to analyse the society of the Duchy. The subject of the thesis is the society of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the 16th-17th centuries; the issue under analysis is the structure of this society and the social communication maintaining it. It is attempted to identify the types of contacts binding the afore-mentioned local society, the origins of those links, the manner of manifestation of the social contacts within the DB community, which were common to the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the "GDL"), and the specific contacts inherent to this domain only as well as the social formations created by these contacts apart from those determined by the estate-based society. The paper seeks to identify how far-reaching could have been and actually were the horizons of the contacts of the DB residents at the level of Biržai domain, the level of the GDL and the international level. The research of the contacts maintained should be useful in answering the question of how the centres of public communication (estate, church, castle, town, etc) pursued their activities and what inherent characteristics defined them. Finally, the analysis of social communication may provide background for discussing cultural contacts and interactions in future. Major problematic concepts employed in the research are communication and local society. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of communication of the DB society, which operated in the context of immediate institutional and social interaction. Following the remaining sources, the attempt is made to reconstruct the social structure of the DB and the social relations supporting it. The aspect of communication is chosen for the analysis as the manifestation of local processes evolving within the DB. The paper seeks to identify to what extent a certain communicative code of the DB society, i.e. a set of rules and mechanisms, which is standardized for that local community and thus allows the coexistence of its social groups and their adequate adjustment to one another, can be identified. The communicative code links all major communicative elements – the channel (forms), context (environment, settings) and participants. The sources do not allow the identification of the entire content and meanings of social communication but enables the reconstruction of its forms and structure. The relevancy of research of the society and communication of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the period from 1589 to 1655 can be defined on the basis of at least four aspects. In a conceptual sense, the research is relevant as the venture in historical regionalistics oriented towards the knowledge about the entire, even if local, society. None of the local communities of the estate-owned domain of the GDL in the 16th–mid-17th centuries has been the object of a separate research up until now. It should be noted that the research deals with a relatively early, socially and ethno-confessionally heterogenic micro-society with limited references in historical sources. The objective of methodological individualism applying the micro-historic method is to encourage the identification of rules of social structure and its functioning out of the numerous similar research studies of local communities in future. The new aspect of research in this paper is the attempt to synthesise separate fields of historical acquisition (social, military, religious, economic, cultural fields). The conducted research may contribute to the search for the criteria of historical regionalisation. The novelty of the research reveals in the problematics under analysis (communication research). Attention paid to inter-group relations and social daily practices of those groups is not common in historiography. The communication research enables a better identification of the peculiar character of the society of the early New Ages and the context of the period and thus extends the information network of the 16th-17th century society. The results of research will be of use for the researchers engaged in social communication studies as the sample of communicative history stimulating the research of the systems of communication of other local communities. The factographical novelty of the research reflecting in the introduction of the new data into scientific circulation is worth mentioning as well. Numerous archival sources employed for the first time should supplement the historiographical depository of the Radvilas family and may encourage the research of other periods as well as create preconditions for writing the entire history of the DB (1547-1811) in future. In terms of the use of the new data, the paper may be found valuable and interesting for the researchers of the history of war, church, economy and society. Another relevant aspect of the paper is the fact that it contributes to the correction of inaccuracies of historical "myths" since the findings do not always confirm the tendencies of the GDL history documented in academic syntheses and historiography.

The main duty of the Constitutional Court is to examine and make a decision, if an effective law, is not contrary with the Constitution or other valid law. The decision of the Constitutional Court is mandatory. The only way to concur decision is to change the Constituion or some of its articles, which are contrary to the questionable law, but as the practice of the states show, states are more willing to change the questionable law not the Constitution. The arguments for changing the law not the Constitution is the complexity of the changing procedure and if you change the principles of the Constitution, you also have to change the ordinary every day life of the state. The Constituional Court decisions can be dedicated to legislative power, or only to private people, assuming who was the initiator of the case, but the unconstitutional law can be amended only by legislative bodies. But there are no prohibitions for Constitutional Court to take his own remedies in order to assure such implementation of the decision, that when the unconstitutional law is abolished, there won't occur any legislative gaps. Constitutional Courts of the Europe use such measures: in the law or constitutional jurisprudence for the bodies, which aplly law, are told to fill the gaps directly using the Constitution (this measure is used by Russian and Polish Constitutional Courts); the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system (used by Austrian, Latvian, German Constitutional Courts); other courts are obliged to stop the process in the cases, which are connected with the questionable law, till the legislative bodies change the law; The Constitutional Court on his own tells to everybody how the law will be for a period, till the legislative bodies change the law (used by German Constitutional Court); The Counstitutional Court acknowledges unconstitutional not the law, but only the exact interpretation of the law (used by German, Italian Constitutional Courts); The Constitutional Court makes a decision that the law still is constitutional, but tells to change it, because later it becomes unconstitutional (used by German, Spain, Romanian, Italian Constitutional Courts). According to Austrian, Czech, Italian, Latvian and German Constitutional Courts' practice, the most often used measure is the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system for additional exact time period. This measure is not used by Lithuanian Constitutional Court, but it is worth to be taken into consideration. Meanwhile, Lithuanian Constitutional Court uses the delay of the official publication and effect of the decision, but it publishes its decision and the Parlament can change the unconstitutional law befor the decision takes effect. Lithuanian Parlament Statute states that Constitutional Court decisions must be implemented through 4 months time period, but in the period from 2004 till 2008 year there were 43 decisions in which Constitutional Court admitted unconstitutional law. More than a half of them were not implemented through 4 months period, some of the laws were abolished, but till now there are no new necessary laws instead of them. So there is legislative gap in some areas, it is not very bad in civil law, because analogy or principles can be used, but in criminal law can not be such situations, because you can not use anything else instead of effective law. Through the 4 months period are changed only such laws, that need to be changed only by Parlament's Law committee and it does not have to consult with other institutions or committees, also those decisions which do not require additional financing from the budget, or those decisions where Constitutional Court used its measure mentioned above. When Lithuanian Constitutional Court used the mentioned measure in its decision and delayed the official publication and effect of the decision for two months, the Parlament fixed the unconstitutional law in one month without waiting for official publication. The Court used such measure only for several times, but it was useful and helped to implement the decision properly. But there is one problem, because legislative bodies have to implement only officially published decisions, so it is up to legislative bodies' good will to change the unconstitutional law. The analysis of the Austrian, Czeck, Italian, Latvian and German Constitutional Courts taken measures in the decisions shows that with the help of the Constitutional Court the legislative bodies avoid legislative gaps, uncertainty and even non-implemented decisions. At the end of this paper there is a recommendation for Lithuanian Constitutional Court that it further should use not the measure it used till now, but the one that other European Constitutional Courts use commonly – the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system, because only officially published decision has the power of law and has to be implemented, and the delay period should be stated according to the exact case circumstances, procedures and financing needed for the implementation. This measure should be incorporated in the Lithuanian Constitutional Court Law, without stating the maximum delay period, in order the Constitutional Court could react more flexible to exact case circumstances.

The paper looks back at the history of communication analysing this historical issue in the context of social structures and social institutions. In terms of chronological limits, the research attempts to date back to the period of the 16th-17th centuries; in respect of regional borders, it encompasses the Duchy of Biržai (hereinafter referred to as the "DB"), whereas in terms of socio-structural aspects, the study attempts to analyse the society of the Duchy. The subject of the thesis is the society of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the 16th-17th centuries; the issue under analysis is the structure of this society and the social communication maintaining it. It is attempted to identify the types of contacts binding the afore-mentioned local society, the origins of those links, the manner of manifestation of the social contacts within the DB community, which were common to the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the "GDL"), and the specific contacts inherent to this domain only as well as the social formations created by these contacts apart from those determined by the estate-based society. The paper seeks to identify how far-reaching could have been and actually were the horizons of the contacts of the DB residents at the level of Biržai domain, the level of the GDL and the international level. The research of the contacts maintained should be useful in answering the question of how the centres of public communication (estate, church, castle, town, etc) pursued their activities and what inherent characteristics defined them. Finally, the analysis of social communication may provide background for discussing cultural contacts and interactions in future. Major problematic concepts employed in the research are communication and local society. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of communication of the DB society, which operated in the context of immediate institutional and social interaction. Following the remaining sources, the attempt is made to reconstruct the social structure of the DB and the social relations supporting it. The aspect of communication is chosen for the analysis as the manifestation of local processes evolving within the DB. The paper seeks to identify to what extent a certain communicative code of the DB society, i.e. a set of rules and mechanisms, which is standardized for that local community and thus allows the coexistence of its social groups and their adequate adjustment to one another, can be identified. The communicative code links all major communicative elements – the channel (forms), context (environment, settings) and participants. The sources do not allow the identification of the entire content and meanings of social communication but enables the reconstruction of its forms and structure. The relevancy of research of the society and communication of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the period from 1589 to 1655 can be defined on the basis of at least four aspects. In a conceptual sense, the research is relevant as the venture in historical regionalistics oriented towards the knowledge about the entire, even if local, society. None of the local communities of the estate-owned domain of the GDL in the 16th–mid-17th centuries has been the object of a separate research up until now. It should be noted that the research deals with a relatively early, socially and ethno-confessionally heterogenic micro-society with limited references in historical sources. The objective of methodological individualism applying the micro-historic method is to encourage the identification of rules of social structure and its functioning out of the numerous similar research studies of local communities in future. The new aspect of research in this paper is the attempt to synthesise separate fields of historical acquisition (social, military, religious, economic, cultural fields). The conducted research may contribute to the search for the criteria of historical regionalisation. The novelty of the research reveals in the problematics under analysis (communication research). Attention paid to inter-group relations and social daily practices of those groups is not common in historiography. The communication research enables a better identification of the peculiar character of the society of the early New Ages and the context of the period and thus extends the information network of the 16th-17th century society. The results of research will be of use for the researchers engaged in social communication studies as the sample of communicative history stimulating the research of the systems of communication of other local communities. The factographical novelty of the research reflecting in the introduction of the new data into scientific circulation is worth mentioning as well. Numerous archival sources employed for the first time should supplement the historiographical depository of the Radvilas family and may encourage the research of other periods as well as create preconditions for writing the entire history of the DB (1547-1811) in future. In terms of the use of the new data, the paper may be found valuable and interesting for the researchers of the history of war, church, economy and society. Another relevant aspect of the paper is the fact that it contributes to the correction of inaccuracies of historical "myths" since the findings do not always confirm the tendencies of the GDL history documented in academic syntheses and historiography.

The paper looks back at the history of communication analysing this historical issue in the context of social structures and social institutions. In terms of chronological limits, the research attempts to date back to the period of the 16th-17th centuries; in respect of regional borders, it encompasses the Duchy of Biržai (hereinafter referred to as the "DB"), whereas in terms of socio-structural aspects, the study attempts to analyse the society of the Duchy. The subject of the thesis is the society of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the 16th-17th centuries; the issue under analysis is the structure of this society and the social communication maintaining it. It is attempted to identify the types of contacts binding the afore-mentioned local society, the origins of those links, the manner of manifestation of the social contacts within the DB community, which were common to the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the "GDL"), and the specific contacts inherent to this domain only as well as the social formations created by these contacts apart from those determined by the estate-based society. The paper seeks to identify how far-reaching could have been and actually were the horizons of the contacts of the DB residents at the level of Biržai domain, the level of the GDL and the international level. The research of the contacts maintained should be useful in answering the question of how the centres of public communication (estate, church, castle, town, etc) pursued their activities and what inherent characteristics defined them. Finally, the analysis of social communication may provide background for discussing cultural contacts and interactions in future. Major problematic concepts employed in the research are communication and local society. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of communication of the DB society, which operated in the context of immediate institutional and social interaction. Following the remaining sources, the attempt is made to reconstruct the social structure of the DB and the social relations supporting it. The aspect of communication is chosen for the analysis as the manifestation of local processes evolving within the DB. The paper seeks to identify to what extent a certain communicative code of the DB society, i.e. a set of rules and mechanisms, which is standardized for that local community and thus allows the coexistence of its social groups and their adequate adjustment to one another, can be identified. The communicative code links all major communicative elements – the channel (forms), context (environment, settings) and participants. The sources do not allow the identification of the entire content and meanings of social communication but enables the reconstruction of its forms and structure. The relevancy of research of the society and communication of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the period from 1589 to 1655 can be defined on the basis of at least four aspects. In a conceptual sense, the research is relevant as the venture in historical regionalistics oriented towards the knowledge about the entire, even if local, society. None of the local communities of the estate-owned domain of the GDL in the 16th–mid-17th centuries has been the object of a separate research up until now. It should be noted that the research deals with a relatively early, socially and ethno-confessionally heterogenic micro-society with limited references in historical sources. The objective of methodological individualism applying the micro-historic method is to encourage the identification of rules of social structure and its functioning out of the numerous similar research studies of local communities in future. The new aspect of research in this paper is the attempt to synthesise separate fields of historical acquisition (social, military, religious, economic, cultural fields). The conducted research may contribute to the search for the criteria of historical regionalisation. The novelty of the research reveals in the problematics under analysis (communication research). Attention paid to inter-group relations and social daily practices of those groups is not common in historiography. The communication research enables a better identification of the peculiar character of the society of the early New Ages and the context of the period and thus extends the information network of the 16th-17th century society. The results of research will be of use for the researchers engaged in social communication studies as the sample of communicative history stimulating the research of the systems of communication of other local communities. The factographical novelty of the research reflecting in the introduction of the new data into scientific circulation is worth mentioning as well. Numerous archival sources employed for the first time should supplement the historiographical depository of the Radvilas family and may encourage the research of other periods as well as create preconditions for writing the entire history of the DB (1547-1811) in future. In terms of the use of the new data, the paper may be found valuable and interesting for the researchers of the history of war, church, economy and society. Another relevant aspect of the paper is the fact that it contributes to the correction of inaccuracies of historical "myths" since the findings do not always confirm the tendencies of the GDL history documented in academic syntheses and historiography.

The main duty of the Constitutional Court is to examine and make a decision, if an effective law, is not contrary with the Constitution or other valid law. The decision of the Constitutional Court is mandatory. The only way to concur decision is to change the Constituion or some of its articles, which are contrary to the questionable law, but as the practice of the states show, states are more willing to change the questionable law not the Constitution. The arguments for changing the law not the Constitution is the complexity of the changing procedure and if you change the principles of the Constitution, you also have to change the ordinary every day life of the state. The Constituional Court decisions can be dedicated to legislative power, or only to private people, assuming who was the initiator of the case, but the unconstitutional law can be amended only by legislative bodies. But there are no prohibitions for Constitutional Court to take his own remedies in order to assure such implementation of the decision, that when the unconstitutional law is abolished, there won't occur any legislative gaps. Constitutional Courts of the Europe use such measures: in the law or constitutional jurisprudence for the bodies, which aplly law, are told to fill the gaps directly using the Constitution (this measure is used by Russian and Polish Constitutional Courts); the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system (used by Austrian, Latvian, German Constitutional Courts); other courts are obliged to stop the process in the cases, which are connected with the questionable law, till the legislative bodies change the law; The Constitutional Court on his own tells to everybody how the law will be for a period, till the legislative bodies change the law (used by German Constitutional Court); The Counstitutional Court acknowledges unconstitutional not the law, but only the exact interpretation of the law (used by German, Italian Constitutional Courts); The Constitutional Court makes a decision that the law still is constitutional, but tells to change it, because later it becomes unconstitutional (used by German, Spain, Romanian, Italian Constitutional Courts). According to Austrian, Czech, Italian, Latvian and German Constitutional Courts' practice, the most often used measure is the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system for additional exact time period. This measure is not used by Lithuanian Constitutional Court, but it is worth to be taken into consideration. Meanwhile, Lithuanian Constitutional Court uses the delay of the official publication and effect of the decision, but it publishes its decision and the Parlament can change the unconstitutional law befor the decision takes effect. Lithuanian Parlament Statute states that Constitutional Court decisions must be implemented through 4 months time period, but in the period from 2004 till 2008 year there were 43 decisions in which Constitutional Court admitted unconstitutional law. More than a half of them were not implemented through 4 months period, some of the laws were abolished, but till now there are no new necessary laws instead of them. So there is legislative gap in some areas, it is not very bad in civil law, because analogy or principles can be used, but in criminal law can not be such situations, because you can not use anything else instead of effective law. Through the 4 months period are changed only such laws, that need to be changed only by Parlament's Law committee and it does not have to consult with other institutions or committees, also those decisions which do not require additional financing from the budget, or those decisions where Constitutional Court used its measure mentioned above. When Lithuanian Constitutional Court used the mentioned measure in its decision and delayed the official publication and effect of the decision for two months, the Parlament fixed the unconstitutional law in one month without waiting for official publication. The Court used such measure only for several times, but it was useful and helped to implement the decision properly. But there is one problem, because legislative bodies have to implement only officially published decisions, so it is up to legislative bodies' good will to change the unconstitutional law. The analysis of the Austrian, Czeck, Italian, Latvian and German Constitutional Courts taken measures in the decisions shows that with the help of the Constitutional Court the legislative bodies avoid legislative gaps, uncertainty and even non-implemented decisions. At the end of this paper there is a recommendation for Lithuanian Constitutional Court that it further should use not the measure it used till now, but the one that other European Constitutional Courts use commonly – the delay of the unconstitutional act removal from the law system, because only officially published decision has the power of law and has to be implemented, and the delay period should be stated according to the exact case circumstances, procedures and financing needed for the implementation. This measure should be incorporated in the Lithuanian Constitutional Court Law, without stating the maximum delay period, in order the Constitutional Court could react more flexible to exact case circumstances.

2011 – 2014 was of great importance to the credit institutions working within Lithuania. This period included all kinds of major developments, from suspension of credit institutions, to insolvencies and bankruptcies all of which was put under the magnifying glass by the actively working journalists. These events were actively discussed in Lithuania by both the public and various political figures which gave rise to multiple opinions and never before seen discussions. However, most importantly these actions gave rise to questions related to the supervision and legal regulation of credit institutions based within Lithuania, which is carried out by the Bank of Lithuania. Generally clients who decide to lend their monetary assets to banks or credit unions should be aware that they assume part of the risks of a possible credit institution collapse. However, once the deposit and/or investment is made, a state owned company "Deposit and Investment Insurance" (VĮ "Indėlių ir investicijų draudimas") also becomes responsible for it, if it's equal or less than 100.000 EUR (one hundred thousand euros). Adequate supervision of credit institutions in Lithuania and as a matter of fact – any other country, should result in a much lower risk for the creditor who lent or placed monetary deposits within the credit institution. This supervision should provide adequate protection for the creditors from the risk of credit institution insolvency. Effective supervision of credit institutions should prohibit credit institutions from taking inadequate risks, to prohibit moving away from the classic banking principles and most importantly, this supervision should prohibit violation of laws. These circumstances helps to create a stable financial framework. Legal regulation is the basis of ensuring that financial institutions, which possess a license to engage in acceptance and issue of monetary deposits from non-professional market participants have to be financially secure and reliable. Constant supervision of how credit institutions act in accordance to the legal legislation acts, prompt response to the problems which surface within the scope of activities of the credit institution, protection of depositor and public interest, create assumptions for supervisory authorities to exercise effective supervision of credit institutions. This master's paper indicates the effective supervision of credit institutions regulatory legal concept. Effective supervision of credit institutions regulation and supervisory authority of both the Bank of Lithuania and the European Central Bank (from here onwards - ECB) is analyzed. It should be taken into account that the ECB provides direct supervision to the three primary Lithuanian credit institutions; the ones that fall outside its scope are supervised by the Bank of Lithuania. Aforementioned institutions cooperating together issue and/or cancel authorizations for credit institutions to operate (credit unions are excluded), in addition, they evaluate the 5 acquisition of qualified share packets. It must be noted that supervision of credit institutions performed by the Bank of Lithuania must be done in accordance to the instructions and requirements placed by the ECB. In order to find out whether credit institution supervision legal regulation is effective in Lithuania, this paper provides an analysis of relevant Lithuanian legislation and how this legislation embodies the principles and requirements of effective bank supervision as pointed out by Basel bank supervision committee as well as International Credit Union Regulator's Network and World Council of Credit Unions pointed out supervisory principles and requirements. In addition, this paper compares Lithuanian legislation related to credit institution regulation to legislation used by financially and economically developed states. Furthermore, this paper includes topic related observations provided by the experts of this field. An analysis provided by this master's paper points out an observation that certain shortcomings (limitations) originate from the regulation of supervisory authorities (institutions) responsibility and requirements for credit institution management and application of external audit. This paper points out a list of suggestions and recommendations on how to remove/avoid these shortcomings. It is established within Lithuanian legislation that damages caused by the illegal actions of the Bank of Lithuania or its employee's, which relate to the supervision of financial market, are rewarded if the injured party proves that the Bank of Lithuania or its employees were guilty of damages. Analysis provided in the paper shows that supervision of credit institutions are more efficient when losses/-damages caused by the supervisory authorities or its employees are rewarded only in cases when losses/-damages were caused with dishonest intentions (in bad faith). It should be noted that the findings of the bank audit will become more reliable and helpful to supervisory institutions for purposes of supervision, if Lithuanian legislation would set requirements pursuant to which the auditors responsible for bank audits would be required to possess specialized knowledge and competence. In addition, in order to make credit institution supervision more effective, it is necessary to establish clear-cut requirements for auditors who perform bank audits; these requirements should include a principle of professional skepticism which should be recognizable and visible in the documents provided by the auditor. Criminal liability should be established in Lithuanian legislation for bank executives who make hasty decisions which in turn lead to bank insolvency, bankruptcy – collapse. These legal acts should enable supervisory authorities to carry out effective supervision of credit institutions. Setting the appropriate supervisory requirements for the credit institutions determine the level of effectiveness of its supervision. Since the root of problems within credit unions is the passive participation of the union managing members, it is of utmost importance to establish clearly

2011 – 2014 was of great importance to the credit institutions working within Lithuania. This period included all kinds of major developments, from suspension of credit institutions, to insolvencies and bankruptcies all of which was put under the magnifying glass by the actively working journalists. These events were actively discussed in Lithuania by both the public and various political figures which gave rise to multiple opinions and never before seen discussions. However, most importantly these actions gave rise to questions related to the supervision and legal regulation of credit institutions based within Lithuania, which is carried out by the Bank of Lithuania. Generally clients who decide to lend their monetary assets to banks or credit unions should be aware that they assume part of the risks of a possible credit institution collapse. However, once the deposit and/or investment is made, a state owned company "Deposit and Investment Insurance" (VĮ "Indėlių ir investicijų draudimas") also becomes responsible for it, if it's equal or less than 100.000 EUR (one hundred thousand euros). Adequate supervision of credit institutions in Lithuania and as a matter of fact – any other country, should result in a much lower risk for the creditor who lent or placed monetary deposits within the credit institution. This supervision should provide adequate protection for the creditors from the risk of credit institution insolvency. Effective supervision of credit institutions should prohibit credit institutions from taking inadequate risks, to prohibit moving away from the classic banking principles and most importantly, this supervision should prohibit violation of laws. These circumstances helps to create a stable financial framework. Legal regulation is the basis of ensuring that financial institutions, which possess a license to engage in acceptance and issue of monetary deposits from non-professional market participants have to be financially secure and reliable. Constant supervision of how credit institutions act in accordance to the legal legislation acts, prompt response to the problems which surface within the scope of activities of the credit institution, protection of depositor and public interest, create assumptions for supervisory authorities to exercise effective supervision of credit institutions. This master's paper indicates the effective supervision of credit institutions regulatory legal concept. Effective supervision of credit institutions regulation and supervisory authority of both the Bank of Lithuania and the European Central Bank (from here onwards - ECB) is analyzed. It should be taken into account that the ECB provides direct supervision to the three primary Lithuanian credit institutions; the ones that fall outside its scope are supervised by the Bank of Lithuania. Aforementioned institutions cooperating together issue and/or cancel authorizations for credit institutions to operate (credit unions are excluded), in addition, they evaluate the 5 acquisition of qualified share packets. It must be noted that supervision of credit institutions performed by the Bank of Lithuania must be done in accordance to the instructions and requirements placed by the ECB. In order to find out whether credit institution supervision legal regulation is effective in Lithuania, this paper provides an analysis of relevant Lithuanian legislation and how this legislation embodies the principles and requirements of effective bank supervision as pointed out by Basel bank supervision committee as well as International Credit Union Regulator's Network and World Council of Credit Unions pointed out supervisory principles and requirements. In addition, this paper compares Lithuanian legislation related to credit institution regulation to legislation used by financially and economically developed states. Furthermore, this paper includes topic related observations provided by the experts of this field. An analysis provided by this master's paper points out an observation that certain shortcomings (limitations) originate from the regulation of supervisory authorities (institutions) responsibility and requirements for credit institution management and application of external audit. This paper points out a list of suggestions and recommendations on how to remove/avoid these shortcomings. It is established within Lithuanian legislation that damages caused by the illegal actions of the Bank of Lithuania or its employee's, which relate to the supervision of financial market, are rewarded if the injured party proves that the Bank of Lithuania or its employees were guilty of damages. Analysis provided in the paper shows that supervision of credit institutions are more efficient when losses/-damages caused by the supervisory authorities or its employees are rewarded only in cases when losses/-damages were caused with dishonest intentions (in bad faith). It should be noted that the findings of the bank audit will become more reliable and helpful to supervisory institutions for purposes of supervision, if Lithuanian legislation would set requirements pursuant to which the auditors responsible for bank audits would be required to possess specialized knowledge and competence. In addition, in order to make credit institution supervision more effective, it is necessary to establish clear-cut requirements for auditors who perform bank audits; these requirements should include a principle of professional skepticism which should be recognizable and visible in the documents provided by the auditor. Criminal liability should be established in Lithuanian legislation for bank executives who make hasty decisions which in turn lead to bank insolvency, bankruptcy – collapse. These legal acts should enable supervisory authorities to carry out effective supervision of credit institutions. Setting the appropriate supervisory requirements for the credit institutions determine the level of effectiveness of its supervision. Since the root of problems within credit unions is the passive participation of the union managing members, it is of utmost importance to establish clearly

2011 – 2014 was of great importance to the credit institutions working within Lithuania. This period included all kinds of major developments, from suspension of credit institutions, to insolvencies and bankruptcies all of which was put under the magnifying glass by the actively working journalists. These events were actively discussed in Lithuania by both the public and various political figures which gave rise to multiple opinions and never before seen discussions. However, most importantly these actions gave rise to questions related to the supervision and legal regulation of credit institutions based within Lithuania, which is carried out by the Bank of Lithuania. Generally clients who decide to lend their monetary assets to banks or credit unions should be aware that they assume part of the risks of a possible credit institution collapse. However, once the deposit and/or investment is made, a state owned company "Deposit and Investment Insurance" (VĮ "Indėlių ir investicijų draudimas") also becomes responsible for it, if it's equal or less than 100.000 EUR (one hundred thousand euros). Adequate supervision of credit institutions in Lithuania and as a matter of fact – any other country, should result in a much lower risk for the creditor who lent or placed monetary deposits within the credit institution. This supervision should provide adequate protection for the creditors from the risk of credit institution insolvency. Effective supervision of credit institutions should prohibit credit institutions from taking inadequate risks, to prohibit moving away from the classic banking principles and most importantly, this supervision should prohibit violation of laws. These circumstances helps to create a stable financial framework. Legal regulation is the basis of ensuring that financial institutions, which possess a license to engage in acceptance and issue of monetary deposits from non-professional market participants have to be financially secure and reliable. Constant supervision of how credit institutions act in accordance to the legal legislation acts, prompt response to the problems which surface within the scope of activities of the credit institution, protection of depositor and public interest, create assumptions for supervisory authorities to exercise effective supervision of credit institutions. This master's paper indicates the effective supervision of credit institutions regulatory legal concept. Effective supervision of credit institutions regulation and supervisory authority of both the Bank of Lithuania and the European Central Bank (from here onwards - ECB) is analyzed. It should be taken into account that the ECB provides direct supervision to the three primary Lithuanian credit institutions; the ones that fall outside its scope are supervised by the Bank of Lithuania. Aforementioned institutions cooperating together issue and/or cancel authorizations for credit institutions to operate (credit unions are excluded), in addition, they evaluate the 5 acquisition of qualified share packets. It must be noted that supervision of credit institutions performed by the Bank of Lithuania must be done in accordance to the instructions and requirements placed by the ECB. In order to find out whether credit institution supervision legal regulation is effective in Lithuania, this paper provides an analysis of relevant Lithuanian legislation and how this legislation embodies the principles and requirements of effective bank supervision as pointed out by Basel bank supervision committee as well as International Credit Union Regulator's Network and World Council of Credit Unions pointed out supervisory principles and requirements. In addition, this paper compares Lithuanian legislation related to credit institution regulation to legislation used by financially and economically developed states. Furthermore, this paper includes topic related observations provided by the experts of this field. An analysis provided by this master's paper points out an observation that certain shortcomings (limitations) originate from the regulation of supervisory authorities (institutions) responsibility and requirements for credit institution management and application of external audit. This paper points out a list of suggestions and recommendations on how to remove/avoid these shortcomings. It is established within Lithuanian legislation that damages caused by the illegal actions of the Bank of Lithuania or its employee's, which relate to the supervision of financial market, are rewarded if the injured party proves that the Bank of Lithuania or its employees were guilty of damages. Analysis provided in the paper shows that supervision of credit institutions are more efficient when losses/-damages caused by the supervisory authorities or its employees are rewarded only in cases when losses/-damages were caused with dishonest intentions (in bad faith). It should be noted that the findings of the bank audit will become more reliable and helpful to supervisory institutions for purposes of supervision, if Lithuanian legislation would set requirements pursuant to which the auditors responsible for bank audits would be required to possess specialized knowledge and competence. In addition, in order to make credit institution supervision more effective, it is necessary to establish clear-cut requirements for auditors who perform bank audits; these requirements should include a principle of professional skepticism which should be recognizable and visible in the documents provided by the auditor. Criminal liability should be established in Lithuanian legislation for bank executives who make hasty decisions which in turn lead to bank insolvency, bankruptcy – collapse. These legal acts should enable supervisory authorities to carry out effective supervision of credit institutions. Setting the appropriate supervisory requirements for the credit institutions determine the level of effectiveness of its supervision. Since the root of problems within credit unions is the passive participation of the union managing members, it is of utmost importance to establish clearly

As legal researches of the relation between the institutes of joinder of parties and procedural representation and the institute of group action as well as analysis of legal norms of the classical group action show in the article, the institute of group action cannot be identified with the institute of joinder of parties. When the joinder of parties is impossible due to a great number of persons, the group action can be a solution to the problem. In the event legal violations affect many persons, only the persons, who are proactive, knowing their rights, and possessing enough time and material resources, can make a use of the institutes of joinder of parties, procedural representation, and joinder of cases. These problems are resolved by the procedure of group action because it makes judicial defence available to all persons concerned irrespective of their material standing and other capacities as well as of organizational and other personal characteristics. As far as the joinder of parties is concerned, each joint party acts in his own name and has a right to conduct a case independently. All joint parties have to be invited to the hearing. They can also commit the case to one of joint parties. In such legal relationships, effectiveness of judicial defence of group interests is conditioned upon a number of joint parties. If a group is small, the joinder of parties is effective. The greater a number of joint parties is, the lesser effectiveness of the joinder of parties occurs. After a certain number is exceeded, the joinder of parties becomes almost impossible. When the joinder of parties is impossible due to a great number of persons, the theory and practice of the civil procedure suggest the institute of group action, which overcomes deficiencies and uses advantages of the institute of joinder of parties. The group action is a rational means to save human and material resources in the judicial system since it affects positively the economy of the proceedings as claims of many persons are tried in one case in the event the use of the joinder of parties is especially difficult or almost impossible. The group action is the major effective procedural means of judicial defence for numerous groups. The theory of civil procedure considers the institute of group action as a sort of synthesis of two procedural institutes – the joinder of parties and procedural representation. The institute of group action distinguishes for its originality because it includes the institute of joinder of parties without a need to join all parties into the proceedings and the institute of procedural representation without a need of formal authorisations. Enactment of norms regulating the procedure of group action should not create any material problems or adverse effects in Lithuania since the institutes of joinder of parties and of procedural representation are already functioning here. The party in the group action is a group as a one undivided entity. The plaintiff or defendant representing a group acts on behalf of such group's members, who do not participate in the proceedings. The representative of a group has no special authorisations to represent a group and non-participating members in the procedure of group action because rights and duties of a member of a group are determined by legal norms of the group action. The model of the institute of classical group action analyzed in this article could be followed in Lithuania because it includes necessary and sufficient conditions for submission and admission of the group action. ; Civilinio proceso teisės teorijoje grupės ieškinio institutas laikomas dviejų procesinių institutų: procesinio bendrininkavimo ir procesinio atstovavimo, savotiška sinteze, tačiau jo negalima tapatinti su procesinio bendrininkavimo institutu. Grupės ieškinio institutas pasižymi originalumu, nes apima procesinio bendrininkavimo be visų bendrininkų įtraukimo į procesą ir procesinio atstovavimo neturint formalių įgaliojimų institutus, todėl procesinio bendrininkavimo ir procesinio atstovavimo institutų santykio su grupės ieškinio institutu moksliniai teisiniai tyrimai padeda geriau pažinti grupės ieškinio instituto ypatybes. Jei dėl didelio asmenų skaičiaus išsenka procesinio bendrininkavimo galimybės, tai šios problemos sprendimas – grupės ieškinys. Grupės ieškinio procese teisminė gynyba tampa prieinama visiems suinteresuotiems asmenims ir tai nepriklauso nuo jų materialinių ir kitokių galimybių, nuo organizacinių ir asmeninių savybių. Esant procesiniam bendrininkavimui kiekvienas bendrininkas veikia savo vardu, turi teisę savarankiškai vesti savo bylą, į teismo posėdį turi būti kviečiami visi bendrininkai, bendrininkai gali pavesti bylą vesti vienam iš bendrininkų. Jei bendrininkų grupė nedidelė, tai procesinis bendrininkavimas būna veiksmingas. Kuo daugiau bendrininkų, tuo procesinis bendrininkavimas yra mažiau veiksmingas, o peržengus tam tikrą jų skaičiaus ribą procesinis bendrininkavimas tampa beveik neįmanomas. Kai dėl didelio asmenų skaičiaus procesinis bendrininkavimas yra neįmanomas, civilinio proceso teisės teorija ir praktika siūlo taikyti grupės ieškinio institutą, kuris įveikia procesinio bendrininkavimo instituto trūkumus ir išsaugo šio instituto pranašumus. Autorius mano, kad grupės ieškinio procesą reglamentuojančių normų įteisinimas Lietuvoje nesukeltų jokių esminių problemų ir nepageidaujamų padarinių, nes Lietuvos teisės sistemoje jau veikia procesinio bendrininkavimo ir procesinio atstovavimo institutai. Grupės ieškinio proceso šalis yra grupė kaip vientisa ir nedaloma visuma. Tokio proceso metu nedalyvaujančių grupės narių vardu veikia grupei atstovaujantis ieškovas arba atstovaujantis atsakovas. Grupės atstovo įgaliojimai atstovauti grupei ir nedalyvaujantiems jos nariams grupės ieškinio proceso metu nėra kaip nors specialiai įforminti, nes grupės atstovo teisės ir pareigos yra įtvirtintos grupės ieškinio instituto teisės normomis. Lietuvoje sektinas pavyzdys galėtų būti šiame straipsnyje analizuotas klasikinio grupės ieškinio instituto modelis ir jame įteisintos būtinosios ir pakankamos grupės ieškinio pateikimo ir priėmimo teisme sąlygos.

The aim of the Master thesis was to investigate is the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act not in breach of the just compensation principle in the Republic of Lithuania. The investigation was accomplished by analysis of related legal doctrine, valid legal regulation and case law. For the purpose of objective conclusions and recommendations for mentioned theme in the Republic of Lithuania also the compensation for damages arising from society beneficial land servitude was estimated by the specific examples in the case of the European Union. The first part of the Master thesis revealed that land servitude established by an administrative act is the pattern of ownership limiting while the expropriation is used in case of need to limit ownership in level that disproves its essence and means a loss of ownership. Despite differences the both legal institutions are possible to establish only in circumstances of society beneficial and objective based need, for instance to build infrastructure objects for public use, when the public interest appears. In such circumstances the subject of public administration enacts a decision for ownership limitation or loss and that determines administrative legal relations between legal parties. The conceptions of expropriation and servitude, i. e. land servitude established by an administrative act, are dual especially by different positions of legal parties when one legal party acquires particular rights whereas another legal party loses such rights or faces it limiting. This dualism inter alia is the reason of legal provided possibility to compensate damages arising from expropriation and servitude. In the Republic of Lithuania in case of expropriation damages are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle. The conception of this principle is the objective to restore person's lost status and ensure the balance of rights and legitimate interests between all interested parties in legal relations. After analysis done in the second part of the Master thesis it must be stated that legal regulations, which are in force in the Republic of Lithuania, determine that damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act can be compensated only by destroyed crops, plantation, felled timber market value and loss of lost possibility to use the whole land parcel or part of it by its basic purpose, manner and (or) nature. That does not refer to duration of servitude, loss of market value in land parcel part without servitude and other criterions causing damages while calculating compensation so that is the reason why the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act conflicts with real or close to real damages. According to the case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, in circumstances of civil legal relations damages arising from land servitude are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle. Damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act would be justifiable to compensate not in compliance with the just compensation principle in case of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania proved that compliance with the just compensation principle would be breach of public interest or other protected valuables, indicated other important justifiable circumstances. In absence from such circumstances it must be stated that persons who suffer damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act should be treated equally to those, who suffer damages arising from expropriation or those, who suffer damages arising from land servitude in circumstances of civil legal relations – as having the right to just compensation. The compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act in the Republic of Lithuania can be characterized as tentative because of relation only to three circumstances of damage rise. In consideration of valid legal provisions, case law and legal principles it must be stated that the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act in the Republic of Lithuania is in breach of the just compensation principle. After estimation patterns from abroad in the third part of the Master thesis it must be stated that in the Republic of Latvia damages arising from public infrastructure beneficial land servitude are being compensated with reference to reduction of property value, current loss of investment and paper profit. In this state different attitude from existing in the Republic of Lithuania prevails – the circumstance that ownership is limited by installation, construction or development of society significant objects determines higher protection of ownership, which appears as the right of restricted land owner to compensation equivalent or close to equivalent damages. In the Republic of Poland land servitude revealing public interest, for instance land servitude for infrastructure projects, is accomplished by enactmend of an administrative decision on expropriation, therefore it falls into the scope of expropriation institution. In such circumstances damages are being compensated by market value of deprived or limited ownership in accordance with prospective variations of that market value in the future. That does not conform to condition in the Republic of Lithuania. In the Republic of Poland by analysed situation with some important exceptions compensation for damages prevails equivalent or close to equivalent damages, so that can be estimated as in conformity with standards of justice. If the competent authority limits by servitude land owner's ownership for the purpose of public interest in the Netherlands (the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with three special municipalities of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean), landowner of private property has the right to full compensation as well as in case of expropriation. That supposes basically the same estimation of consequences that may result from these two legal institutions, but does not conform to judical opinion in the Republic of Lithuania. Full compensation is considered as equivalent to landowner's losses including not only direct losses, but also additional related expenditures, so that comply with the just compensation principle. It must be stated that in all three cases of the European Union damages arising from society beneficial land servitude, contrary to the Republic of Lithuania, are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle.

The aim of the Master thesis was to investigate is the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act not in breach of the just compensation principle in the Republic of Lithuania. The investigation was accomplished by analysis of related legal doctrine, valid legal regulation and case law. For the purpose of objective conclusions and recommendations for mentioned theme in the Republic of Lithuania also the compensation for damages arising from society beneficial land servitude was estimated by the specific examples in the case of the European Union. The first part of the Master thesis revealed that land servitude established by an administrative act is the pattern of ownership limiting while the expropriation is used in case of need to limit ownership in level that disproves its essence and means a loss of ownership. Despite differences the both legal institutions are possible to establish only in circumstances of society beneficial and objective based need, for instance to build infrastructure objects for public use, when the public interest appears. In such circumstances the subject of public administration enacts a decision for ownership limitation or loss and that determines administrative legal relations between legal parties. The conceptions of expropriation and servitude, i. e. land servitude established by an administrative act, are dual especially by different positions of legal parties when one legal party acquires particular rights whereas another legal party loses such rights or faces it limiting. This dualism inter alia is the reason of legal provided possibility to compensate damages arising from expropriation and servitude. In the Republic of Lithuania in case of expropriation damages are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle. The conception of this principle is the objective to restore person's lost status and ensure the balance of rights and legitimate interests between all interested parties in legal relations. After analysis done in the second part of the Master thesis it must be stated that legal regulations, which are in force in the Republic of Lithuania, determine that damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act can be compensated only by destroyed crops, plantation, felled timber market value and loss of lost possibility to use the whole land parcel or part of it by its basic purpose, manner and (or) nature. That does not refer to duration of servitude, loss of market value in land parcel part without servitude and other criterions causing damages while calculating compensation so that is the reason why the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act conflicts with real or close to real damages. According to the case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, in circumstances of civil legal relations damages arising from land servitude are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle. Damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act would be justifiable to compensate not in compliance with the just compensation principle in case of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania proved that compliance with the just compensation principle would be breach of public interest or other protected valuables, indicated other important justifiable circumstances. In absence from such circumstances it must be stated that persons who suffer damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act should be treated equally to those, who suffer damages arising from expropriation or those, who suffer damages arising from land servitude in circumstances of civil legal relations – as having the right to just compensation. The compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act in the Republic of Lithuania can be characterized as tentative because of relation only to three circumstances of damage rise. In consideration of valid legal provisions, case law and legal principles it must be stated that the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act in the Republic of Lithuania is in breach of the just compensation principle. After estimation patterns from abroad in the third part of the Master thesis it must be stated that in the Republic of Latvia damages arising from public infrastructure beneficial land servitude are being compensated with reference to reduction of property value, current loss of investment and paper profit. In this state different attitude from existing in the Republic of Lithuania prevails – the circumstance that ownership is limited by installation, construction or development of society significant objects determines higher protection of ownership, which appears as the right of restricted land owner to compensation equivalent or close to equivalent damages. In the Republic of Poland land servitude revealing public interest, for instance land servitude for infrastructure projects, is accomplished by enactmend of an administrative decision on expropriation, therefore it falls into the scope of expropriation institution. In such circumstances damages are being compensated by market value of deprived or limited ownership in accordance with prospective variations of that market value in the future. That does not conform to condition in the Republic of Lithuania. In the Republic of Poland by analysed situation with some important exceptions compensation for damages prevails equivalent or close to equivalent damages, so that can be estimated as in conformity with standards of justice. If the competent authority limits by servitude land owner's ownership for the purpose of public interest in the Netherlands (the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with three special municipalities of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean), landowner of private property has the right to full compensation as well as in case of expropriation. That supposes basically the same estimation of consequences that may result from these two legal institutions, but does not conform to judical opinion in the Republic of Lithuania. Full compensation is considered as equivalent to landowner's losses including not only direct losses, but also additional related expenditures, so that comply with the just compensation principle. It must be stated that in all three cases of the European Union damages arising from society beneficial land servitude, contrary to the Republic of Lithuania, are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle.

The aim of the Master thesis was to investigate is the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act not in breach of the just compensation principle in the Republic of Lithuania. The investigation was accomplished by analysis of related legal doctrine, valid legal regulation and case law. For the purpose of objective conclusions and recommendations for mentioned theme in the Republic of Lithuania also the compensation for damages arising from society beneficial land servitude was estimated by the specific examples in the case of the European Union. The first part of the Master thesis revealed that land servitude established by an administrative act is the pattern of ownership limiting while the expropriation is used in case of need to limit ownership in level that disproves its essence and means a loss of ownership. Despite differences the both legal institutions are possible to establish only in circumstances of society beneficial and objective based need, for instance to build infrastructure objects for public use, when the public interest appears. In such circumstances the subject of public administration enacts a decision for ownership limitation or loss and that determines administrative legal relations between legal parties. The conceptions of expropriation and servitude, i. e. land servitude established by an administrative act, are dual especially by different positions of legal parties when one legal party acquires particular rights whereas another legal party loses such rights or faces it limiting. This dualism inter alia is the reason of legal provided possibility to compensate damages arising from expropriation and servitude. In the Republic of Lithuania in case of expropriation damages are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle. The conception of this principle is the objective to restore person's lost status and ensure the balance of rights and legitimate interests between all interested parties in legal relations. After analysis done in the second part of the Master thesis it must be stated that legal regulations, which are in force in the Republic of Lithuania, determine that damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act can be compensated only by destroyed crops, plantation, felled timber market value and loss of lost possibility to use the whole land parcel or part of it by its basic purpose, manner and (or) nature. That does not refer to duration of servitude, loss of market value in land parcel part without servitude and other criterions causing damages while calculating compensation so that is the reason why the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act conflicts with real or close to real damages. According to the case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, in circumstances of civil legal relations damages arising from land servitude are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle. Damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act would be justifiable to compensate not in compliance with the just compensation principle in case of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania proved that compliance with the just compensation principle would be breach of public interest or other protected valuables, indicated other important justifiable circumstances. In absence from such circumstances it must be stated that persons who suffer damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act should be treated equally to those, who suffer damages arising from expropriation or those, who suffer damages arising from land servitude in circumstances of civil legal relations – as having the right to just compensation. The compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act in the Republic of Lithuania can be characterized as tentative because of relation only to three circumstances of damage rise. In consideration of valid legal provisions, case law and legal principles it must be stated that the compensation for damages arising from land servitude established by an administrative act in the Republic of Lithuania is in breach of the just compensation principle. After estimation patterns from abroad in the third part of the Master thesis it must be stated that in the Republic of Latvia damages arising from public infrastructure beneficial land servitude are being compensated with reference to reduction of property value, current loss of investment and paper profit. In this state different attitude from existing in the Republic of Lithuania prevails – the circumstance that ownership is limited by installation, construction or development of society significant objects determines higher protection of ownership, which appears as the right of restricted land owner to compensation equivalent or close to equivalent damages. In the Republic of Poland land servitude revealing public interest, for instance land servitude for infrastructure projects, is accomplished by enactmend of an administrative decision on expropriation, therefore it falls into the scope of expropriation institution. In such circumstances damages are being compensated by market value of deprived or limited ownership in accordance with prospective variations of that market value in the future. That does not conform to condition in the Republic of Lithuania. In the Republic of Poland by analysed situation with some important exceptions compensation for damages prevails equivalent or close to equivalent damages, so that can be estimated as in conformity with standards of justice. If the competent authority limits by servitude land owner's ownership for the purpose of public interest in the Netherlands (the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with three special municipalities of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean), landowner of private property has the right to full compensation as well as in case of expropriation. That supposes basically the same estimation of consequences that may result from these two legal institutions, but does not conform to judical opinion in the Republic of Lithuania. Full compensation is considered as equivalent to landowner's losses including not only direct losses, but also additional related expenditures, so that comply with the just compensation principle. It must be stated that in all three cases of the European Union damages arising from society beneficial land servitude, contrary to the Republic of Lithuania, are being compensated in compliance with the just compensation principle.

The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of a hospitalization process of the health care institution X and to find out their optimisation possibilities, also to determine how this process is evaluated by health care professionals and their managers working in the orthopaedic traumatology units. The aim was to determine how the management methods of health service can be used in order to improve the quality of these processes. Recently, the ISO management quality standards have been used mainly, and Lean is often implemented as one of the most successful management concepts. Aim: to reveal the possibilities to optimise processes of orthopaedic services in the health care institution X in terms of employees and managers. Tasks: 1. To reveal features of planned hospitalization processes of orthopaedic services in the health care institution X; 2. To identify disadvantages of optimal functioning of planned hospitalization services in the institution X from the point of view of employees and managers; 3. To reveal the possibilities of improving services of planned hospitalization and health care process in the institution X. Methods and sample of the study: the study was carried out in March and April 2019 at the Orthopaedic traumatology units at the institution X. The research instrument was an anonymous standardized questionnaire, with a response rate of 89.47 percent. During the study it was chosen to analyze the non-random target sample for the evaluation of the processes of hospitalization. 51 respondents took part in the current study: 68.6 percent (n=35) of women and 31.4 percent (n=16) of men; 46.9 percent of doctors, 53.1 percent of nurses; 15.7 percent (n=8) of administrative staff and 84.3 percent (n=43) of clinical specialists. Results: 39.2 percent of respondents indicated that the implementation of information technologies was important for the work optimisation, 33.3 percent FOR updating of work procedures, 78.4 percent FOR upgrading of medical equipment, 72.5 percent FOR staff qualification improvement, 86.3 percent FOR salary increasy and motivation. 75 percent of managers pointed out that the implementation of information technology improves the efficiency of work, which was statistically significantly different from those employed in the medical unit (p=0.024). It was found that the lack of qualified professionals (51 percent) and medical equipment (52.9 percent) are the main obstacles for the improvement of medical services. 62.9 percent of female respondents noted that the lack of qualified professionals influenced the availability of orthopaedic services, which was statistically significantly different from men (p=0.012). 73.1 percent of nurses pointed to a shortage of skilled employees, and 78.3 percent of doctors indicated a sufficient number of qualified staff (p=0.001). According to the respondents, lack of funds (84.3 percent) was the main source of improvement in the quality of medical services. Managers stated that the lack of initiative of health system politicians and heads of the institution plays an important role for optimising quality of services compared to medical unit workers (75 percent), p=0.016. Planned hospitalization process was well rated by respondents (54.9 percent). The patient's transport process was well rated by 72.5 percent, and unsatisfactory only 9.8 percent (n=5), had no opinion 17.6 percent (n=9) of respondents. 37.5 percent of managers judged the process unsatisfactory, and medical staff 4.7 percent, p=0.01. 67.9 percent of nurses supported the establishment of a new courier unit for patient's transportation, p=0.017. The study revealed that the patient's hospitalization process is mostly prolonged by the insufficient number of medical staff (51 percent) and technical barriers (52.9 percent). 73.7 percent of nurses pointed out that late discharge of patient's from hospital is one of the reasons for prolonged hospitalization, doctors 26.3 percent, p=0.021. 87.5 percent of managers stated that medical equipment was not sufficient, and medical staff 42.2 percent, p=0.024. 65 percent of nurses indicated that the patient was insufficiently prepared, therefore the operation delayed, and doctors 35.0 percent, p=0.032. The prolonged discharge of patients from the hospital was mainly influenced by late document delivery (51.0 percent), late patient transfer to another department (39.2 percent), inadequate patient information about departure from hospital (31.4 percent). A statistically significantly more nurses than doctors indicated that late delivery of the medical documents to the patient was an important cause of late discharge, respectively, 69.3 and 34.8 percent, p=0.016. More doctors than nurses indicated that late patient transfer to another specialized department influences late patient discharge a lot, respectively 72.2 and 27.8 percent, p=0.007. Conclusions. 1. Stages of processes of planned hospitalization of the health care institution X and their peculiarities starting with arrival of patient to discharge from hospital were analysed, as well as the main obstacles of processes identified. The study revealed the following findings: insufficient number of professional workers is an obstacle to improve medical services. In order to optimise the process of a patient transportation in the orthopaedic units, a new courier unit could be established. Late discharge of patients from hospital is one of the reasons for prolonging hospitalization time in hospital. The greatest reason for a patient's delay in surgery is poor preparation of a patient. Delay of medical documentation to the patient was a more important cause for a late discharge compared to doctors. 2. The processes of implementing orthopaedic services of the institution X and their optimisation possibilities are differently perceived by medical staff and managers. Employees of the administrative division paid more attention to the implementation of information technologies in order to optimise work. They have stated that the lack of initiative of health politicians and heads of the institution is very important for improving the quality of medical services. A transportation process of patient's to an operating room was more unsatisfactory. Medical equipment was reported more often as inadequate for diagnostics, treatment, and research compared to the medical unit. The research indicated that managers (administrative staff) emphasize upgrading and purchasing of medical equipment. Medical staff though underlined qualification improvement, motivation incentive, and a lack of medical personnel. 3. It was found out that all staff should be involved in the improvement of processes, and processes of planned hospitalization of the institution X should be optimised. Questions and decisions concerning patient flow should be addressed to a social worker or unit administrator who does not require for medicine qualification, not to the medical staff. The Ministry of Health, international funds could be considered as a source to apply for finances for upgrade and purchase of medical equipment. Since the number of nurses seems to be too low search and hiring of new qualified nurses is advisable. Issuing patient's medical documentation on time ensures the process of hospital discharge. Informing patients timely about being discharged from hospital or moved to a different unit is also recommended.

The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of a hospitalization process of the health care institution X and to find out their optimisation possibilities, also to determine how this process is evaluated by health care professionals and their managers working in the orthopaedic traumatology units. The aim was to determine how the management methods of health service can be used in order to improve the quality of these processes. Recently, the ISO management quality standards have been used mainly, and Lean is often implemented as one of the most successful management concepts. Aim: to reveal the possibilities to optimise processes of orthopaedic services in the health care institution X in terms of employees and managers. Tasks: 1. To reveal features of planned hospitalization processes of orthopaedic services in the health care institution X; 2. To identify disadvantages of optimal functioning of planned hospitalization services in the institution X from the point of view of employees and managers; 3. To reveal the possibilities of improving services of planned hospitalization and health care process in the institution X. Methods and sample of the study: the study was carried out in March and April 2019 at the Orthopaedic traumatology units at the institution X. The research instrument was an anonymous standardized questionnaire, with a response rate of 89.47 percent. During the study it was chosen to analyze the non-random target sample for the evaluation of the processes of hospitalization. 51 respondents took part in the current study: 68.6 percent (n=35) of women and 31.4 percent (n=16) of men; 46.9 percent of doctors, 53.1 percent of nurses; 15.7 percent (n=8) of administrative staff and 84.3 percent (n=43) of clinical specialists. Results: 39.2 percent of respondents indicated that the implementation of information technologies was important for the work optimisation, 33.3 percent FOR updating of work procedures, 78.4 percent FOR upgrading of medical equipment, 72.5 percent FOR staff qualification improvement, 86.3 percent FOR salary increasy and motivation. 75 percent of managers pointed out that the implementation of information technology improves the efficiency of work, which was statistically significantly different from those employed in the medical unit (p=0.024). It was found that the lack of qualified professionals (51 percent) and medical equipment (52.9 percent) are the main obstacles for the improvement of medical services. 62.9 percent of female respondents noted that the lack of qualified professionals influenced the availability of orthopaedic services, which was statistically significantly different from men (p=0.012). 73.1 percent of nurses pointed to a shortage of skilled employees, and 78.3 percent of doctors indicated a sufficient number of qualified staff (p=0.001). According to the respondents, lack of funds (84.3 percent) was the main source of improvement in the quality of medical services. Managers stated that the lack of initiative of health system politicians and heads of the institution plays an important role for optimising quality of services compared to medical unit workers (75 percent), p=0.016. Planned hospitalization process was well rated by respondents (54.9 percent). The patient's transport process was well rated by 72.5 percent, and unsatisfactory only 9.8 percent (n=5), had no opinion 17.6 percent (n=9) of respondents. 37.5 percent of managers judged the process unsatisfactory, and medical staff 4.7 percent, p=0.01. 67.9 percent of nurses supported the establishment of a new courier unit for patient's transportation, p=0.017. The study revealed that the patient's hospitalization process is mostly prolonged by the insufficient number of medical staff (51 percent) and technical barriers (52.9 percent). 73.7 percent of nurses pointed out that late discharge of patient's from hospital is one of the reasons for prolonged hospitalization, doctors 26.3 percent, p=0.021. 87.5 percent of managers stated that medical equipment was not sufficient, and medical staff 42.2 percent, p=0.024. 65 percent of nurses indicated that the patient was insufficiently prepared, therefore the operation delayed, and doctors 35.0 percent, p=0.032. The prolonged discharge of patients from the hospital was mainly influenced by late document delivery (51.0 percent), late patient transfer to another department (39.2 percent), inadequate patient information about departure from hospital (31.4 percent). A statistically significantly more nurses than doctors indicated that late delivery of the medical documents to the patient was an important cause of late discharge, respectively, 69.3 and 34.8 percent, p=0.016. More doctors than nurses indicated that late patient transfer to another specialized department influences late patient discharge a lot, respectively 72.2 and 27.8 percent, p=0.007. Conclusions. 1. Stages of processes of planned hospitalization of the health care institution X and their peculiarities starting with arrival of patient to discharge from hospital were analysed, as well as the main obstacles of processes identified. The study revealed the following findings: insufficient number of professional workers is an obstacle to improve medical services. In order to optimise the process of a patient transportation in the orthopaedic units, a new courier unit could be established. Late discharge of patients from hospital is one of the reasons for prolonging hospitalization time in hospital. The greatest reason for a patient's delay in surgery is poor preparation of a patient. Delay of medical documentation to the patient was a more important cause for a late discharge compared to doctors. 2. The processes of implementing orthopaedic services of the institution X and their optimisation possibilities are differently perceived by medical staff and managers. Employees of the administrative division paid more attention to the implementation of information technologies in order to optimise work. They have stated that the lack of initiative of health politicians and heads of the institution is very important for improving the quality of medical services. A transportation process of patient's to an operating room was more unsatisfactory. Medical equipment was reported more often as inadequate for diagnostics, treatment, and research compared to the medical unit. The research indicated that managers (administrative staff) emphasize upgrading and purchasing of medical equipment. Medical staff though underlined qualification improvement, motivation incentive, and a lack of medical personnel. 3. It was found out that all staff should be involved in the improvement of processes, and processes of planned hospitalization of the institution X should be optimised. Questions and decisions concerning patient flow should be addressed to a social worker or unit administrator who does not require for medicine qualification, not to the medical staff. The Ministry of Health, international funds could be considered as a source to apply for finances for upgrade and purchase of medical equipment. Since the number of nurses seems to be too low search and hiring of new qualified nurses is advisable. Issuing patient's medical documentation on time ensures the process of hospital discharge. Informing patients timely about being discharged from hospital or moved to a different unit is also recommended.