Suchergebnisse

Water quality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of different water quality parameters and communicates water quality information to the public and legislative decision makers. In spite of absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality, some countries have used and are using aggregated water quality data in the development of water quality indices. Attempts have been made to review the WQI criteria for the appropriateness of drinking water sources. Besides, the present article also highlights and draws attention towards the development of a new and globally accepted "Water Quality Index" in a simplified format, which may be used at large and could represent the reliable picture of water quality.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Water Quality Issues in the 114th Congress: An Overview( -- Summary -- Introduction -- Legislative and Oversight Issues -- Regulatory Protection of Wetlands -- Judicial Proceedings Involving Section 404 -- SWANCC and Rapanos -- Corps/EPA Guidance -- 2015 Revised Rule -- Legislative Responses -- Authorization of Clean Water Infrastructure Funding -- Issues Affecting Legislative Efforts -- WIFIA Pilot Program and SRF Amendments in P.L. 113-121 -- Other Clean Water Act Issues -- Mountaintop Mining in Appalachia -- Continuing Issue: Appropriations -- FY2016 Appropriations -- Chapter 2 -- Clean Water Act Section 401: -- Background and Issues( -- Summary -- Background -- Stakeholder Concerns and Other Court Rulings -- Section 401 and Land Runoff -- Legislative Response -- Chapter 3 -- Evolution of the Meaning of "Waters of the United States" in the Clean Water Act( -- Summary -- Introduction -- Background -- The Early History of Jurisdictional Waters -- Differing Agency Definitions Following the Clean Water Act -- EPA's Initial Definition -- The Corps' Initial Definition -- Callaway and Its Aftermath -- The Corps' Expansion of Jurisdictional Waters Following Callaway -- The Corps' 1977 Regulations -- The Clean Water Act of 1977 -- Synthesizing Definitions Following the Clean Water Act of 1977 -- Changes in Jurisdictional Waters in the 1980s -- Riverside Bayview Homes -- The Migratory Bird Rule and Other Adjustments to "Waters of the United States -- Competing Wetland Manuals and Congressional Intervention Through Appropriations -- Judicially Imposed Limitations Beginning in the Late 1990s -- United States v. Wilson -- The Corps' 2000 Guidance in Response to Wilson -- SWANCC -- Agency Guidance in Response to SWANCC -- Rapanos -- Lower Courts' Response to Rapanos

AbstractThis paper summarizes some of the key issues which have been considered in developing proposals for a scheme of classifying river quality for the purpose of setting water quality objectives on a statutory basis. Particular attention is given to (a) the relationship between use‐related and general water quality targets, (b) the role of biological assessment, and (c) the requirements of EC directives. Following widespread consultation on the proposals, it was concluded that a clear distinction should be made between sets of 'use classes'which would serve to set statutory water quality objectives (SWQOs) and a general quality assessment scheme which would be applied independently to assess trends and general progress over a period of time. Once the classification scheme has been established by the Secretaries of State through regulations, SWQOs will be introduced to river stretches in a number of 'pilot'catchments across England and Wales, following local consultation. The setting of SWQOs will provide the focus for local decision‐making on what the appropriate level of water quality should be – taking into account the desired uses of rivers, what will be required to achieve them, and the associated costs.