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This framework describes a potential format for a Guideline (or tool) to help ensure water demand management principles and practice are encapsulated in water resource management and development projects. The starting-point for the guidelines would be the emergence of the growing consensus that Water Demand Management (WDM)is an essential component of sustainable development and environmental protection. The Guidelines would accept the pre-existence of a consensus around the core principles to be applied in water policy and practice and provide users with a strong understanding of the rationale for these. Building on the WDM principles, a checklist approach would be presented under the various principle categories that would alert users to key issues and potential responses when formulating or reviewing project proposals. The final part of the Guideline would provide support information and references to further information. Included as part of this framework are examples of what may be included in the various chapters. It is not intended to be a comprehensive nor final document but merely a skeletal draft to prompt discussion. The work was led by HR Wallingford as part of a Knowledge and Research project(Contract KaR R7135) funded by the British Government's Department for International Development (DFID).

In this paper we econometrically analyze the impact of several economic, environmental and social determinants for the average per capita demand for water and sewage in about 600 water supply areas in Germany. Besides prices, income and household size, we also consider the effects of population age, the share of wells, and rainfall and temperature during the summer months on water demand. We also attempt to explain regional differences in per capita residential water consumption, which is currently about 30 % lower in the new federal states than in the old states. Our estimate for the price elasticity of -0.229 suggests that the response of residential water demand in Germany is rather inelastic, but no significant difference could be found between both regions. In contrast, the income elasticity in the new states is found to be 0.685 which is more than double that of the old states. Differences in prices and income alone explain the largest part of the current gap in residential water use between the two regions. Our results further suggest that household size, the share of wells and summer rainfall have a negative impact on water demand. In contrast, higher age appears to be associated with higher water use. We also find (weak) evidence for an impact of rainfall but not of temperature on residential water use. Our findings imply that future research should include analyses of household- level data to further explore the effects of socio-economic determinants, and analyses of panel data to adequately study the effects of climate change on residential water use.

The global demand for water in agriculture will increase over time with increasing population, rising incomes, and changes in dietary preferences. Increasing demands for water by industrial and urban users, and water for the environment will intensify competition. At the same time, water scarcity is increasing in several important agricultural areas. We explore several pathways for ensuring that sufficient food is produced in the future, while also protecting the environment and reducing poverty. We examine four sets of scenarios that vary in their focus on investments in rainfed agriculture and irrigation, and the role of international trade in adjusting for national disparities in water endowments. Rainfed agriculture holds considerable potential but requires adequate mechanisms to reduce inherent risks. Irrigation expansion is warranted in places where water infrastructure is underinvested such as Sub-Saharan Africa. In South Asia the scope for improving irrigation performance and water productivity is high. International trade can help alleviate water problems in water-scarce areas, subject to economic and political considerations. We examine also a regionally optimized scenario that combines investments in rainfed and irrigated agriculture with strategic trade decisions. Compared to 'business as usual', this scenario reduces the amount of additional water required to meet food demands by 2050 by 80%. Some of that water could be made available for the environment and other sectors. We conclude that there are sufficient land and water resources available to satisfy global food demands during the next 50 years, but only if water is managed more effectively in agriculture.

With most cities around the world, especially in less economically developed countries, facing a growing challenge in meeting rapidly escalating demand for water, water demand management has emerged as a potentially powerful instrument with which to enhance socio-economic development amidst limited water supplies. The study sought to assess water demand management strategies in the City of Masvingo in south-eastern Zimbabwe, and suggests some options towards a more effective demand management regime. The need for water demand management in Masvingo City arises due to water supply challenges that have further been compounded by rapidly growing demand. A household questionnaire, structured interviews and observation were the tools used in collecting data for the study. Descriptive statistics were used in analysing quantitative data gathered through the questionnaire, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Among the water demand management strategies in Masvingo City identified by the study include water pricing, water rationing and prohibited/restricted water use for certain activities. Water pricing as a demand management strategy was, however, being hindered by political interference which has seen government occasionally coercing municipalities across the country, including Masvingo City, to cancel outstanding bills of residents, and especially when elections are around the corner. Such politically motivated moves render water supply services ineffective by depriving them of much needed revenue. Through the study, it was also noted that a lot of the restricted or prohibited water uses such as the use of horse pipes for watering, were not being heeded by most of the residents of Masvingo City. High non-revenue water loss through leakages in the reticulation network has also made water demand management in Masvingo City to be ineffective. The study recommends that water users should pay for the water they would have used, which will force them to use water wisely. The populist and politically ...

Frontmatter -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS -- I. THE PROVISION OF RESIDENTIAL WATER SUPPLIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- CHAPTER II. A GEOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE DELIMITATION OF PATTERNS OF WATER CONSUMPTION -- CHAPTER III. PATTERNS OF WATER USE AND CONSUMPTION-METERED AREAS -- CHAPTER IV. PATTERNS OF WATER USE AND CONSUMPTION-BUSTEE AREAS -- CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- APPENDIX A -- APPENDIX B -- BIBLIOGRAPHY