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The Pend Oreille River watershed in northeastern Washington State is also referred to as Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 62. WRIA 62 encompasses about 1,300 square miles but only represents about five percent of the total Pend Oreille River drainage basin. The Pend Oreille River, one of the major sub-basins of the Columbia River, drains the Clark Fork – Pend Oreille watershed which spans about 26,000 square miles and includes the fourth and fifth largest lakes in the United States: Flathead Lake in Montana and Lake Pend Oreille in Idaho, respectively. In accordance with Washington's Watershed Planning Act (Chapter 90.82 RCW), the WRIA 62 Planning Unit was formed in 1998 and includes federal, state, tribal and local government representation, members from industry, mining, private lumber, real estate and development, agriculture, environmental groups as well as residents of the watershed. The Planning Unit's mission is "to develop and implement a Watershed Plan addressing local concerns, watershed health and economic stability." The WRIA 62 Watershed Management Plan (Plan) is the product of over six years of work, during which the Planning Unit has overseen technical studies, reached consensus on watershed issues and has developed management actions to address these issues. The Plan is due to be approved by the Planning Unit and the Pend Oreille County Commissioners at the end of February 2005. It is intended to be a locally-supported, long-term Plan, focusing on water availability, and also addressing water quality and habitat in the Pend Oreille River watershed in Washington.

Watershed planning has typically been approached as a technical problem in which water quality and quantity as influenced by the hydrology, topography, soil composition, and land use of a watershed are the significant variables. However, it is the human uses of land and water as resources that stimulate governments to seek planning. For the past decade or more, many efforts have been made to create democratic planning processes, which, it is hoped, will be viewed as legitimate by those the plans regulate. This article uses a case study of the Cache River watershed in southernmost Illinois to analyze the complicated historical and political economic context of a specific watershed planning process that occurred from 1993 through 1995. This article assesses the claims made about the democratic, grass-roots, deliberative nature of the planning process and casts doubt on the legitimacy of its outcomes. It also proposes an alternative form of governance that would be both democratic and capable of generating outcomes viewed as legitimate by most affected parties.

Watershed-based planning in Saskatchewan began in earnest after 2006 under the auspices of the Saskatchewan Watershed Authority. Within a decade, a dozen watershed plans were produced following a planning framework that included technical and watershed resident committees. First Nation communities, or "reserves," exist within these watershed areas. This article probes the inclusion of First Nations in those plans. Using document analysis and keyword search, our analysis explores any spatial relationship that may exist between First Nation inclusion and the amount of reserve land in a watershed. The results of this research show that First Nation inclusion is limited in watershed planning in Saskatchewan. We see opportunity for more effective watershed planning through greater collaboration with First Nations.

A study of a watershed planning process in the Cache River Watershed in southern Illinois revealed that class divisions, based on property ownership, underlay key conflicts over land use and decision-making relevant to resource use. A class analysis of the region indicates that the planning process served to endorse and solidify the locally-dominant theory that landownership confers the right to govern. This obscured the class differences between large full-time farmers and small-holders whose livelihood depends on non-farm labor. These two groups generally opposed one another regarding wetland drainage. Their common identity as "property owner" consolidated the power wielded locally by large farmers. It also provided an instrument – the planning document – for state and federal government agencies to enhance their power and to bring resources to the region. The planning process simultaneously ameliorated conflicts between government agencies and the large farmers, while enhancing the agencies' capacity to reclaim wetlands. In this contradictory manner, the plan promoted the environmental aims of many small-holders, and simultaneously disempowered them as actors in the region's political economy.

Not Available ; Theaverageannualrainfallof763mmintheAnnurkerisub-watershedasrecordedfromtheHangalaStationdatabyKSNDMC. 39%,27%and34%oftheannualrainfalloccursduringkharif,rabiandsummerseasonsrespectivelyandexhibitedahighertemporalvariability. Theevapotranspirationestimationtooldevelopedindicatesthatthewatershedwaterbalanceisindeficit.Thecropping&irrigationchoicesarenotappropriateandneedtobealteredtoshiftthedeficitwaterbalance. Theestimatedrunoffavailabletouseis17mmforanannualrainfallof730mm(2009-2017).Theutilizablegroundwateris27mm(70%of38mmrechargeestimated).Thismeansthetotalavailablewaterresourcecombiningthesoilmoisturestoreforkharif&rabi(153mm)andutilizablerunoffplusrechargeis197(=17+153+27). Theaverageactualevapotranspirationestimatedinthewatershedbasedonthecurrentlanduseandirrigationpracticesforthekharifandrabiseasonsis549mm.Hencetheamountofwateruseforkharifandrabiseasonsmaybeestimatedas686mm(i.e125%ofAET).Thisdemandforthetwoseasonsismarginallyhigherby489mm,i.e.(686-197).TheAETinJune-Septmonthsismorethantherainfall. ThetotalnumberofwellspresentinAnnurkeriSub-watershedasperLRIdatais78(72-Borewells&6-Openwells).ThegroundwaterlevelwasfoundfromthedataobtainedfromKSNDMCfortheneareststationSiddayyanapura ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; Theaverageannualrainfallof887mmintheGunjanursub-watershedasrecordedfromtheKonkalastationdatabyKSNDMC. 75%,14%and11%oftheannualrainfalloccursduringkharif,rabiandsummerseasonsrespectivelyandexhibitedahighertemporalvariability. Theevapotranspirationestimationtooldevelopedindicatesthatthewatershedwaterbalanceisindeficit.Thecropping&irrigationchoicesarenotappropriateandneedtobealteredtoshiftthedeficitwaterbalance. Theestimatedrunoffavailabletouseis23mmforanaverageannualrainfallof790mm(2009-2017).Theutilizablegroundwateris49.7mm(70%of71mmrechargeestimated).Thismeansthetotalavailablewaterresourcecombiningthesoilmoisturestoreforkharif&rabi(198mm)andutilizablerunoffplusrechargeis271(=198+23+50) Theaverageactualevapotranspirationestimatedinthewatershedbasedonthecurrentlanduseandirrigationpracticesforthekharifandrabiseasonsis514mm.Hencetheamountofwateruseforkharifandrabiseasonsmaybeestimatedas642mm(i.e125%ofAET).Thisdemandforthetwoseasonsishigherby371mm,i.e.(642-271).TheAETinJune-Septmonthsisonly53%ofrainfall.Hence,thereisagoodopportunitytoharvesttheexcesswaterthroughwatershedmanagementpracticesforutilizingduringrabiseason. ThegroundwaterlevelwasfoundfromthedataobtainedfromKSNDMCfortheneareststationNandepalli.Deepestlevelswerefoundin2015. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; Theaverageannualrainfallof789mmintheTyagatursub-watershedasrecordedfromtheHagalvadistationdata. 58%,27%and16%oftheannualrainfalloccursduringkharif,rabiandsummerseasonsrespectivelyandexhibitedahighertemporalvariability. Theevapotranspirationestimationtooldevelopedindicatesthatthewatershedwaterbalanceisindeficit.Thecropping&irrigationchoicesarenotappropriateandneedtobealteredtoshiftthedeficitwaterbalance. Theestimatedrunoffavailabletouseis42mmforanaverageannualrainfallof727mm(2009-2017).Theutilizablegroundwateris38mm(70%of55mmrechargeestimated).Thismeansthetotalavailablewaterresourcecombiningthesoilmoisturestoreforkharif&rabi(240mm)andutilizablerunoffplusrechargeis320(=240+42+38) Theaverageactualevapotranspirationestimatedinthewatershedbasedonthecurrentlanduseandirrigationpracticesforthekharifandrabiseasonsis607mm.Hencetheamountofwateruseforkharifandrabiseasonsmaybeestimatedas759mm(i.e.125%ofAET).Thisdemandforthetwoseasonsishigherby439mm,i.e.(759-320).TheAETinJune-Septmonthsismorethantherainfall.Hence,thereisslightlylessopportunitytoharvesttheexcesswaterthroughwatershedmanagementpracticesforutilizingduringrabiseason. ThetotalnumberofwellspresentinTyagaturSub-watershedasperLRIdatais132(122-Borewellsand10-Openwells).ThegroundwaterlevelshownaboveisfromthedataobtainedfromDept.ofMines&GeologyfortheneareststationSangenahalli. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Planning methods that involve collaboration are gaining popularity and currently being applied in a variety of resource management issues . Based on current planning theory, researchers have proposed a conceptual collaborative model for environmental planning and management . This thesis evaluates the usefulness of the model to describe the range of factors important for the establishment and operation of collaboration in environmental planning. This iterative model suggests that collaboration emerges from a series of antecedents and then proceeds sequentially through problem setting, direction setting, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation phases. The evaluation was based on three case studies of watershed-based planning efforts in the lntermountain West. Watershed planning efforts were selected because watersheds have been identified as a suitable framework for addressing many environmental issues . In addition, watersheds frequently cross many political boundaries and therefore planning efforts in a watershed context often require collaboration between the various entities. Based on the case study analysis, the model seems to realistically describe fundamental collaborative elements in environmental planning . Factors that proved to be particularly important include the involvement of stakeholders in data collection and analysis and the establishment of measurable objectives . Informal face to face dialogue and watershed field tours were critical for identifying issues and establishing trust among stakeholders. Group organizational structure also plays a key role in facilitating collaboration . From this analysis, suggestions for refining the model are proposed. In addition , key elements that planners should consider when embarking on a collaborative effort are highlighted .