As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.
As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.
As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.
As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.
SUMMARYThe quantity theory of money is undoubtedly the best known, and some would argue, the best established proposition in macroeeonomic theory. No comparable generalizations exist in the literature on warfare. Indeed, most theories of international conflict (e.g., the balance of power or hegemonic theories) are exclusively concerned with the distribution of power among nations, not the absolute level of the stock of weaponry. However, just as money is central to exchange, weapons are central to force or violence. In this paper, I suggest that there is a close analogy between the role of money in macroeeonomic behaviour and the role of weapons in conflictual behaviour, and exploit this analogy to produce a simple quantity theory of weaponry. The analysis developed here suggests that this theory is literally true only in a very special case, and that, in general, increases in weaponry stocks may result in more or less international aggression. However, I suggest that the case where the rate at which weapons are used remains constant as stocks are changed is a useful benchmark, against which the conflicting forces of deterrance (which reduces aggression) and crisis instability (which increases it) can be evaluated. In general, the paper suggests that the relationships between money and prices embodied in the quantity theory can be used to understand behaviour in entirely different contexts, of which perhaps international relations is only one example.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Quantitätstheorie des Geldes ist zweifellos die bekannteste und nach Meinung einiger die etablierteste These in der makroökonomischen Theorie. In der Literatur über Kriegsführung existiert keine vergleichbare Verallgemeinerung. Tatsächlich befassen sich die meisten Theorien zu internau'onalen Konflikten (z.B. Theorie des Gleichgewichts der Kräfte oder Vorherrschaftsthe‐orien) ausschliesslich mit der Machtverteilung unter Nationen, jedoch nicht mit der absoluten Höhe der Waffenbestände. Genauso wie jedoch Geld zentral für den Tausch ist, sind Waffen auch das zentrale Element bei Kraft und Gewalt. In diesem Aufsatz weise ich darauf hin, dass es eine enge Analogie zwischen der Rolle des Geldes im makroökonomischen Verhalten und der Rolle von Waffen im Konfliktverhalten gibt. Diese Analogie nütze ich edazu aus, eine einfache Quantitätstheorie der Waffen zu erstellen. Die hier entwickelte Analyse deutet darauf hin, dass diese Theorie nur in einem ganz besonderen Fall wirklich wahr ist und dass Erhöhungen der Waffenbestände im allgemeinen zu mehr oder weniger internationalen Aggressionen führen können.Es gibt eine Rate, bei der Waffen beniitzt werden. Der Fall, bei dem diese Rate konstant bleibt, während die Bestände verändert werden, ist meiner Meinung nach eine nützliche Vergleichsmarke, an der die gegensätzlichen Kräfte der Abschreckung (die Aggressionen reduziert) und der Krisen‐instabilität (die Aggressionen erhöht) gemessen werden können. Allgemein sagt dieser Aufsatz, dass die Beziehungen zwischen Geld und Preisen innerhalb der Quantitätstheorie dazu verwendet werden können, urn Verhaltensweisen in ganz anderen Kontexten, von denen internationale Beziehungen vielleicht nur ein Beispiel sind, zu verstehen.RÉSUMÉLa théorie quantitative de la monnaie est indubitablement la mieux connue, et certains ľaffirment, la meilleure proposition fondée de la théorie macroéconomique. Aucune généralisation comparable n'existe dans la litérature consacrée à la guerre. En effet, la plupart des théories sur les conflits intemationaux (par ex. ľéquilibre du pouvoir ou les théories hégémoniques) s'intéressent exclusivement à la distribution du pouvoir entre les nations, et non au niveau absolu du stock ďarmement. Cependant, tout comme la monnaie est ľélément central dans les échanges, les armes forment ľélément principal de la force ou de la violence. Dans cet article, je suggère qu'il y a une analogie directe entre le rǒle de la monnaie dans le fonctionnement macroéconomique et le rǒle des armes dans les comportements de conflit armé, et exploite cette analogie pour proposer une théorie quantitative simple de rarmement. ľanalyse, dévéloppée ici, suggère que cette théorie est littéralement vraie seulement dans un cas très particulier, et que, en général, les augmentations des stocks ďarmes doivent aboutir à plus ou moins ďagression internationale. Toutefois, je montre que le cas, où le taux ďutilisation des armes demeure constant, les stocks variant, est une borne utile, vis à vis de laquelle les forces de dissuasion (qui réduisent ľaggression) et les crises ďinstabilityé (qui ľaugmentent) peuvent ětre évaluées. De manière général, ľarticle suggère que les relations, contenues dans la théorie quantitative entre la monnaie et les prix, peuvent ětre utilisées pour comprendre le comportement dans diftérents contextes, dont les relations internationales n'en sont qu'un exemple.
