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This article examines issues associated with the development of the current Russian state, and their study within the scope of philosophical and sociological knowledge. With that in mind, the author refers to a collective monograph called "The emergence of welfare state and its prospects in Russia. Reality and future", which focuses on analyzing the contradictory condition of the constitutional principle of welfare state in Russia.

The article shows that the book in question, first of all, gives a substantiated interpretation of this contradiction based on scientific analysis of political and socio-economic realities; second of all, it describes and proposes ways of overcoming it. The contradiction between the constitutional principle of welfare state and the economic and socio-cultural modes which constitute the life of Russian society is interpreted in the aforementioned monograph based on a sociological study, the data from which points towards an ever deepening socio-economic divide within Russian society, with people being separated by increasing social distance, and consequently leading to the insuffi cient implementation of the government's responsibility for protection.

The researchers draw attention to the problem of socio-economic inequality being unwarrantedly presented as merely the result of the population being divided into the poor and the super-rich; that material differentiation in terms of income and wealth generates overall differentiation in any given society. With that in mind the authors address the issue of the population being segregated in terms of quality of life, while examining it in correlation with level of human capital and society's innovational development. In the study, solving this task in Russia is associated with activating the welfare state's humanistic function, and with its evolution towards becoming a potent welfare state that creates the opportunity for leading a decent life and uninhibited personal development for all of its citizens.

The article analyses the research interpretations, both religious and secular, of the provisions of Martin Luther's doctrine of "two kingdoms", as well as his views on the sinfulness of human nature, the universal priesthood, etc., which influenced the formation and development of the Scandinavian model of the welfare state (mainly using the example of Denmark). The article raises the following questions: How these theologicalideasandprinciplesareembodiedintraditions,values,behaviouralstrategies, social trends, formal and informal rules and norms that has led to the emergence of the welfare state? What is common in the institutional design of the welfare state with the Evangelical Lutheran preaching, which for centuries has proclaimed the individual and collective responsibility for the care about others? How the impact of these ideas on social attitudes and beliefs of people may be analysed? The article draws on the results of recent research on this issue that arose within the framework of the "cultural turn" in the humanities and social sciences, which has gradually led to a change in the emphasis in research logic and brought almost to the fore the historical, cultural and religious characteristics of the Scandinavian countries. The article analyses in detail Martin Luther's doctrine of "two kingdoms" and its contemporary interpretations, including their influence on the ideology of Scandinavian social democracy. The conclusion is made that the Scandinavian model of the welfare state is the result of a unique combination of Lutheran piety, the activities of social democratic parties, historical circumstances that has led to the formation of rather homogeneous ethnoconfessional national states, as well as the activities of many people who desired and were able to create decent living conditions for themselves. This topic requires further research, taking into account the socio-cultural context of a particular country. © 2021 St. Tikhon's University. All rights reserved.

System, sphere and structural preconditions of the development of the welfare state in the context of post-Soviet modernization of Russia are considered. Periodization of the process of the development of welfare state in modern Russia is covered and peculiarities of its main stages are considered. ; Рассматриваются системные, сферальные и структурные предпосылки становления социального государства в условиях постсоветской модернизации России. Освещается периодизация процесса становления социального государства в современной России и выделяются особенности основных ее этапов.

Проведен политологический анализ концепции всеобщего благосостояния в связи с целями и задачами государства. Раскрыто содержание благосостояния и роль государства в защите экономического и социального благополучия. Подчеркивается, что право на благополучие и достойную жизнь не имеет однозначной трактовки, и в разных политических доктринах это право приобретает разное звучание. Приведены примеры обеспечения благосостояния людей в рамках социал-демократической, либеральной и социально-ориентированной направленности деятельности государства.

This article is devoted to the development of constitutional and legal foundations of a democratic welfare state of the Russian Federation at the present stage. The publication addresses the legal, political and scientific aspects of the socio-economic development of Russia. Данная статья посвящена развитию конституционно-правовых основ демократического правового социального государства Российской Федерации на современном этапе. В публикации рассматриваются юридические, политические и научные аспекты социально-экономического развития России.

The article deals with the contradictions of socially oriented activities of NGOs as service provides in two Russian regions (St. Petersburg and Sverdlovsk oblast). In the mixed system of social welfare, the importance of the non-profit sector is increasing, but the processes taking place due to the diverse regional practices are ambiguous. We focus on the issues of interaction of the non-profit sector with the state, reasons for strengthening the commercial interests of NGOs, interaction with regional authorities and the risks of the social service system at the regional level. The theoretical framework of the study is the transformation of welfare state into welfare-service state. The study used empirical data obtained by street and telephone surveys of population, interviews with representatives of NGOs, state service institutions and regional government. The analysis demonstrates that the key constraining factors for the development of NGOs as service providers are administrative barriers to access state fonds, inappropriate ways of government's interaction with private services providers in a changing environment, the continued lack of confidence to NGO' activities among the majority of the population. NGOs are limitedly represented in the social service provider registries for a number of reasons: high bureaucratic requirements; difficultly implemented requirements for reporting for cost recovery; strong control on NGO's activities by the authorities; untimely informing concerning grant competitions; non-transparency of competitive procedures. The formal approach of authorities indicates that the institutional advantages of NGOs, their ability to social innovations are not considered. Overcoming the barriers for NGOs as social service providers should be also considered as a resource for increasing the public trust in private sector. © 2020 National Research University Higher School of Economics. All rights reserved.

The paper is devoted to choice of priorities of the state social policy of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this study is to examine the process of selecting the priorities of state social policy and relate them with the model of the welfare state, declared in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Documentary, comparative, systematic and historical methods were used as a theoretical basis of the research. The study resulted in the analysis of the process of selecting the priorities of state social policy in the Russian Federation. The results can be used in the educational process for Masters and PhD students in Political Science. The author formulated the conclusion about the formation of the new priorities in the system – the constructive direction of social policy corresponding to the model of the welfare state. ; Статья посвящена проблеме выбора приоритетов государственной социальной политики Российской Федерации. Цель данного исследования – рассмотреть процесс выбора приоритетов государственной социальной политики и соотнести их моделью социального государства, продекларированной в Конституции Российской Федерации. В качестве теоретической основы исследования были использованы такие методы как документальный, сравнительный, системный, исторический. Результатом исследования стал анализ процесса выбора приоритетов государственной социальной политики в Российской Федерации. Работа может быть использована в учебном процессе для магистров и аспирантов по направлению подготовки «Политические науки». В итоге автором сформулирован вывод о формировании в системе приоритетов нового – конструктивного направления социальной политики, соответствующего модели социального государства.

The reasons and forms of the crisis of modern social policy are substantiated in the article. It is shown that after the end of the so-called "golden age" of the welfare state, industrialized countries faced the need to transform social policies. This need is caused by economic, demographic, political, socio-psychological factors, the impact of globalization and the socio-economic conditions of transition to a postindustrial society. This situation requires a permanent mutual adaptation of the economy, politics and the social sphere to the ongoing socio-economic changes that reflect the new, transitional state of the welfare state. The transformation of all spheres of the life activity of society under the influence of the socioeconomic changes that have taken place in recent years has been analyzed as a structural crisis of the welfare state at three levels: an individual, society and state. Globalization is presented as a separate threat to modern social policy. The need to strengthen the social functions of the state in conditions of increasing social costs of globalization is proved.

Статья посвящена характеристике благотворительности как одного из вечных ориентиров деятельности общества по оказанию помощи нуждающимся, подчеркивается ее роль в обеспечении гуманизма и социальной справедливости. Особое место в работе уделено анализу роли социального государства, показано место благотворительности в осуществлении его социальных функций. Специально рассматривается состояние благотворительной деятельности в современной России, показаны проблемы и сложности в ее развитии. Показана роль права в осуществлении и развитии благотворительности, предложены меры по совершенствованию правового регулирования в этой сфере. Отдельно автором выделены проблемы несформированности правовой базы, способной дать точное определение благотворительной деятельности и установить ее правовой режим; дан анализ зарубежному законодательству, касающемуся благотворительности. Методологическую основу исследования составляет, прежде всего, правовой и исторический анализ, а также прогноз, моделирования и метод сравнительного правоведения. Автор статьи дает оценку обстоятельствам, в связи с которыми произошло развитие благотворительности в России. В статье также приведен обзор обстоятельств и факторов, снижающих эффективность благотворительности и встающих на пути ее практической реализации, в том числе применительно к российскому государству и обществу. Автором предлагаются определенные мероприятия, направленные на улучшение ситуации в области государственного регулирования благотворительной деятельности в Российской Федерации. Обосновывается необходимость совершенствования законодательства в области благотворительной деятельности, анализируются возможные пути её развития. ; This article is devoted to the characterization of charity as one of eternal orienting points of a company's activities to assist the people in need, emphasizing its role in safeguarding humanitarianism and social justice. A special place in the work belongs to the analysis of the role of the societal state, showing the place of charity in the implementation of its social functions. The author specifically reviews the status of charitable activities in modern Russia, showing problems and difficulties in its development and examining the role of law in the implementation and development of charity offered measures to improve legal regulation in this field. The author singles out the problems of the unformedness of the legal framework, capable of giving an accurate definition of charitable activity and its establishing its legal regime; an analysis of other countries' legislation relating to charity is given. The methodological basis of the research is, first of all, legal and historical analysis, as well as prognostication, modeling and comparative jurisprudence. The author of this article assesses the circumstances in connection with the development of charity in Russia. The article also provides an overview of the conditionss and factors that reduce the effectiveness of charity and stand in the way of its practical implementation, including in relation to the Russian state and society. The author proposes certain measures aimed at improving the situation in the field of state regulation of charitable activities in the Russian Federation. He concludes stating the aspects of charitable activity the state should pay utmost attention to, accompanying it with the examples from legislation and state-legal activity. The necessity of improving the legislation in the field of charitable activity is substantiated, the possible ways of its development are analyzed.

В статье предлагаются некоторые пути и средства трансформации экономики Украины на основе идеологии и практики современного социал-демократизма в успешных странах. Анализируя причины устойчивого развития этих стран; роль среднего класса как носителя социал-демократических идей, его авангарда-интеллигенции в придании демократии новой жизненной силы, в обеспечении эффективного экономического развития и социальной защищенности. Показаны причины социально-экономической деградации в Украине, где главным тормозом в экономическом и общественном прогрессе стал сформированный в переходный период криминально-олигархический-бюрократический капитализм. Обозначены вызовы и возможные альтернативы социально-экономического развития Украины. ; The article suggests some ways and means to transform the economy of Ukraine on the basis of the ideology and practice of modern social democracy in successful countries. Analyzing the reasons for the sustainable development of these countries; the role of the middle class as the bearer of social-democratic ideas, its vanguard-democracy intellectuals in giving new vitality to ensure effective economic development and social protection. The causes of socio-economic degradation in Ukraine, where the main obstacle to economic and social progress has become formed in the transitional period the criminal-oligarchic-bureaucratic capitalism. Marked challenges and possible alternatives to the socio-economic development of Ukraine.