Suchergebnisse

In this article reference is made to a speech delivered by the Managing Director of CEMAT (the Italian national company for combined transport) illustrating the current outlook in the field of land intermodality in Eastern and Central Europe, as well as other issues connected to intermodal traffic relations between these countries and Western Europe. Particular attention is paid to the market for Combined Road rail Transport, both as accompanied and as non accompanied transport. These two sector are examined in an effort to detect the obstacles that are still preventing the expansion in Eastern and Central Europe of non accompanied transport techniques, now a minor phenomenon elsewhere. The analysis of the present outlook and the identification of current problems are followed by the initial steps that national governments and railway companies in these countries should make in order to upgrade transport to and from these areas. Lastly, reference is aimed to the action undertaken by national governments and transport companies of the three Western European countries having the largest share of intermodal connections with Eastern and Central Europe (Austria, Germany and Italy), particularly with reference to the Italian company CEMAT.

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A report summarizing debates on proposals for European integration at the European Council of Laeken, on the eve of the introduction of the euro. Among issues discussed are the following: European defense & security policy; adding more countries to the EU; interventions (humanitarian & military) in Afghanistan; position on the war against terrorism; the general economic outlook; the Lisbon strategy; employment; sustainable development & quality of life; research & development; consolidation of the European social model; a common asylum & immigration policy; more efficient control of foreign borders; international cooperation in legal & law enforcement matters; foreign policy statements on the Middle East, the western Balkan nations, Africa, & Russia; & cooperation on development matters. 2 Appendixes. J. Sadler

The paper proposes a quantitative assessment of the impact of demand side factors, i.e. growth, composition and distribution of income, in the determination of changes in the aggregate balance of employment. The level of employment warranted in a system is here derived from the application of a simple scheme which we have called, following the seminal contribution of Richard Kahn in 1931, the "employment multiplier". Starting from an accounting identity between the values of aggregate supply and demand, a level of warranted employment is derived, given the labour coefficient and the deflated values of final demand, in which autonomous components are distinguished from an induced component, this latter depending on total labour income. The variations, over decades and cycles, of aggregate employment for seven OECD countries (France, Italy, Japan, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States and West Germany,), from 1960 onwards, are then analysed and decomposed into the effects of the contributions of three components: growth of average productivity of labour, of "autonomous" demand, and of the "multiplier", a term which summarises the impact of wage share and consumption propensity on induced demand and again on the level of overall employment.