ÖZETSOGUK SAVAS SONRASI AVRASYA JEOPOLİTİĞİ:ORTA ASYA'DA YAPISAL DÖNÜSÜMSoguk Savas, Avrasya kara gücü olan Sovyetler Birligi'nin çözülmesi ve yeniCumhuriyetlerin meydana gelmesiyle sonuçlandı. Soguk Savas döneminde iki Süper gücünolusturdugu dengenin Deniz gücü olan Amerika'nın lehine kayması ve SovyetlerBirligi'nin cografik olarak içeriye çekilerek günümüz Rusya Federasyonu topraklarıylasınırlı kalması, Avrasya Bölgesinde jeopolitik bosluk alanların dogmasına neden olmustur.Batı kaynaklı teorisyenlerin Heartland ve Rimland olarak adlandırdıkları bölgeyi olusturanOrta Asya devletleri, Soguk Savas sonrasında sancılı bir dönemden geçerek hembagımsızlıklarını pekistirmeye çalısmaktadırlar hem de Süper ve Bölgesel güçlerlediplomatik oyunlarıyla siyasi ve iktisadi istikrarı korumaya çalısmaktadırlar.Bu çalısmada uluslar arası ekonomi-politik yapılanmada kuzey-güney arasında,uluslar arası jeo-kültürel yapılanmada Dogu-Batı arasında bir geçis hattı üzerinde bulunanOrta Asya devletleri, söz konusu konumunun yapısal dönüsmesiyle jeoekonomik, jeopolitikve jeokültürel parçalanmayı önleyen bir strateji gelistirilmesi gerektigi anlatılmaktadır.Yazar, Avrasya hinterlandının merkezinde yer alan ve kendi içinde hem Asya hem deAvrupa medeniyetlerinin sentezini barındıran ve bir o kadar da ne pür Avrupalı ne de pürAsyalı olan Orta Asya medeniyet havzasının öz parametrelerine kavusmasıyla hem bölgeselhem de evrensel dönüsümlere yol açabilecek kapasiteye sahip oldugunu öne sürmektedir. ABSTRACTTHE GEOPOLITICS OF EURASIA IN THE PERIOD AFTER COLD WAR:STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL ASIADisintegration of the Continental Power of Eurasia - Soviet Union - has led to theend of the Cold War. The balance of powers between two blocks has collapsed in favor ofSea Power – USA - , thus the collapsed Soviet Union has reduced the borders up to thepresent border of the Russian Federation that has led to the formation, the so calledgeopolitics vacuum in the Eurasian territory. The government elite of the Countries ofCentral Asia, a territory which has been named by some Western theoretics as Heartlandand Rimland, passing through the period of reconstruction of statehood, are compelled toconduct different sorts of diplomatic maneuvers with global and regional actors,establishing thus political and economic stability inside these countries.In this work, since the countries of the Central Asia are on the North-Southcrossing point as the economy-politic direction and on the East-West crossing point as ageo-cultural direction, it is emphasized on the necessity of preventing geo-economics, geoculturaland geo-politic splitting and developing necessary strategic plan for this purpose bystructural transformation. The aim of the thesis is to show, that the countries of the CentralAsia, which have roots in ancient civilization and comprising in itself the synthesis ofEuropean and Asian cultures, which is at the same time not pure European or Asiandisplay of western and eastern civilization, have huge potential on regional and globaltransformation.
06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan "Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun" ile 18.06.2018 tarihli "Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge" gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. ; Araştırmanın amacı dünya siyasi tarihinde önemli bir dönemin sonu olarak kabul edilen Soğuk savaş'ın bitiminden günümüze Ortadoğu alt sisteminde İran dış politikasını inceleyerek bölgesel ve küresel anlamda ortaya çıkardığı etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışmada; Ortadoğu'da siyasi toplumsal ve ekonomik anlamda güçlü bir devlet olan İran'nın Soğuk savaş sonrası Uluslararası sistemdeki bölgesel, küresel ve konjektürel değişimlere karşı dış politik yönelimleri incelenecektir.İslam dünyasında farklı bir yaklaşımla Sünni ülkelerden ayrılan ve Şiiliğin 1979 devrimi ile siyasi anlamda temsil edildiği tek ülke olarak diğer İslam ülkelerinden ayrılan İran, sahip olduğu önemli petrol ve doğalgaz zenginliğiyle bölgenin en önemli enerji kaynağı ülkelerinden biri konumundadır. Sahip olduğu jeostratejik konum itibariyle hem soğuk savaş döneminde hem de soğuk savaş sonrası dönemde küresel güçlerin etki altında tutmak istedikleri bir ülke olmuştur. İran, özellikle şu son dönemde Nükleer Silah edinme konusundaki çalışmaları nedeniyle dünyanın gündemindeki yerini tutmaya devam etmektedir.Bu bağlamda araştırmada; bugün bölgesel bir alt sistem olarak Ortadoğu alt sistemindeki yapı nedir? Bu yapı İran dış politikasını nasıl şekillendirmektedir? İran dış politikasının belirlenmesinde İran siyasi yapısı, jeopolitiği, ekonomik yapısı ne kadar etkilidir? İran'ın soğuk savaş sonrası küresel güçlerle ve bölge ülkeleri ile ilişkileri ne seviyededir? Sorularına cevap bulunmaya çalışılmıştır.Araştırmanın sonucunda İran, Ortadoğu'da özellikle İsrail, ABD ve Türkiye gibi ülkelere karşı bir güç dengesi politikası geliştirdiği, nükleer güç sahibi İsrail ve ABD'ye karşı nükleer güç elde ederek hem bölgede etkin bir aktör olmak hem de İsrail ve ABD'ye karşı caydırıcı bir güç olabilmeye çalıştığı söylenebilir. İran dış politikasının belirlenmesinde İran siyasi yapısı, İran jeopolitiği, ekonomik gücü son derece etkili olduğu ve İran halkının 30 yıldır devam eden ideolojik rejime karşı memnun olmadığı; fakat kendisini düşman olarak gören batılı ülkelere karşı rejimi temsil edenlere destek olmayı tercih ettikleri sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. ; The aim of the study is to examine Iran's foreign policy in the Middle East sub-system and its effects revealed in the regional and global scale starting from the end of the Cold War up to now as being accepted an important period in world political history .On this study; post- cold war Iran as a politically, socially, and economically powerful country in the middleast , Iran?s foreign political tendencies against regional, global, and conjunctural changes and trends will be examined.Iran ,as differentiated from the sunni countries with a different approach in İslamic world and differentiated from the other Islamic countries by means of the 1979 shia revolution as the only country represented that way in the political sense, is one of the most important energy resource providing countries in the region by having the richness of petroleum and natural gas .Because of its geo-strategic location during and after the period of the cold war and the post-cold war it has been a country that was desired to be kept under the influence of global forces. Iran especially nowadays, following its recent studies about how to obtain Nuclear Weapons world continues to keep its place on the agenda.To that extent in this research, today as a regional sub-system what is the structure of the Middle East sub-system? How does this structure shape Iran's foreign policy?Determining Iran's foreign policy how effective are the political structure of Iran, geopolitics, and the economic structure,?At what level Iran's post-cold war relations are with global powers and regional states? These questions above were tried to be answered?As a result of this study it can be said that, Iran in the middleast has been developing a balance of power policy particularly against Israil, USA and Turkey, and trying to be an effective power in the region by means of obtaining nuclear power at the same time trying to be a deterrent power against Israil and USA.Results that were reached ;In determining Iran's foreign policy, Iran?s political structure , geopolitics, economic power are highly effective and for 30 years the Iranian people are not satisfied with the ongoing ideological regime, but against the western countries who see them as their enemies Iranian people prefer to support those who represent the regime.
Bu çalışmanın amacını Türkiye – SSCB ilişkilerinde 1960-1970 yılları arasında yaşanan olaylar oluşturmuştur. Belirtilen yıllar içinde iki ülkenin ilişkileri incelenmiş ve yaşanan olayların uluslararası dengelerde ne gibi değişiklikler yarattığı araştırılmıştır. Türkiye SSCB ilişkileri geçmişten günümüze kadar inişli çıkışlı bir grafik sergilemiştir. İlk olarak bu iki ülkenin komşu konumda bulunmaları siyasi geçmişlerini de etkilemektedir. Bazı durumlarda ciddi anlamda karşı karşıya gelen iki ülke, bazı durumlarda ise önemli dostluklara imza atmışlardır. Bu durumla birlikte kültürel ve ekonomik ilişkilerde iki ülke arasında yaşanan siyasi ilişkilerin ışığında gelişmiştir. Soğuk Savaş dönemi irdelendiğinde Türkiye Devleti SSCB tehdidiyle ABD'nin liderlik ettiği Batı Bloğunda yer edinmiştir. Bu dönem içerisinde ABD, SSCB'nin izlediği yayılma politikalarının önüne geçmek maksadıyla Türkiye'nin yanında olmasına ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu ihtiyaç doğrultusunda Türkiye'ye bazı ekonomik ve askeri yardımlarda bulunmuştur. ABD yaptığı bu yardımların sayesinde Türkiye'yi daha fazla kontrol etme imkânı bulmuştur. Dönem içerisinde Türkiye ve ABD arasında yaşanan Küba Krizi ve füze sorunları, 1964 Kıbrıs Sorunu ve Johnson'un yazdığı mektup, Afyon ekiminin yasaklanması gibi konular Türkiye ve ABD'nin arasında gerginlik yaşanmasına sebep olmuştur. Türkiye Batı Bloğu içerisindeki yerini sorgulamaya başlamış ve yeni arayışlar içerisine girmiştir. ABD ile Türkiye'nin ikili ilişkilerinin bozulması, uluslararası sistemde şartların uygun olması ile birlikte farklı ideolojik kutuplarda olan SSCB ve Türkiye'yi yakınlaştırmıştır. ; The aim of the study was create events that took place between the years of 1960-1970 in Turkey-USSR relations. The relations of the two countries in the specified years have been examined and it has been investigated what kind of changes the events have created in the international balances. Turkey and USSR relations showed a graph of rolling up to the present from the past First of all, the neighboring of these two countries also affects their political past. In some cases, the two countries have seriously confronted, in some cases they have signed important friendships. With this situation, cultural and economic relations have developed in the light of the political relations between the two countries. When the Cold War period examined by the USSR threatened by the Government of Turkey has a place in the US-led Western Bloc. During this period, the United States, in order to prevent the spread of the USSR's policy needs to be pursued by side with Turkey. In line with this requirement it has made some economic and military aid to Turkey.With the help of his US it had the opportunity to take more control of Turkey. Period in Turkey and Cuban missile crisis and the problems experienced in the US, 1964 Johnson wrote a letter to the Cyprus problem and issues such as the prohibition of opium cultivation has led to the emergence of tension between Turkey and the United States. Turkey has begun to question its place in the West Block and entered into new pursuits.Disruption of Turkey's bilateral relations with the US are in different ideological poles to comply with the requirements of the international system has zoom the USSR and Turkey.
Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Batı ile Doğu bloku ülkeleri arasındaki mücadele sadece siyasi, askeri ve teknoloji alanlarında olmamıştır. Bu dönemde rekabetin bir başka boyutu ekonomik sistemler arasında da ortaya çıkmıştır. Batı Bloku Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin öncülüğünde serbest piyasa ekonomisini özgürlüklerle birleştirerek tüm dünyaya sunmaya çalışmıştır. Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) ise Doğu Bloku ülkelerine devletin tekelleştiği, merkezi planlamaya dayanan bir ekonomiyi dayatmıştır. Mücadeleyi kazanan kapitalist ekonomik sistem, 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren çözülen Doğu Bloku ülkelerinde hakim hale getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Doğu bloku ülkeleri bu süreçte ekonomik değişimin yanında siyasi değişimi de aynı anda yaşamak zorunda kalmışlardır. Geçiş ekonomisi olarak adlandırılan bu ülkelere başta Washington Uzlaşısı adı altında bir reçete sunulmuştur. Bu reçete kapsamında bazı ülkeler hızlı reform sürecine girişmiş bazıları ise kademeli bir şekilde reformlar gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Türkmenistan da SSCB'nin dağılışından sonra geçiş ekonomileri içinde yer almıştır. Türkmenistan zengin yeraltı kaynaklarına sahip olması ve geçiş sürecinin ilk yıllarında üretim kaybı yaşamaması nedeniyle serbest piyasaya geçiş için gerekli reformları sürekli ötelemiştir. Uluslararası kuruluşların birçok temel geçiş göstergesi verilerinde Türkmenistan geçiş ekonomileri içinde son sıralarda bulunmaktadır. Türkmenistan başarısız bir geçiş ekonomisi örneğidir. Serbest piyasa düzenine tam anlamıyla geçiş sağlayamamıştır. Geçiş ekonomileri içinde %1,08 ortalama ile reformları gerçekleştirme açısından son sırada kalmıştır. Başarılı bir özelleştirme süreci yaşayamadığı için devlet ekonomide hala çok etkindir. Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasılada (GSYİH) özel sektörün payı 'tir. Türkmenistan Devleti ekonomik gelişmenin temeli olarak gördüğü fosil yakıt üretimine devam etmektedir. Yıllık Türkmenistan'da kişi başına düşen karbondioksit emisyonu 12,517 tondur. Bu çalışma ile amaçlanan geçiş ekonomisi kavramının tam olarak anlaşılmasını sağlamak ve Türkmenistan'ı bu bağlamda analiz edebilmektir. Analiz için Dünya Bankası (WB), Uluslararası Para Fonu (IMF), Avrupa İmar ve Kalkınma Bankası (EBRD), Türk İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Ajansı (TİKA) verileri kullanılmıştır. ; The struggle between Eastern Bloc and Western Bloc countries in the Cold War era did not come into play solely in political, military and technological areas. Besides, another aspect of competition took place between economic systems in this period. The Western Bloc under the leadership of the United States of America endeavored to present free market economy to the entire world by combining it with liberties whilst an economy which was based on central planning and in which the state was monopolized was imposed on Eastern Bloc countries by the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Attempts were made to make the capitalist economic system, which became victorious in this struggle, dominant in Eastern Bloc countries as of the 1990s. As well as economic transformation in this process, Eastern Bloc countries were forced to have political change at the same time. A prescription initially under the name of the Washington Consensus was offered to these countries which were called as transition economies. In the context of this prescription, some countries entered into a rapid reform process whereas some other countries made reforms in a gradual manner. Following the breakup of the USSR, Turkmenistan was also categorized under transition economies. By virtue of having rich natural resources and not experiencing production losses in the early years of transition, Turkmenistan constantly postponed reforms which were necessary for ensuring the transition to free market. Of transition economies, Turkmenistan ranks at the bottom as per data of several basic transition indicators released by international institutions. Turkmenistan is an example of an unsuccessful transition economy. The country could not get success for the transition to the free market economy system. Thus country is the last one with its 1.08% average in transition economies applying the reforms. The government has still very effective power in the economic system as a result of that unsuccessful customization process. The share of the private sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is . Turkmenistan state continues to fossil fuel production, which is seen as basis of economic development. Annual carbon dioxide emissions per person in Turkmenistan is 12,517 tons. The aim of this study is to assure that the concept of transition economy is fully understood and to analyze Turkmenistan in this context. World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Europen Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA) data have been used for the analysis about Turkmenistan
Sırbistan, Karadağ, Arnavutluk, Bosna-Hersek, Kosova ve Kuzey Makedonya'dan oluşmakta olan Batı Balkan Bölgesi, AB'nin genişleme sürecinde ilk adım olarak üyelik sürecinin tamamlanmasını istediği bölgelerden biridir. Bu coğrafyada yer alan devletlerden biri olan Kuzey Makedonya'nın Avrupa Birliği üyeliğinde beş aday devletten (Türkiye, Karadağ, İzlanda, Sırbistan) birisi olarak 2004'te üyelik başvurusunda bulunduğu bilinmektedir. 2005'te AB Konseyi tarafından garanti edilen Kuzey Makedonya'nın adaylık statüsü günümüze değin farklı ekonomik ortaklıklar ve vize muafiyetiyle sürdürülmüştür. Entegrasyon sürecinde AB-Kuzey Makedonya ilişkilerinde tam üyelik aşamasında Kuzey Makedonya'nın dış politika sorunları, AB ilerleme raporlarına uyum gibi meseleler gerçekleştirilmesi beklenen reformlar arasındadır. Hiç şüphesiz AB'nin Sosyal İnşacı politikası Kuzey Makedonya'nın siyasal ve hukuksal reform hareketlerinin hayata geçirilmesinde etkili bir itici güç mahiyetindedir. Bu bağlamda yakın dönemde Kuzey Makedonya'nın üyeliğinin önündeki temel etken olan Yunanistan ile yaşadığı isim anlaşmazlığı sorunu ortadan kalkmıştır. Bu durum Kuzey Makedonya'nın, Avrupa Birliği Entegrasyon Sürecinde önemli mesafeler kat ettiğinin kanıtıdır. Üç bölümden oluşan çalışmamızda AB'ye entegrasyon sürecinde Kuzey Makedonya'nın AB üyeliği süreci Sosyal İnşacı yaklaşım açısından ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede AB üyelik kriterleri ve Kuzey Makedonya'nın AB üyeliğinde gerçekleştirmesi gereken reformların neler olduğuna değinilmiştir. Çalışmamızda Kuzey Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nin AB'ye kabulünün AB reformlarıyla birlikte gerçekleşebileceği görülmüştür. Diğer Balkan devletleriyle yaşanan sosyo-kültürel ve etnik meselelerin çözüme kavuşturulması da bir diğer unsurdur. ; The Western Balkans Region, which consists of Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Northern Macedonia, is one of the regions that the EU wants to complete the membership process as a first step in the enlargement phase. It is known that Northern Macedonia, one of the states in this geography, applied for membership in 2004 as one of the five candidate states (Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Iceland) of European Union membership. The Candidate Status of Northern Macedonia, guaranteed by the EU Council in 2005, has been maintained to date with different economic partnerships and visa exemptions. In the entegration process, Northern Macedonia's foreign policy problems at the stage of full membership in Northern Macedonia relations and compliance with EU progress reports are among the targets to be achieved. Undoubtedly, the social constructivist policy of the EU is an effective driving force in the implementation of political and legal reform movements of Northern Macedonia. In this context, the name dispute with Greece, which is the main reason preventing Northern Macedonia's accession recently, has disappeared. This is proof that Northern Macedonia has made significant progress in the European Union Integration Process. In our three-part study, Northern Macedonia's EU membership process has been discussed in terms of social constructivist approach in the EU integration process. It covered the EU membership criteria and what reforms Northern Macedonia should implement in its EU membership. In our study, it was seen that the acceptance of the Republic of Northern Macedonia to the EU can only be realized with the EU reforms which include social constructivist approach. The resolution of socio-cultural and ethnic issues with other Balkan states is another factor.
Yüzyıllar boyunca aynı toprakları paylaşan Türk ve Ermeni halklarının ilişkisi Osmanlı Devleti'nin yıkılma sürecine girmesiyle beraber çıkmaza girmiştir. Batılı devletlerin kışkırtmaları ile başlayan Ermeni ayaklanmaları ve terör faaliyetlerinin sonucunda Osmanlı Devleti tehcir kanununu çıkarmıştır. Tehcirle beraber Ermeniler göç ettirilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin dağılma sürecinde fırsat bekleyen batılı devletlerin iç işlere müdahalesi ile beraber Ermeni meselesi uluslararası boyuta taşınmıştır. Uluslararası boyutta olan Ermeni Meselesi Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin de sık sık karşısına çıkartılmakla kalmamış 1970-1990 yılları arasında ortaya çıkan terör faaliyetleri ile bir yara haline gelmiştir. Propaganda ve algı yönetimi ile bugün birçok Avrupa ülkesinde Ermeni tehciri soykırım olarak kabul edilmekte ve her fırsatta Türkiye aleyhine çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Diplomatik ilişkiler ile Türk-Ermeni ilişkileri zamanla düzelme yoluna girmiştir ancak tam sonuç alınamamıştır. Günümüzde hiçbir sorun gizli kalmaktadır ve devletler arası ilişkilerde yalnızca diplomasi kullanılmaktadır. Küreselleşme ile beraber devletler hem kendi halkıyla hem de diğer ülkelerin halkı ile yakın ilişkiler yürütmektedir. Tüm bu ilişkiler kamu diplomasisi ve araçları ile gerçekleşmektedir. Özellikle 2001 yılından sonra tekrar gündeme gelen kamu diplomasisi kandırma ve yalandan arınmış bir yöntem olması ile ülke menfaatlerine hizmet sağlayan önemli bir araçtır. Ermeni Meselesi de iki ülkenin halklarını yakından ilgilendiren bir meseledir. Bu çalışmada devletten halka ya da halktan halka yürütülecek kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerinin meselenin çözümüne sağlayacağı katkılar araştırılmıştır. --- The process of the fall of the Ottomans has led the relationship of the Turkish and Armenian people who shared the same lands for centuries into a dead end. Because of the Armenian uprisings and terrorist activities that had started with the provocations of the Western states, the Ottoman State enacted the deportation law. Armenians were asked to emigrate along with the law. In the disintegration process of the Ottoman Empire, with the hope turning the crisis into an opportunity, Western states intervened in the internal affairs of Ottoman Empire and the Armenian question reached to an international dimension. On an international level, Armenian Issue not only haunted Turkish Republic later, but also it grew into a wound after the terrorist activities between 1970 and 1990. With propaganda and perception management, today in many European countries Armenian Issue is called as genocide and those countries work against Turkey at every turn. Through diplomatic relations, Turkish-Armenian relations have begun to improve over time, but the results have not yet been fully achieved. Today, no problem remains confidential and only diplomacy is used in inter-state relations. Thanks to globalization, the states have close relations with their own people as well as the people of other countries. All these relations occur through public diplomacy and its tools. By being a method free from lie and deception, public diplomacy, which has come to the agenda again after 2001, is an important tool that provides service to the interests of the country. The Armenian Issue is a matter that closely concern the people of the two countries. This study aims at investigating the contribution of public diplomacy activities which will be carried from the state to public or vise versa to the solution of the issue.
Yüzyıllar boyunca aynı toprakları paylaşan Türk ve Ermeni halklarının ilişkisi Osmanlı Devleti'nin yıkılma sürecine girmesiyle beraber çıkmaza girmiştir. Batılı devletlerin kışkırtmaları ile başlayan Ermeni ayaklanmaları ve terör faaliyetlerinin sonucunda Osmanlı Devleti tehcir kanununu çıkarmıştır. Tehcirle beraber Ermeniler göç ettirilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin dağılma sürecinde fırsat bekleyen batılı devletlerin iç işlere müdahalesi ile beraber Ermeni meselesi uluslararası boyuta taşınmıştır. Uluslararası boyutta olan Ermeni Meselesi Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin de sık sık karşısına çıkartılmakla kalmamış 1970-1990 yılları arasında ortaya çıkan terör faaliyetleri ile bir yara haline gelmiştir. Propaganda ve algı yönetimi ile bugün birçok Avrupa ülkesinde Ermeni tehciri soykırım olarak kabul edilmekte ve her fırsatta Türkiye aleyhine çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Diplomatik ilişkiler ile Türk-Ermeni ilişkileri zamanla düzelme yoluna girmiştir ancak tam sonuç alınamamıştır. Günümüzde hiçbir sorun gizli kalmaktadır ve devletler arası ilişkilerde yalnızca diplomasi kullanılmaktadır. Küreselleşme ile beraber devletler hem kendi halkıyla hem de diğer ülkelerin halkı ile yakın ilişkiler yürütmektedir. Tüm bu ilişkiler kamu diplomasisi ve araçları ile gerçekleşmektedir. Özellikle 2001 yılından sonra tekrar gündeme gelen kamu diplomasisi kandırma ve yalandan arınmış bir yöntem olması ile ülke menfaatlerine hizmet sağlayan önemli bir araçtır. Ermeni Meselesi de iki ülkenin halklarını yakından ilgilendiren bir meseledir. Bu çalışmada devletten halka ya da halktan halka yürütülecek kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerinin meselenin çözümüne sağlayacağı katkılar araştırılmıştır. --- The process of the fall of the Ottomans has led the relationship of the Turkish and Armenian people who shared the same lands for centuries into a dead end. Because of the Armenian uprisings and terrorist activities that had started with the provocations of the Western states, the Ottoman State enacted the deportation law. Armenians were asked to emigrate along with the law. In the disintegration process of the Ottoman Empire, with the hope turning the crisis into an opportunity, Western states intervened in the internal affairs of Ottoman Empire and the Armenian question reached to an international dimension. On an international level, Armenian Issue not only haunted Turkish Republic later, but also it grew into a wound after the terrorist activities between 1970 and 1990. With propaganda and perception management, today in many European countries Armenian Issue is called as genocide and those countries work against Turkey at every turn. Through diplomatic relations, Turkish-Armenian relations have begun to improve over time, but the results have not yet been fully achieved. Today, no problem remains confidential and only diplomacy is used in inter-state relations. Thanks to globalization, the states have close relations with their own people as well as the people of other countries. All these relations occur through public diplomacy and its tools. By being a method free from lie and deception, public diplomacy, which has come to the agenda again after 2001, is an important tool that provides service to the interests of the country. The Armenian Issue is a matter that closely concern the people of the two countries. This study aims at investigating the contribution of public diplomacy activities which will be carried from the state to public or vise versa to the solution of the issue.
Çalışmanın inceleme alanını oluşturan bölgesel gelişmişlik farklılıkları her ülkenin yaşadığı sorunlardandır. Sorun, ülkelerin dünyadaki önemli siyasi ve ekonomik kuruluşlardan olan Avrupa Birliği'ne uyum sürecinde entegrasyonlarını yavaşlatıcı etki yapmaktadır. Ancak, 1957 yılında 6 ülke ile kurulan Birlik, uyguladığı bölgesel politika sayesinde ekonomik eşitsizliklerin azaltılmasında önemli adımlar atmıştır. Ülke içinde bölgeler arasındaki farklılıklar, birliğin merkez kurucu ülkelerinden İtalya ve aday ülke Türkiye'nin de mücadele ettiği problemlerdendir. Ekonomik eşitsizlikler sorunu, her ülke için aynı olmasına rağmen, yönlerinde farklılıklar görülmektedir. İtalya'da Kuzey-Güney arasında yaşanan sorun, Türkiye'de Doğu-Batı yönünde seyir etmektedir. Bu durum, politikaların gelişim seyrini ve düzeyini etkilemektedir. Ülkeler, AB'ye uyum sürecinde farklılıkları sonlandırmak amacıyla bölgesel kalkınma ajanslarının kurulumunu desteklemişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın temel bulgusu olarak Avrupa Birliği içerisinde yer alan Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları'nın hem Türkiye hem de İtalya içerisinde bölgesel gelişmişlik farklarının giderilmesinde etkili bir araç olduğu ortaya konmuştur. --- The regional development differencies that constitute the study area of the thesis are the problems experienced by each country. The problem creates a slowing effect in the integration of countries in the process of integration with the European Union which is one of the most important political and economic insttutions in the World. However, the Union, established in 1957 with 6 countries, has taken important steps in reducing economic inequalities thanks to the regional policy it has implemented. The differencies between the regions in the country, are the problems struggled, one of the founding countries of the Union as Italy and a candidate country as Turkey. Although the problem of economic inequalities is the same for each country, there are differences in their aspects. Problems between North-South in Italy, in Turkey is looking East-West direction. This situation affects the progress and level of the policies. The countries have supported the establishment of regional development agencies in order to end differences in the EU harmonization process. The establishment of RDAs both in Turkey and Italy is one of the effective tools in reducing the problem. Further, it can be claimed as the main outcome of this study that theare RDA's beneficial for easing the regional development differences both in Italy and Turkey.
ÖZETOrta Doğu'nun önemli ülkelerinden biri olan Suriye'nin diğer ülkeler ile olan ilişkilerinde en önemli rolü, bölgede sahip olduğu jeopolitik konum oynamıştır. Rusya'nın geçmişte ve günümüzde özellikle Avrasyacılık jeopolitik yaklaşımı çerçevesinde, ABD karşısındaki dengeleyicilik politikasının önemli alanlarından biri Suriye olmuştur. Soğuk Savaş döneminde ve sonrasında ABD'nin başını çektiği Batı Blokuna karşılık, SSCB'nin Orta Doğu'daki en önemli müttefiklerinden biri Suriye olmuştur. İki ülke arasındaki müttefiklik ilişkisi; askeri, ekonomi, diplomasi ve diğer alanlarda sıkı ilişkiler kurulmasını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bugün iki ülke arasında oldukça ileri bir boyutta devam eden bu ilişkilerden Suriye ve Rusya ayrı iki ülke olarak, çeşitli kazanımlar elde etmişler ve etmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı Suriye'nin jeopolitik konumu bağlamında Suriye-Rusya ilişkilerini araştırmaktır. Araştırmada literatür taraması ve doküman analizi yöntemleri kullanılmış, elde edilen veriler tarihi ve güncel olaylarla ilişkilendirilerek sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Suriye'nin jeopolitik konum özellikleri dikkate alınmadan geçmiş ve bugünkü iç ve dış politikasını, diğer ülkelerle olan ilişkilerini anlamlandırmak mümkün değildir.ABSTRACTIn its relations with the other countries, one of the most important countries of the Middle East, Syria whose one of the most important role has been its geopolitical position in the region. In the past and present times, across the USA, Russia's balancing policies' one of the most important areas has been Syria. During and after the Cold War, corresponds to the Western Block which led by the USA, Syria has been one of the most important allies of Soviet Union in the Middle East. The relations between two countries have established close relations in the fields of military, economical, diplomacy and so on. Today, as being seperate countries, from the relations which have been prossesing in an advanced size, Russia and Syria have obtained and still have been obtaining several earnings. The aim of this study is to search about the relations of Syria-Russia, in the context of Syria's geopolitical position. In the study, the literature and document analysis techniques have been used, the result has been tried to be obtained by associating with the history and current events with the gained data.
Sovyetler Birliğinin 1991 yılında dağılmasından sonra ardılı olarak ortaya çıkan Rusya ilk dönemlerde güvenliğini iç meseleleri ve ekonomik konularla tanımlamıştır. Bu güvenlik sorunlarının da ABD ve Batıyla hareket ederek çözülebileceği öngörülmüştür. Ancak daha sonra ABD ve Batı'nın öncülüğünde gerçekleşen Yugoslavya'nın dağılma süreci ve 1999 Kosova Müdahalesi gibi olaylar Rusya'nın güvenliğin Batıyla birlikte hareket ederek çözülemeyeceğini göstermiş ve Rusya'nın güvenliğini korumak için Batı ve ABD ile birlikte olmak yerine onları dengeleyerek olacağına karar vermiştir. Bu bağlamda kendisi ve güvenliği için önem arzeden bir devlet olan Suriye'de yaşananlarda Rusya'nın güvenliğini pek çok yönden etkilemektedir. Tezde Suriye'nin, Rusya'nın güvenlik çıkarlarını nasıl etkilediği araştırılmıştır. Rusya'nın güvenlik çıkarları bağlamında Rusya'nın Suriye politikasını analiz etmek için tezde güç dengesi modelleri içinden Stephan Walt'ın Tehdit Dengesi Modeli seçilmiştir. Birinci bölümde teori açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde Rusya'nın güvenlik politikası ana hatlarıyla incelenmiştir. Rusya'nın güvenlik kültürünü oluşturan faktörler ve güvenlik algısının değişimi açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise iki ülkenin birbiriyle olan güvenlik ilişkisi bakımından müttefikliği ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde de 2011-2016 arasında ortaya çıkan Suriye Krizi; Rusya'nın algıladığı tehditler bağlamında incelenmiştir. ; Russia, which emerged as the successor of the Soviet Union after its dissolution in 1991, initially defined its security with internal and economic issues. It is envisaged that these security problems can be solved by acting with the USA and the West. However, events such as the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the 1999 Kosovo Intervention, which took place later under the leadership of the USA and the West, showed that Russia could not be resolved by acting with the West, and decided that it would be balancing them rather than with the West and the US to protect Russia's security. In this context, it affects the security of Russia in many ways in what is happening in Syria, a state that is important for itself and its security. In the thesis, how Syria affects Russia's security interests is investigated. In order to analyze Russia's Syria policy in the context of Russia's security interests, the threat balance model of Stephan Walt was chosen among the power balance models in the thesis. The theory is explained in the first part. In the second part, the security policy of Russia is analyzed. Factors forming the security culture of Russia and the change of security perception are explained. In the third part, the alliance of the two countries in terms of their security relationship is discussed. In the fourth part, the Syrian Crisis that emerged between 2011-2016; It has been studied in the context of threats perceived by Russia.
ÖZET1950'li yıllar, Türk toplum yapısında önemli değişiklikleri meydana getiren hareketli yıllardı. Yüzyıllar boyunca tarıma, toprağa, bağlı bir hayat sürdüren Anadolu köylüsü bu yıllarda kırdan kente yoğun bir şekilde göç etmeye başladı. Türk toplumu aradan yaklaşık on yıl geçtikten sonra sınır ötesi göçle tanıştı. 12 kişilik teknisyen grubuyla F. Almanya'ya başlayan göç B. Avrupa ülkelerinin işgücü çağrısı sonucu farklı bir boyut kazanmaya başladı.30 Ekim 1961 tarihinde F. Almanya ile yapılan "İşçi Mübadelesi Anlaşması"nı, 1964 Avusturya, Hollanda ve Belçika ile 1965'te Fransa ve 1967'de İsveç ile yapılan sözleşmeler izledi. Böylece İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan büyük zararla çıkan Avrupa Devletleri'nin bozulan sosyal ve iktisadi düzenlerini yeniden düzeltmek için ihtiyaç duyulan işgücü açığına karşı bulunan çözüm, hukuki bir dayanağa kavuşturulmuş oldu. Ancak ikili anlaşmaların temelinde bu sınır ötesi göçün geçici olduğu kanaati hakimdi. Türkiye'den Batı Avrupa'nın gelişmiş ülkelerine yönelen işgücü göçü, bu sınır ötesi göçün resmen durdurulduğu dünya petrol krizinin yaşandığı 1973 yılına kadar sürdü. Bu süre zarfında bir milyona yakın Türk işçisi Batı Avrupa Ülkeleri'ne yerleşmiş oldu. Avrupa göçünün ardından 30 yıldan fazla bir süre geçtikten sonra bu rakam üç milyonun üzerine çıkmış oldu. Farklı toplumların bir arada yaşaması sonucu gerek göçmenlerin bulundukları ülkelerden gerekse kendi ülkelerinin düzenlemelerinden kaynaklanan bazı problemler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu problemler; çifte vatandaşlıktan bedelli askerliğe, oy kullanmadan çocukların eğitimine, yabancı düşmanlığından ailevi sorunlara, dil sorunundan kültürel kimlik sorununa kadar büyük bir yelpazeyi kapsamaktadır. Ortaya çıkan bu problemlerin çözümü kuşkusuz işgücüne ihtiyacı olan ve işgücü veren ülkelerin ortak bir takım düzenlemeleri sonucu çözülecektir. ABSTARCTThe 1950's were dynamic years that brought significant changes in the structure of Turkish society due to internal and external migration. Turkish villagers whose lives for centuries depended on farming and agriculture began to migrate from rural to urban areas in massive numbers. Then, after nearly a decade or so, the Turkish society met with a new migration phenomenon, that was migration outside of national boundaries.This new migration pattern, starting first with moves to the Federal Republic of Germany, acquired a new dimension after calls for labor force coming from the Western European countries.The Labor Exchange Treaty signed between Turkey and the Federal Republic ofGermany, dating back to 31 October 1963, was followed by other agreements made with Austria (1964), Holland and Belgium (1965), and France and Sweden (1967). In this way, the solution developed for the problems regarding labor deficit that was challenging most European states' damaged social and economic order after the 2nd World War, attained a legal foundation. However, beneath these bilateral agreements the supposition that the external migration was a temporary fact was dominant.The labor migration from Turkey to the developed countries of the Western Europe lasted until it was officially abandoned when the world oil crisis emerged in 1973. By that time, approximately 1 million Turkish workers had settled in Western Europe. And after thirty years or so, of the labor moves to Europe, this number exceeded 3 millions.The coexistence of different communities and togetherness of emigrant populations brings about certain problems stemming from both the regulations of mother countries and of emigrated ones. These problems range from double citizenship to voting rights of minorities, growing enmity against foreigners, social accommodation problems in emigrant peoples, linguistic issues, and to cultural identity concerns. Resolution of all these problems becomes possible only through developing common regulations mutually agreed and shared by both those countries in need of foreign labor force and those providing this need.
Gümrük kavramı; genel anlamda iki yada daha fazla ülke arasında siyasi sınırlardanfarklı olarak belirlenmiş sınırı aşan eşyadan alınan mali yükümlülükler olarak ifadeedilmektedir. Gümrük idarelerinin Gümrük vergileri toplamak, yasadışı eşya trafiği ilemücadele etmek gibi iki temel fonksiyonu vardır. Gümrük vergileri de, ülkeye ithal edilenveya ülkeden ihraç edilen mallar üzerinden gümrük hattını geçtiklerinde alınan vergilerdir vedevlet gelirleri arasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Gümrüklerde uygulanacak işlemler "idare,usul, sistem ve düzen" anlamına gelen rejimlere tabidir. Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra tümalanlarda yönünü batıya çeviren Türkiye, özellikle ekonomik alanda Avrupa Birliğiülkelerinin önemli bir partneri olmuş ve bu ülkelerin oluşturdukları organizasyonlar içinde yeralmak istemiştir. Türkiye'nin 1963 yılında başlayan birlik macerası 1996 yılında GümrükBirliği'nin kabul edilmesiyle yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. Gümrük rejimlerininuyumlaştırılması da bu bağlamda önemli bir süreç olmuştur. ; Customs concept generally expresses the financial liabilities are taken from the goods passing the borders among two or more countries whose boundaries are differently designated than the political boundary. Customs administration has two main functions such as collecting customs duties and fighting against the illegal traffic of goods. Customs duties are the taxes levied from the goods intended for export or import while they are passing the customs border and these taxes occupy an important position among the government's incomes. Customs formalities subject to the regimes which have meanings such as " administration, procedure, system, order". Turkey which gravitates towards west in all its aspects after the proclamation of the republic,becomes an important partner of the EU countries especially in the economic sphere and wishes to take a part of the organizations of these countries performed. The adventure of the union of Turkey which has started at 1963, relocated to a new dimension with the acceptence of its membersip to the Customs Unity in 1996. In this context, harmonization of the regimes of the customs becomes a significant process.
SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.
İran 1979 yılında Ayetullah Ruhullah Humeyni'nin liderliğinde gerçekleşen İslam Devrimi'nin ardından, Devrim'in ilkelerini İslam coğrafyasına yaymayı ve Şii nüfus bulunan ülkeler üzerinde etki alanını genişletmeyi amaçlamıştır. Devrim'den önce Batı dünyası ile iyi ilişkiler içerisinde olan Şah rejiminin aksine, 1979 yılından itibaren, ezilen Müslüman halkları korumak ve hem Doğu'dan hem de Batı'dan uzaklaşılarak "yalnız İslam" ilkesinden hareketle dış politikada bağımsızlık öncelenmiştir. Bu makalede, İran'da Devrim'in ardından değişime uğrayan dış politika parametreleri dikkate alınarak, İran'ın dini rehberleri ve Cumhurbaşkanları düzeyindeki dış politika tercihleri temel noktalarıyla incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Devrim'in hemen ardından başlayan İran-Irak Savaşı, İran'ın mezhep politikaları, stratejik çıkarları, komşularıyla ilişkileri ve Arap Baharı süreci gibi kırılma noktaları üzerinde durulmuştur. İran'ın askeri caydırıcılık kapsamında konvansiyonel gücünü geliştirmesinin yanı sıra, 1979'dan itibaren Devrim Muhafızları'nın kontrolünde Şii milislerin örgütlenmesi suretiyle oluşturduğu, bölgesel vekil unsurları kullanmak üzerine kurduğu stratejisine değinilmiştir. İran'ın Ortadoğu'nun etkili ülkelerinden biri olmasında geçmişten bugüne müşterek hedefleri doğrultusunda müttefiklik ilişkisi kurduğu Rusya'nın katkılarına yer verilmiştir. ; After the Islamic Revolution, which took place in 1979 under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhullah Khomeini, Iran aimed to spread the principles of the Revolution to the Islamic geography and to expand its sphere of influence on countries with Shiite populations. Contrary to the Shah's regime, which had good relations with the Western world before the Revolution, independence was prioritized in foreign policy, starting from 1979, to protect the oppressed Muslim peoples and to move away from both the East and the West, based on the principle of "Islam alone". In this article, considering the foreign policy parameters that changed after the Revolution in Iran, foreign policy preferences at the level of religious leaders and Presidents were examined with their main points. In this context, the breaking points such as the Iran Iraq War which started right after the Revolution, Iran's sectarian policies, strategic interests, relations with neighbors and Arab Spring process are emphasized. Besides to the development of Iran's conventional power within the scope of military deterrence, Iran's strategy which is based on the use of regional proxies formed by the organization of Shiite militias under the control of the Revolutionary Guards since 1979, has been mentioned. It is included that the contributions of Russia which Iran has established alliances in line with their common goals from past to present in Iran's becoming one of the influential countries of the Middle East.
Bir Yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırladığımız bu çalışmamızda, ilk olarak Türkiye ve Irak arasındaki ilişkilerin nasıl başladığı, iki ülkenin kuruluş süreci de dâhil edilerek geniş bir çerçeve de ele alınmıştır. Sonraki bölümlerde iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerin tarihsel gelişim seyri ele alınmıştır. İki ülke arasında etkileşimi sağlayan sosyal, kültürel, tarihi ve ekonomik bağlar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca iki ülke arasında sorunlar yaratan Musul meselesi gibi gerek iki ülkenin kuruluşundan itibaren ortaya çıkan sorunlar olsun gerekse de Su paylaşımı meselesi gibi sonradan ortaya çıkan sorunlar olsun günümüze kadar gelen bu sorunlu başlıklar çalışmamızda ayrı birer başlık olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamızda ağırlıklı olarak üzerinde durduğumuz kısım ise iki ülke münasebetlerine ABD'nin etkisidir. Türk-ABD ilişkileri Osmanlı döneminde başlamış olsa da aslında II. Dünya savaşına kadar ABD'nin Türkiye ve Irak arsındaki ilişkileri üzerinde belirleyici bir etkisi yoktur. II. Dünya savaşı sonrasında İngiltere zayıflamış ve bunun sonucunda sömürgeleri üzerindeki etkisinin kaybetmiştir. Savaş sonrasında dünya iki kutba ayrılmıştır. Doğu blokunun liderliğinin SSCB üstlenirken İngiltere ve Fransa'nın savaştan yorgun çıkması nedeni ile ABD sahneye çıkmış ve Batı blokunun liderliğini üstlenmiştir. ABD öncülüğünde NATO kurulmuş Türkiye'nin de dâhil olması ile iki ülke ilişkileri bir müttefiklik ilişkisine dönüşmüştür. ABD Ortadoğu bölgesinin güç dengesi açısından önemli olduğunu fark etmiş ve bu bölgeye yönelik Einshover Doktrini gibi politikalar geliştirmiştir. Bu politikalar kapsamında Türkiye liderliğinde bölgede bir birliktelik kurulmaya çalışılmış ve buna Irak gibi bölgedeki diğer ülkeler de dahil edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda kurulan Bağdat paktına ABD destek vermiştir. Fakat ilerleyen süreç içerisinde Irak'ta meydana gelen darbeler ve Sovyet yanlısı kişilerin başa geçmesi Irak-Batı ilişkilerini bozmuştur. Irak'ta meydana gelen olaylar Türkiye-ABD-Irak ilişkilerini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Fakat esas olarak iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerde ABD'nin etkisinin artması I. ve II körfez savaşlarında olmuştur. Özellikle ABD'nin Irak'ı işgal ederek Baas rejimini devirdiği II. Körfez Savaşı öncesinde ve sonrasında meydana gelen gelişmeler iki ülke ilişkilerinde kriz dönemlerine neden olmuştur. Çalışmamızda bu olaylar geniş bir çerçevede ele alınmış ve yorumlanmıştır. ; This study has been designed as Master's requirement and it has been divided into two parts. First, it deals with the relations between Turkey and Iraq and they are discussed in a wider context- the establishment process between the two countries. Second, which have been classified into two: First, historical, cultural, and economic ties which provided interactions between two countries are discussed further. The latter is the two issues have been centered in this study on Mosul city as it may create issues for the establishing relations between the two aforesaid countries and the other issue is the matter of water sharing in coming years. The part which we mainly focus on in our study is the effect of the United States on the relations between the two countries. Although, Turkish-US relations started in the Ottoman period, in fact II. There is no decisive influence on the relations between Turkey and Iraq until World War II the United States II. Britain weakened after the World War and as a result, the influence on the colonies was lost. After, the war the world was divided into two poles. With the leadership of the eastern bloc occupied by the USSR, the United States came to the scene with the leadership of Britain and France tired of the war and assumed the leadership of the Western bloc. US-led NATO also established bilateral relations with the inclusion of Turkey have turned into an alliance relationship. The US has realized that the Middle East region is important in terms of power balance and has developed policies like the Einshover Doctrine for this region. Under this policy, there was an attempt to set up a union in Turkey in the area of leadership and it has tried to include other countries in the region such as Iraq. The US supported Baghdad pact founded in this direction. However, the prosperity of the proletariat and pro-Soviet people that broke down in Iraq in the course of the process has disrupted Iraq-West relations. Events occurring in Iraq have a negative impact on Turkey-US-Iraq relationship. And, II have been in the gulf wars, particularly, the US occupation of Iraq and the fall of the Ba'ath regime II. The developments that took place before and after the Gulf War led to crises in relations between the two countries. In our work, these events have been handled and interpreted in a wide range of contexts.
