Suchergebnisse

Book reviewed in this article:JOHN BRAITHWAITE, Crime, Shame and ReintegrationWILLIAM B. SHAFFIR and ROBERT A. STEBBINS (eds.), Experiencing Fieldwork: An Inside View of Qualitative ResearchBRYAN D. palmer, Descent into Discourse: The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social HistoryJACOB MULLER (ed.), Education for Work. Education as Work. Canada's Changing Community CollegesLIORA SALTER and DAVID WOLFE (eds.), Managing Technology: Social Science PerspectivesJORGE NEF, JOKELEE VANDERKOP, and HENRY WISEMAN (eds.), Ethics and Technology: Ethical Choices in the Age of Pervasive TechnologyHENRY WISEMAN, JOKELEE VANDERKOP and JORGE NEF (eds.), Critical Choices! Ethics, Science and TechnologyJOAN SANGSTER, Dreams of Equality: Women on the Canadian Left, 1920–1950AUBREY w. BONNETT and G. LLEWELLYN WATSON (eds.), Emerging Perspectives On The Black DiasporaSANDRA KIRBY and KATE MCKENNA, Experience, Research, Social Change: Methods From the MarginsDAVID SCHEFFEL, In the Shadow of Antichrist: The Old Believers of AlbertaROBERT S. ANDERSON, EDWIN LEVY and BARRIE MORRISON, Rice Science and Development Politics

The situation of women in East Germany since WWII is reviewed. Four historical periods are distinguished: 1945-1949, the postwar period; 1949-1963, the founding of the German Democratic Republic; 1963-1971, when central planning was fully established & efforts were made to integrate women fully into the LF; & post-1971, when conflicts in women's roles & the slowness of progress became evident. Women are a major element in the LF, with 87% of women aged 16-60 participating; but their participation involves them in dual roles that often create stress. Family life remains oriented to the nuclear family & resistant to change in sex roles. Women have difficulty gaining leadership positions & have little representation in politics. The absence of a women's movement & the lack of tolerance for autonomous social movements have led to the expression of women's concerns with this situation primarily through literature, particularly the works of Christa Wolf & Irmtraud Morgner. W. H. Stoddard

book reviewed in this articleCyril S. Belshaw, The Sorcerer's Apprentice: An Anthropology of Public PolicyP. C. Bock and Irene Fraser Rothenberg, International Migration and New Towns: The Mexican ExperienceJanet K. Boles, The Politics of the Equal Rights Amendment: Conflic and the Decision ProcessJohn A. Brittain, The Inheritance of Economic StatusLudwig L. Celsmar and Shirley Ceismar, Families in an Urban Mold: Policy Implications of an Australian‐U.S. ComparisonArthur Levin, ed., Regulating Health Care: The Struggle for Control. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 33, no. 4Cotton M. Lindsay, ed., New Directions in Public Health Care: A Prescription for the 1980'sRonnie Steinberg Ratner, ed., Equal Employment Policy For WomenMalcolm G. Taylor, Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, (1978)Charles T. Unseld, Denton E. Morrison, David L. Sills, and C. P. Wolf, Sociopolitical Effects of Energy Use and Policy, Study of Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems Supporting Paper 5

Book review in this Article NOT FROM BENEVOLENCE: TWENTY YEARS OF ECONOMIC DISSENT by Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon OPEN GOVERNMENT: THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE. by Ronald Wraith AN OFFICIAL IN FORMATION ACT Outer Circle Policy Unit LIVING WITH CAPITALISM by Theo Nichols and Huw Beynon Routledge and Kegan Paul INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS by Michael P. Jackson. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING by Clive Jenkins and Barrie Sherman Routledge and Kegan Paul THE DEFERENTIAL WORKER by Howard New by. Allen Lane WELFARE IN ACTION edited by Mike Fitzgerald, Paul Halmos, John Muncie and David Zeldin. CLINICAL PRACTICE AND ECONOMICS. by C. I. Phillips and J. N. Wolfe Pitman MIDWIVES AND MEDICAL MEN. by Jean Donnison Heinemann EDUCATION AND POLITICS: POLICY MAKING IN LOCAL EDUCATION AUTHORITIES. by Robert E. Jennings THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN TRANSPORT by K. J. Button TRANSPORT AND THE ELDERLY: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE ACTION. by Alison Norman RESIDENTIAL WORK WITH THE ELDERLY by C. Paul Brearley

Signatures: A⁴ A-C⁴ D² (D2 blank). "Prayer before sermon."--Page [iii]-vii. Two states of gathering B noted. In one, B1, B2 are signed C, B2. In another, B1, B2 are signed B, C2. Two states of gatherings C and D noted. The first has "shine" for "descend" on p. 29, line 20, and an erratum note on p. 34 correcting this error. The second has "descend" o p. 29, and no erratum note. Cf. Wolf, Edwin. "Evidence indicating the need for some bibliographical analysis of American-printed historical works." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 63 (1969): 264. FAU Libraries' copy trimmed to 18 cm. FAU Libraries' copy has the state of gathering B signed B, C2 and the first state of gatherings C and D. ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B4F13 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has simultaneously exacerbated and elucidated inequities in resource distribution for small businesses across the United States in terms of worker health and the financial stability of both owners and employees. This disparity was further intensified by the constantly changing and sometimes opposing health and safety guidelines and recommendations to businesses from the local, state, and federal government agencies. To better understand how the pandemic has impacted small businesses, a cross-sectional survey was administered to owners, managers, and workers (n = 45) in the beauty and auto shop sectors from Southern Arizona. The survey identified barriers to safe operation that these businesses faced during the pandemic, illuminated worker concerns about COVID-19, and elicited perceptions of how workplaces have changed since the novel coronavirus outbreak of 2019. A combination of open-ended and close-ended questions explored how businesses adapted to the moving target of pandemic safety recommendations, as well as how the pandemic affected businesses and workers more generally. Almost all the beauty salons surveyed had to close their doors (22/25), either temporarily or permanently, due to COVID-19, while most of the auto repair shops were able to stay open (13/20). Beauty salons were more likely to implement exposure controls meant to limit transmission with customers and coworkers, such as wearing face masks and disallowing walk-ins, and were also more likely to be affected by pandemic-related issues, such as reduced client load and sourcing difficulties. Auto shops, designated by the state of Arizona to be 'essential' businesses, were less likely to have experienced financial precarity due to the pandemic. Content analysis of open-ended questions using the social-ecological model documented current and future worker concerns, namely financial hardships from lockdowns and the long-term viability of their business, unwillingness of employees to return to work, uncertainty regarding the progression of the pandemic, conflict over suitable health and safety protocols, and personal or family health and well-being (including anxiety and/or stress). Findings from the survey indicate that small businesses did not have clear guidance from policymakers during the pandemic and that the enacted regulations and guidelines focused on either health and safety or finances, but rarely both. Businesses often improvised and made potentially life-changing decisions with little to no support. This analysis can be used to inform future pandemic preparedness plans for small businesses that are cost-efficient, effective at reducing environmental exposures, and ultimately more likely to be implemented by the workers.

AbstractNational program managers need data from different geographical areas within the country to plan for and monitor improvements in service coverage and capacity for care and treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS. They need to ensure equitable access to services by those in need.

Worldwide, unsustainable use of nature threatens many ecosystems and the services they provide for a broad diversity of life, including humans. Yet, governments commonly claim that the best available science supports their policies governing extraction of natural resources. We confront this apparent paradox by assessing the complexity of the intersections among value judgments, fact claims, and scientifically verified facts. Science can only describe how nature works and predict the likely outcomes of our actions, whereas values influence which actions or objectives society ought to pursue. In the context of natural resource management, particularly of fisheries and wildlife, governments typically set population targets or use quotas. Although these are fundamentally value judgments about how much of a resource a group of people can extract, quotas are often justified as numerical guidance derived from abstracted, mathematical, or theoretical models of extraction. We confront such justifications by examining failures in transparency about value judgments, which may accompany unsupported assertions articulated as factual claims. We illustrate this with two examples. Our first case concerns protection and human use of habitats harboring the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), revealing how biologists and policy scholars have argued for divergent roles of scientists within policy debates, and how debates between scientists engaged in policy-relevant research reveal undisclosed value judgments about communication of science beyond its role as a source of description (observation, measurement, analysis, and inference). Our second case concerns protection and use of endangered gray wolves (Canis lupus) and shows how undisclosed value judgments distorted the science behind a government policy. Finally, we draw from the literature of multiple disciplines and wildlife systems to recommend several improvements to the standards of transparency in applied research in natural resource management. These recommendations will help to prevent value-based distortions of science that can result in unsustainable uses and eventual extinctions of populations. We describe methods for communicating about values that avoid commingling factual claims and discuss approaches to communicating science that do not perpetuate the misconception that science alone can dictate policy without consideration of values. Our remedies can improve transparency in both expert and public debate about preserving and using natural resources, and thereby help prevent non-human population declines worldwide.

Abstract
This data brief introduces the German Family Demography Panel Study (FReDA; https://www.freda-panel.de/), a longitudinal, multi-actor database for family research. Major substantive fields addressed in the questionnaire include fertility-related attitudes and behaviours, reproductive health, work-family conflict, couples' division of labour, gender roles, intimate relationships, separation and divorce, parenting and intergenerational relations, and well-being. FReDA is based on two initially independent samples: the newly drawn FReDA-GGS sample (n_recruitment = 37,777 respondents, aged 18–49 years), constituting the German contribution to the Generations and Gender Surveys (GGS-II), and the FReDA-pairfam sample (n = 6,216 respondents who originally participated in the German Family Panel [pairfam]). Both samples are fully integrated, using one survey instrument consisting of the harmonized GGS-II and pairfam questionnaires. Mainly web-based interviews, complemented by paper-based interviews, are conducted biannually, with one wave being split across two subwaves. We provide a short description of FReDA's forerunners—the GGS and pairfam—and give an overview of FReDA's design and content, its baseline wave (collected in 2021) and data releases, as well as a brief outlook on FReDA's road ahead.

This is the author accepted manuscript ; The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI) is a community project that aims to quantify how differences in general circulation models (GCMs) could impact the climate prediction for TRAPPIST-1e and, subsequently its atmospheric characterization in transit. Four GCMs have participated in THAI so far: ExoCAM, LMD-Generic, ROCKE-3D and the UM. This paper, focused on the simulated observations, is the third part of a trilogy, following the analysis of two land planet scenarios (Part I) and two aquaplanet scenarios (Part II). Here, we show a robust agreement between the simulated spectra and the number of transits estimated to detect the land planet atmospheres. For the cloudy aquaplanet ones,a 5–σ detection of CO2 could be achieved in about 10 transits if the atmosphere contains at least 1 bar of CO2. That number can vary by 41–56% depending on the GCM used to predict the terminator profiles, principally due to differences in the cloud deck altitude, with ExoCAM and LMD-G producing higher clouds than ROCKE-3D and UM. Therefore, for the first time, this work provides "GCM uncertainty error bars" of ∼ 50% that need to be considered in future analyses of transmission spectra. We also analyzed the inter-transit variability induced by weather patterns and changes of terminator cloudiness between transits. Its magnitude differs significantly between the GCMs but its impact on the transmission spectra is within the measurement uncertainties. THAI has demonstrated the importance of model intercomparison for exoplanets and also paved the way for a larger project to develop an intercomparison meta-framework, namely the Climates Using Interactive Suites of Intercomparisons Nested for Exoplanet Studies (CUISINES). ; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STF) ; UKRI ; Leverhulme Trust ; European Union Horizon 2020 ; Gruber Foundation ; Swiss National Science Foundation ; NASA

We investigated spin-1/2 hydrogenated titanium (Ti) atoms on MgO using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) combined with electron spin resonance (ESR) in vector magnetic fields. Rotating external magnetic fields, we observed rather drastic changes in both amplitude and frequency of resonance signals for single Ti atoms. While the variation of ESR amplitudes reflects the effects of the spin polarization of a magnetic tip and local magnetic fields created by the interaction between the tip and Ti, the change of resonance frequencies shows the anisotropy of g values for Ti atoms. Using the Ti atoms at the low-symmetry bridge adsorption site of the MgO lattice allowed for identifying the g values in all three spatial directions. Multiplet calculations confirmed the origin of this anisotropy as the spin-orbit coupling induced effects of crystal. Our results show the capability of single atomic spins as a sensor to probe magnetic surroundings and highlight the precision of ESR-STM to identify the single atom's spin states in a solid-state environment. ; This work was supported by the Institute for Basic Science (Grant No. IBS-R027-D1). D.-J.C. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish MICINN (Project No. RTI2018- 097895-B-C44 and Excelencia Project No. EUR2020-112116) and Eusko Jaurlaritza (Project No. PIBA_2020_-1_0017). F.D. acknowledges financial support from Spanish MICINN (Grant No. PID2019-109539GB-C41), Basque Government (Grant No. IT986-16), and Canary Islands program Viera y Clavijo (Grant No. 2017/0000231). C.P.L. acknowledges financial support from the ONR. ; Peer reviewed

BACKGROUND: Social exclusion (SE), or the inability to participate fully in society, is considered one of the driving forces of health inequalities. Systematic evidence on this subject is pertinent but scarce. This review aims to systematically summarise peer reviewed studies examining the association between the multidimensional concepts of SE and social inclusion (SI) and health among adults in EU and OECD countries. METHODS: The protocol was registered on Prospero (CRD42017052718). Three major medical databases were searched to identify studies published before January 2018, supplemented by reference and citation tracking. Articles were included if they investigated SE or SI as a multidimensional concept with at least two out of the four dimensions of SE/SI, i.e. economic, social, political and cultural. A qualitative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-two observational studies were included. In the general population, high SE/low SI was associated with adverse mental and general health. For physical health, the evidence was inconclusive. In groups at high risk of SE, support was found for the association between high SE/low SI and adverse mental health but no conclusions could be drawn for physical and general health. CONCLUSIONS: This review found evidence for the association between high SE/low SI and adverse health outcomes, particularly mental health outcomes. The evidence is mainly based on cross-sectional studies using simple and often ad hoc indicators of SE/SI. The development and use of validated measures of SE/SI and more longitudinal research is needed to further substantiate the evidence base and gain better understanding of the causal pathways.

Due to the use of improvised explosive devices, blast exposure and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have become hallmark injuries of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Although the mechanisms of the effects of blast on human neurobiology remain active areas of investigation, research suggests that the cerebrovasculature may be particularly vulnerable to blast via molecular processes that impact cerebral blood flow. Given that recent work suggests that blast exposure, even without a subsequent TBI, may have negative consequences on brain structure and function, the current study sought to further understand the effects of blast exposure on perfusion. One hundred and eighty military personnel underwent pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) imaging and completed diagnostic and clinical interviews. Whole-brain analyses revealed that with an increasing number of total blast exposures, there was significantly increased perfusion in the right middle/superior frontal gyri, supramarginal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex as well as bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, insulae, middle/superior temporal gyri and occipital poles. Examination of other neurotrauma and clinical variables such as close-range blast exposures, mTBI, and PTSD yielded no significant effects. These results raise the possibility that perfusion may be an important neural marker of brain health in blast exposure.

Selecting relevant indicators is an important step in the development of public health monitoring for older people. Indicators can be used to combine information comprehensively from various data sources and enable recurring, comparable findings to be made about the health of older people. Indicators were systematically compiled from existing international monitoring systems. An indicator set on health in old age was developed using a multistage, structured consensus-based process together with an interdisciplinary panel of experts. The resulting 18 indicators were assigned to three health areas: (1) environmental factors, (2) activities and participation, and (3) personal factors. Data sources that can be used for the indicators are the health surveys within the framework of the Robert Koch Institute's (RKI) health monitoring system, as well as surveys from other research institutes and official statistics. In the future, the indicator set is to be developed further and integrated into an overall approach that is geared towards health reporting and the monitoring of chronic diseases in all phases of life.