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By 1930, wolves were extirpated from the western United States for livestock protection. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act protected wolves, and by 1980, wolf recolonization began in Montana. Confirmed livestock losses have been 17 cattle and 12 sheep with 16 wolves controlled as part of a program to enhance the recovery of non-offending wolves. ADC has: 1) controlled problem wolves, 2) improved communication with affected publics and governmental agencies, and 3) enhanced wolf recovery in Montana.

Bloßes Interesse, über die DDR, ihre Literatur und ihre bedeutendste Autorin etwas zu wissen, ist gewiß nicht der alleinige Grund dafür, daß kein anderer DDR-Autor eine so breite Leserschaft bei uns gefunden hat wie Christa Wolf. Sehr unmittelbar scheinen ihre Werke zu uns zu sprechen, unsere Lebensprobleme zu artikulieren, Schwierigkeiten der Selbstverwirklichung in modernen Industriegesellschaften, leidvolle Konflikte von Gefühl und Rationalität, Aufrichtigkeit und Klugheit, Hoffnung und Resignation, die recht verstandene Emanzipation der Frau nicht zuletzt. Junge Leute sind es, die sich angezogen fühlen von dem eben so seriösen wie unironischen Gestus ihrer Texte und ihrer öffentlichen Lesungen. […] Gewiß, DDR-Texte erscheinen uns in aller Regel, wenn nicht leicht genießbar, so doch leicht verständlich. "Popularität" gehört ja zu jenen gesellschaftlichen Anforderungen, denen sie genügen sollen. Zugleich aber erscheinen sie uns fremd und ein bißchen exotisch, sind sie doch eingebettet in einen gesellschaftlichen Kontext und ein Kommunikationssystem, deren Eigenarten uns nicht durchweg vertraut sind. Literaturproduktion hat ja in der DDR nicht nur Tabus zu achten und Zensur zu gewärtigen, sie ist vielmehr bis in ihre Themen und Formen hinein Gegenstand planvoller Politik. Noch ihre Rezeption wird durch entsprechende Kritiken und vorsorgliche Interpretationen angeleitet, die man in manchen Fallen schon vor dem Erscheinen der Texte lesen kann. [.] Es bleibt daher eine der verblüffendsten Paradoxien der deutsch-deutschen Literaturbeziehungen, daß gerade die Autorin, die in so eminenter Weise mit ihrem Werk auf Probleme der DDR antwortet, zugleich eine so herausragende Bedeutung bei uns erlangt hat. Das Interesse, auf das ihr Werk stößt, besteht jedenfalls nicht, obgleich, sondern insofern sie eine DDR-Autorin ist.

Regional wolf surveys were funded by the Regional Government of Asturias, the Spanish Environmental Ministry and the Regional Government of Galicia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Robert Wolf gives a lecture at the University of Montana on the National Forest Management Act and describes governmental changes since he started work in Washington in 1953. Wolf discusses the political processes by which bills are developed and enacted. He also describes the role of political action and pressure groups especially with respect to clearcutting and the roles of Senators Herman Talmadge, Hubert Humphrey, Jennings Randolph, and Lee Metcalf. He talks about James Watt, the roles of the lobbyists, and the application of the act. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/robertwolf_interviews/1014/thumbnail.jpg

In 1966, the grey wolf was listed as a protected species in Sweden. Since then, the Swedish wolf population has increased in size, making human-wolf encounters more common, particularly in rural areas. Previous qualitative research has shown that segments of the rural population perceive the wolf to be incompatible with traditional rural life. Some also believe that the return of the wolf was orchestrated by urban interests, and perceive the wolf policy as a vehicle for the consolidation of urban power in rural areas. Thus, the return of the wolf can be assumed to aggravate pre-existing urban-rural tensions, resulting in conflicts over wolf policy, which Swedish wolf governance could be ill-equipped to handle. In view of this, this thesis is an examination of, how environmental, socio-political, and institutional factors affect varia-tions in public attitudes to the Swedish wolf policy over time, and discuss their policy implications. Drawing on extensive survey material collected in Sweden in 2004, 2009, and 2014, the wolf policy is approached from a political science perspective. This thesis is an attempt to bridge a number of existing gaps in literature related to wolves and policy, individual and collective level explanatory factors, and attitude change. The underlying assumption is that environmental, socio-political and institutional factors are likely to impact attitudes to wolf policy. Environmental change is found to be relevant, as direct experiences with wolf have increased over time, a development that was also associated with an increase of support for a more restrictive wolf policy (Paper I). Regarding socio-political change, politically alienated individuals were less likely to support the current wolf policy, and more likely to favor either more, or less restrictive policy options compared to other individuals. Rural areas displayed higher levels of political alienation than urban areas, and people living in rural areas were more likely to favor a more restrictive wolf policy (Paper II). Furthermore, individuals living in municipalities in which a high proportion of residents had grown up in a rural area, tended to favor a more restrictive wolf policy, an effect which could also be associated with political alienation (Paper III). Finally, institutional change was examined through an analysis of public support for the actors within the Wildlife Management Delegations (WMDs). In general, the interest groups represented in WMDs where found to reflect the representation preferred by the public. However, findings show a fundamental value divide in relation to natural resources, among the Swedish public, which is also reflected within the WMDs (Paper IV). The return of the wolf has caused part of the general public to want fewer wolves in Sweden. This attitudinal change is related to a growing divide between urban-rural areas in Sweden, and associated with a general pattern of political alienation. Thus, the wolf policy has become a symbolic issue around which rural citizens rally their fight against urban interests for political autonomy. ; Författarens nuvarande e-postadress: / Author's current e-mail address: max.k.a.eriksson@gmail.com