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A challenge to traditional male-centred accounts of the book world in 1820s' Buenos Aires. The woman question was a subject of discussion in post-independence Buenos Aires, reflected in the press and in the book world where writers contemplated the nature, role and status of women, linking the subject to topics such aspolitical transition, reform, modernisation, regional conflict and patriotic culture. This examination of a varied body of works dating from the 1820s, consisting of pamphlets, a history book, conduct literature and periodical literature, demonstrates the impact of transatlantic print networks such as the book trade, and translations from Britain, France, and Spain. Developing our understanding of the post-independence cultural landscape, the study investigates a hitherto unexamined debate that was at the heart of state building in Buenos Aires. It simultaneously challenges traditional male-centred accounts of the period and serves as a counterpoint to historic feministapproaches to print culture. IONA MACINTYRE lectures in Hispanic Studies at the University of Edinburgh.

In this article we present a review of the book "We are land, seed, rebellion, women, land and territory in Latin America" by Claudia Korol. In this work, the author analyzes the inequalities faced by rural women in Latin America to access land tenure and use. His presentation presents an important synthesis of different views on territory, land ownership, patriarchy and colonialism, whose common objective is to make visible the place of women in rural and agrarian areas. Claudia Korol interpellates the Eurocentric and Western perspectives that some gender studies go through, at the same time that she dialogues with community feminisms, indigenous feminisms, black feminisms and eco-feminism. Discussing women's access to the land, is for the author, not only a debate in terms of economy, but in terms of politics and culture, of imagining and fighting for a life alternative, more just not only with women but also with nature. ; En este articulo presentamos una reseña del libro "Somos tierra, semilla, rebeldía. Mujeres, tierra y territorio en América Latina" de Claudia Korol. En esta obra, la autora, aborda las desigualdades a las que se enfrentan las mujeres de sectores rurales en América Latina para acceder a la tenencia y uso de la tierra. Su exposición presenta una importante síntesis de diferentes miradas sobre el territorio, la propiedad de la tierra, el patriarcado y el colonialismo, que tienen como objetivo común visibilizar el lugar de las mujeres en el ámbito rural y agrario. Claudia Korol, interpela las miradas eurocéntricas y occidentales que atraviesan algunos estudios de género, estableciendo un diálogo permanente con los feminismos comunitarios, los feminismos indígenas, negros, y el eco-feminismo. Discutir el acceso de las mujeres a la tierra, es para la autora, no solo un debate en términos de economía, sino en términos de política y cultura, de imaginar y luchar por una alternativa de vida, más justa no solo con las mujeres sino también con la naturaleza, considerada como un bien común.

In this article we present a review of the book "We are land, seed, rebellion, women, land and territory in Latin America" by Claudia Korol. In this work, the author analyzes the inequalities faced by rural women in Latin America to access land tenure and use. His presentation presents an important synthesis of different views on territory, land ownership, patriarchy and colonialism, whose common objective is to make visible the place of women in rural and agrarian areas. Claudia Korol interpellates the Eurocentric and Western perspectives that some gender studies go through, at the same time that she dialogues with community feminisms, indigenous feminisms, black feminisms and eco-feminism. Discussing women's access to the land, is for the author, not only a debate in terms of economy, but in terms of politics and culture, of imagining and fighting for a life alternative, more just not only with women but also with nature. ; En este articulo presentamos una reseña del libro "Somos tierra, semilla, rebeldía. Mujeres, tierra y territorio en América Latina" de Claudia Korol. En esta obra, la autora, aborda las desigualdades a las que se enfrentan las mujeres de sectores rurales en América Latina para acceder a la tenencia y uso de la tierra. Su exposición presenta una importante síntesis de diferentes miradas sobre el territorio, la propiedad de la tierra, el patriarcado y el colonialismo, que tienen como objetivo común visibilizar el lugar de las mujeres en el ámbito rural y agrario. Claudia Korol, interpela las miradas eurocéntricas y occidentales que atraviesan algunos estudios de género, estableciendo un diálogo permanente con los feminismos comunitarios, los feminismos indígenas, negros, y el eco-feminismo. Discutir el acceso de las mujeres a la tierra, es para la autora, no solo un debate en términos de economía, sino en términos de política y cultura, de imaginar y luchar por una alternativa de vida, más justa no solo con las mujeres sino también con la naturaleza, considerada como un bien común.

Women in Pakistan are suffering from a great social and economic deprivation due to gender discrimination and inequitable distribution of resources. This paper examines the determinants and extent of women empowerment by their participation in microfinance programs. Data for this study were collected from different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan, where most of the households were poor and had borrowed money from different microfinance institutes. Keeping in view the disguised endogeneity, Endogenous Switching Regression Model was employed which accounts for selection bias because of observable and unobservable factors. The analysis revealed that education level, household size, family system, educational expenditures, income level and the ownership of different assets like sewing machines have the statistically significant impact on the women decision to work and hence promote women empowerment. It is concluded that the government in developing countries should introduce income-generating activities, especially for women by providing them access to financial resources.

The complexity of discussing the obstacles and limitations in the empowerment of women members of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) implies understanding the structure of a party in government that shaped the Mexican State during seven decades of the20th century. The participation of women as congressional deputies and senators will proceed together with the necessary transformations toward democratic structures demanded by the party itself and the country. Implicitly, gender participatory democracy will respond to the prevalent culture within the party as well as society and the country. Even though the PRI3 is a party that was characterized for its defense of the principles of the revolutionary elite as well as in staking a clear distances from the power of the clergy, it did not have the capacity to include its women participants in the social movements as representative leaders in the parliamentary chambers. The PRI represented an androcentric power, corresponding to a nationalist project in which women were not part of the prevailing political banner of the party until the country's democratic life made it necessary to include women and recognize them as political leaders appreciated for their intellectual capacity and leadership within the party.

Numerous pregnant Venezuelan women have fled Venezuela, given the health system crisis that has increased risk to their lives and their children. Thousands of them have arrived in Colombia in search of reproductive health care. Notwithstanding Colombia's government efforts to provide some relief measures to the massive influx of Venezuelan migrants, pregnant women are not receiving the prenatal and postnatal care they need. One of the primary barriers to health care access is their immigration status and the health system structure regarding migrants. Therefore, this paper studies Colombia's international human rights obligations concerning their immigration status and the right to reproductive health to conclude that government measures have been insufficient to meet these obligations.

The present issue deals with the participation and militancy in the feminist movement of a generation of women born between 1947 and 1962. They lived most of their youth during the democratic transition, their activities were focussed on the Valencian feminist movement, which and through the oral sources we can know how these young women started their political and feminism activities, so as the problematic relation-ships due to the double militancy: Political associations and Unions. Also the diversity of women's groups emerged in the Valencian transitional landscape. Besides, through the voices of these young feminists, we approach to their experiences seeking the independence of the movement from the left parties also the activities developed into the: La Coordinadora y Asamblea de Mujeres de Valencia (Coordinator of Women and Women's Assembly of Valencia) between the years 1976-1092. ; El presente artículo aborda la participación y militancia en el movimiento feminista valenciano de una generación de mujeres nacidas entre 1947 y 1962, por lo que vivieron parte de su juventud durante la Transición Democrática. A partir de sus testimonios orales, se recogen los primeros contactos con la política y el feminismo, la problemática relación de las doble-militantes con la política partidista y/o sindical, así como la diversidad de grupos feministas que fueron surgiendo en el panorama transicional valenciano. Igualmente, a través de las voces de las jóvenes feministas se narran las experiencias de militancia, la búsqueda de independencia del movimiento feminista respecto a los partidos de la izquierda y el activismo desarrollado por las plataformas feministas Coordinadora de Mujeres y Asamblea de Mujeres de Valencia entre los años 1976 a 1982.

This article offers a brief overview of the history of women in the Church based on the idea that Jesus Christ was "the true inspiration and proponent of their dignity". The author analyzes the position of the abbess of Las Huelgas, who held civil and ecclesiastical jurisdiction from 1187 to 1874, a figure that exercised powers that would be unthinkable today. The purpose here is to contextualize the debate about the role of women in the Church, showing institutional support for their work, challenging the idea that their contribution to the official and organizational activities of the Church is due to a series of accidental circumstances, and highlighting the fact that the true role played by women is not due to "participation in ecclesiastical office, but respect for the gift received". However, the paper also explores specific ways in which lay people may play a part in offices of the Church. Conclusion: The specific contribution of women is "an indispensable contribution to the growth of a culture which unites reason and feeling, to a model of life ever open to the sense of "mystery", to the establishment of economic and political structures ever more worthy of humanity" (Pope St. John Paul II, Letter of Pope to Women, 29 June 1995). ; El artículo incluye un breve recorrido por la historia de la mujer en la Iglesia partiendo de la idea de que Jesucristo fue «el auténtico generador y promotor de su dignidad». Analiza el ejemplo de la abadesa de Las Huelgas, que desde 1187 hasta 1874 ejerció jurisdicción civil y eclesiástica. Una figura con unas competencias hoy día, absolutamente impensables. Sugiere situar en su contexto el debate sobre la mujer en la Iglesia, respaldar institucionalmente el trabajo de las mujeres evitando que la presencia femenina en tareas organizativas y oficiales de la Iglesia aparezca únicamente como fruto de circunstancias coyunturales y, finalmente, destaca que la genuina posición que le corresponde a las mujeres no viene dada por la «participación en los oficios eclesiásticos, sino por el respeto por el don recibido». No obstante, analiza los supuestos concretos de la participación de los laicos en oficios de la Iglesia. Conclusión: Es imprescindible la específica aportación de la mujer para alcanzar, como dijo Juan Pablo II, «una cultura capaz de conciliar razón y sentimiento, una concepción de la vida siempre abierta al sentido del misterio y la edificación de estructuras económicas, culturales y políticas más ricas en humanidad».

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los contrapuntos entre el comunismo y otras perspectivas sobre las mujeres. El Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Mujeres realizado en 1959 es una ocasión singular para captar esos debates a través de un corpus documental de prensa comercial y partidaria, cartas y entrevistas. Los resultados muestran las estrategias de distintos sectores por captar a las mujeres y, asimismo, los conflictos internos que tuvieron para definirlas como sujetos revolucionarios y reconocer sus especificidades en los proyectos que marchaban al socialismo. ; The aim of this paper is to analyze the counterpoints about women's mobilization between communism and other perspectives –specially, catholics associations. The First Latin American Congress of Women held in 1959 is a unique opportunity to capture these debates through a corpus which includes commercial and partisan press, letters and interviews The results show the strategies of different sectors to attract women. It also shows the difficulties of communism for defining them as revolutionary subjects and to recognize their individuality. ; Fil: Valobra, Adriana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina