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During the 1960s & 1970s, when women were needed to a great extent in the labor market, critics argued that women were employed as a labor force reserve. Since women have composed a substantial part of the Swedish labor force during recent decades, the thesis of women as a labor force reserve has been contested. In this article, I argue that women are to some extent used as a buffer labor force. Taking public child care as an example, I show how political decisions have resulted in situations where family day carers & nursery nurses are treated as a labor force reserve, not in relation to male workers but in relation to preschool teachers, ie, another female-dominated occupational group. I also argue that some political decisions about public child care imply a paradox concerning the Swedish policy for sexual equality in the labor market. 40 References. Adapted from the source document.

In connection with the 1950 Swedish Census a Pop Sample Register was established at the Central Bureau of Statistics which provides a continuous registration of a number of demographic factors for a sample comprising 3.3A of the pop. The Register is to be used in special statistical investigations where the material in the current vital statistics cannot be used. In the present study the following-data are presented in tables with comments:: (a) married women econ'ly active, by industry & status within industry, combined with age; (b) the same, combined with income; (c) family income, by Ru/Ur, combined with number of children; (d) number of children, by income of wife, combined with family income; & (e) age & number of children, by women econ'ly active & not active, combined with the time of marriage (before 1951 & between 1952-1954). I. Pipping.

The results of ten years' studies on women equality are briefly discussed. The difficulties to establish a high level academic career for women are emphasized. Mainly economical reasons, such as limitations to obtain intermediate grants after the postdoc phase, are blamed for this situation. A. Barral

During 1978-1997, 465 writers contributed 979 articles to Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift; 14% of the writers were women, 26% were writers from outside Sweden. Some 5% of the most frequent co-writers published 25% of the content in the journal. Table 1 shows the 20 writers whose work most frequently appeared. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

Theoretically, gender research deals with two discourses, sameness/difference and power. I argue against male critics who flatly deny that there can be a power relation between the sexes or critizise it as a holistic concept without much connection with reality. Within gender research, I criticize the postmodernistist thought that all apparent realities are social constructs. In queer theory the identities of individuals as men and women are purely social constructs to be dissolved. In that way one can avoid the power question altogether: no political groups exist, only individuals. A political theory dealing with the relationship between the sexes has yet to be developed. Formal equality is a first step, the difficult question is how to deal with power, the preferential interpretation of the dominant group of what is important and valuable in society. The division in a public and a private sphere is inadequately dealing with family as an institution. Are women in countries where the state is minimal, where they marry very young and have thirteen children, "free"? Adapted from the source document.

During the year 2007 the Swedish Political Science Society conducted an investigation aimed at determining the degree of gender equality within the field of political science. Toward this end, they focused on universities and colleges. Since conditions of equality are considered to be relatively good among students, this investigation, which builds on earlier equality studies at political science institutions, focuses particularly on conditions at higher (i.e., post-doctorate) levels where disparities still exist. Of particular interest are employment conditions, which can significantly influence men's and women's desire to remain at a particular institution or within their chosen field. While not proposing solutions to problems found, those conducting the study have found that it raises further questions. Among these questions are: What is the gender distribution of persons in trusted positions, including temporary posts? Do women receive, on a par with men, support, including grants, in furthering their academic careers? Finally, the article considers the challenge to equality posed by the fact that, as women are embarking on their careers they are also often starting families, and even the well-educated among them continue to bear a disproportionate burden of the responsibility for care-giving in the home. Adapted from the source document.

The nation is often portrayed as a natural political unit, a bearer of common values facilitating democracy & equality. However, the construction & reproduction of nations is also intimately tied to hierarchies & mechanisms of power, not least gender power. This article shows how nation & gender arc construed simultaneously in ideas & symbols, as well as in everyday practices. The article argues that memory work is a possible way to gain insight into the everyday construction of gender & nation, & to develop new theoretical understandings. An overview of central themes of the discussion on gender & nation is presented. Memory work makes explicit the ambivalent processes by which women as acting subjects are denied agency & turned into objects of the nation. References. Adapted from the source document.

At the Statsvetenskapliga Fonrbundet annual meeting in 2007, an report was presented concerning an investigation conducted to determine the gender distribution among those who received research grants in the political science field. The investigation focused on gender distribution for grants awarded versus total number of applications submitted to research grant providers RJ, VR and FAS between 2001-2006. Overall the picture proved positive, except for FAS statistics showing a relatively small number of grants awarded relative to the number of women who applied for grants. It was determined that follow-up work was needed to address this. Plans were made to draw up guidelines at the May board meeting for continuing work in the fall. The second issue discussed at the meeting was what criteria should apply when judging the quality of compilation theses. It was hoped that the Society could get a discussion started which would ultimately lead to the establishment of a common practice. Adapted from the source document.