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Since the late 1960s, the women's movement has been strongly associated with the advancement of women's position in the work force. In spite of antidiscrimination laws, women still earn only about 70 percent of what men do. Three strategies to further reduce the wage gap are considered in detail: affirmative action, pay equity, and policies to make it easier to combine work and family life. Questions are raised about the implications of these strategies for the future of the women's movement.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Chapter 1: The Inventi on of Women's Studies -- Women's Studies: What Is It? -- Feminist Roots of Women's Studies: A Brief Look Back -- Women's Studies and the University -- Women's Studies Grows from Knowledge Outside the Academy -- Changing the Classroom as Part of Changing the University-First Steps -- What Is a Woman? And Other Early Questions -- Nature Versus Culture -- Women's Studies Around the World Broadens the Questioning -- Conclusion: Its Meaning Is Change -- Note -- Sugested Reading -- Chapter 2: The Foundations of Interdisciplinarity -- From Multidisciplinarity to Interdisciplinarity -- Women's Studies' Early Critical Edge -- Women's Studies New Critique of Reason -- Androgyny -- Women's Studies and the "L" Word -- Margins and Centers -- Mad Women in the Attic -- Conclusion -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 3: Intersectionality and Difference: Race, Class, and Gender -- Contests over Diference -- Race and the Birth of Intersectionality -- Ethnicity and Intersectionality -- Class and Intersectionality -- Pluralism and Its Critics -- Equality Versus Diference -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 4: Global Agendas -- The Legacy of Empire and Post-Colonialism -- The Post-Colonial Perspective -- Women in the Global Economy, Past and Present -- Women and Neo-liberalism -- Women's Migration in a Global Age -- Women and Poverty -- Development and Women's Poverty -- Orientalism and Its Chalenges -- Women's Global Subjectivity -- Global Feminist Activism and Modernity -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 5: Violence, Militarization, Security, and Peace -- Securitization and Women's Activism -- Confronting Violence -- Conclusion -- Note -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 6: Women's Studies and the Question of Gender.

Women's Studies: The Basics is an accessible introduction into the ever expanding and increasingly relevant field of studies focused on women. Tracing the history of the discipline from its origins, this text sets out the main agendas of women's studies and feminism, exploring the global development of the subject over time, and highlighting its relevance in the contemporary world. Reflecting the diversity of the field, core themes include:the interdisciplinary nature of women's studiescore feminist theories and the feminist agendaissues of intersectionality: women, race, class and genderwomen

Recent history has seen a large degree of worldwide activity surrounding the category of women and women's incorporation into social institutions, such as education and government. International organizing around the category of women continues to flourish in the form of women's international non-governmental organizations (WINGOs). Alongside this increasing international civil society activity, the period since 1960 has seen increasing foci on gender equality and empowerment as ideological goals informing mechanisms of national development around the world. In this dissertation, I bring together findings from research in social movements, political sociology, international relations, and cultural sociology in arguing a neo-institutional approach to the following questions: how has the structure and discourse of women's global civil society evolved over time, what is the effect of women's global civil society on the structural expansion of governments to include women globally, and what influence do women's global civil society and structural expansion in government have on women's institutional power outcomes cross-nationally? Based on world society theory, I argue that world society is a locus of messages regarding women which are diffused to nation-states through linkages to international organizations. Furthermore, both women's empowerment and national institutional incorporation are cultural constructions from world culture that diffuse to nation-states through international organizations and have increasingly come to define legitimacy of nation-states, leading to expansion in social concerns of the state to include women. Chapter 1 traces WINGO structure and discourse across time as demonstrated in analyses on increases in WINGO foundation over the period since 1888, increases in national WINGO memberships since 1965, and an exploratory factor analysis of sixteen non-mutually exclusive WINGO categories (UIA 1960-2014). Chapter 2 analyzes expansion in state structure towards women, supporting a world society argument through empirical tests employing event history regression methods to explain rate of women's ministry establishment as a function of linkage to WINGOs and United Nations-designated Least Developed Country status. Finally, Chapter 3 analyzes the effects of world society and national government structural expansion to include women on women's institutional power outcomes cross-nationally since 1960, considering women's labor force participation, women's tertiary education enrollment, and women's parliamentary representation.

At the dawn of the 21st century's second decade, the issues women face are just as daunting and complex as ever before, from suffrage and equal representations in government, to educational rights, reproductive rights, and religious leadership roles. Even with recent gains by women in the United States and abroad, women still frequently face discrimination and unequal access to the same rights as men. As such, the fight for complete equality continues.Women's Rights, Second Edition provides a history of women's rights, as well as the movements and people that sought to strengthen them. Case st