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The Tobin tax is a solution proposed by many economists for limiting the speculation in foreign exchange and stock markets and for making these markets stabler. In this paper we present a study on the effects of a transaction tax on one and on two related markets, using an artificial financial market based on heterogeneous agents. The microstructure of the market is composed of four kinds of traders: random traders, fundamentalists, momentum traders and contrarians, and the resources allocated to them are limited. In each market it is possible to levy a transaction tax. In the case of two markets, each trader can choose in which market to trade, and an attraction function is defined that drives their choice based on perceived profitability. We performed extensive simulations and found that the tax actually increases volatility and decreases trading volumes. These findings are discussed in the paper.

Ranulf Higden (d.1364) was a monk at the abbey of St Werburgh in Chester. His most important literary work is this universal chronicle, which survives in over a hundred Latin manuscripts, testifying to its popularity. The earliest version of it dates from 1327, but Higden continued writing until his death, expanding and updating the text. It was also continued in other monastic houses, most importantly by John Malvern of Worcester. The English translation made by John Trevisa in the 1380s was also widely circulated and is included in this work, published in nine volumes for the Rolls Series between 1865 and 1886. The chronicle shows how fourteenth-century scholars understood world history and geography. Volume 2 contains the remainder of Book 1, on the description of Britain, and twenty-eight chapters of Book 2, on the early history of the world to the reign of Saul in Israel

Es handelt sich beim vorliegenden Werk um die kritische Edition der ältesten erhaltenen byzantinischen Weltchronik, der Chronographia des Ioannes Malalas (syrisch: Rhetor oder Rechtsgelehrter). Iohannes Malalas wurde um 490 n. Chr. in oder bei Antiochia geboren und starb um 570/580 n. Chr. Er schrieb seine Chronographia in zeitgenössischem umgangssprachlichem Griechisch. Die Ausgabe umfasst die Prolegomena, die Auskunft geben über die handschriftliche Überlieferung der Chronographia, die Textedition mit reichhaltigem apparatus fontium und minutiösem apparatus criticus, sowie die im CFHB vorgesehenen Indices. Die Edition ersetzt jene von Dindorf (1813 im Bonner Corpus). Sie bietet insofern einen vollständigeren Text als sie zum ersten Mal auch das erste Buch des Werkes enthält und die kirchenslavische Übersetzung des 10./11. Jhs., die einen vollständigeren Text bietet, in Rückübersetzung bei der Texterstellung heranzieht.

Main description: Als Band 2 erscheinen die Verfassungsdokumente Österreichs, Ungarns und Liechtensteins. Der Band enthält eine Sammlung von 39 der wichtigsten Verfassungsdokumente dieser Länder. Die 22 Verfassungstexte aus Österreich aus den Jahren 1816 bis 1849 hat die Verfassungshistorikerin Ilse Reiter herausgegeben. Darunter befinden sich die "Verfassung von Österreich" von 1848 und das 1849 veröffentlichte "Grundrechtspatent von Österreich", in dem erstmals unter dem Druck einer liberalen Öffentlichkeit echte Grundrechte verliehen, diese aber gleichzeitig durch vage Definitionen stark eingeschränkt wurden. In Ungarn sind in der Zeit von 1791 bis 1848 elf Verfassungsdokumente erschienen. Im Königreich Ungarn entwickelte sich nach 1806 eine starke liberale und nationale, gegen Österreich gerichtete, Bewegung. Das spiegelt sich auch in den Verfassungstexten wider, in denen in den 1840er Jahren Ungarisch Latein als Amtssprache ablöste. Der Historiker András Cieger hat die Dokumente herausgegeben. Sechs Bestimmungen und Verfassungstexte sind aus dem seit 1815 zum Deutschen Bund zählenden Liechtenstein überliefert. Sie wurden vom Archivar und Historiker Paul Vogt ediert und annotiert. Forschenden, Lehrenden und Studierenden der Geschichte, der Politologie, der Politischen Philosophie, der Soziologie und des Staatsrechts steht mit den Bänden erstmals eine vollständige, auf authentischer Textbasis zugängliche und annotierte Sammlung von historischen Verfassungstexten zur Verfügung. Die einzigartige und grundlegende Quellenedition dokumentiert umfassend die Verfassungsgeschichte Österreichs, Ungarns, Liechtensteins und Deutschlands. Gleichzeitig ergänzt sie die Mikrofiche-Edition Verfassungen der Welt 1850 bis zur Gegenwart, die ebenfalls im K. G. Saur Verlag veröffentlicht wird.

An exciting English-language edition which for the first time presents Thomas Hobbes's masterpiece Leviathan alongside two earlier works, The Elements of Law and De Cive. By arranging the three texts side by side, Baumgold offers readers an enhanced understanding of Hobbes's political theory and addresses an important need within Hobbes scholarship. The parallel presentation highlights substantive connections between the texts and makes it easy to trace the development of Hobbes's thinking. Readers can follow developments both at the 'micro' level of specific arguments and at the 'macro' level of the overall scope and organization of the theory. The volume also includes parallel presentations of Hobbes's chapter outlines, which serve as a key to the texts and are collected in a précis appendix

Si esamina la presenza di tracce di paganesimo in quattro autori cristiani del VI secolo, Ennodio, Boezio, Massimiano, Aratore: più interni all'ambiente ecclesiastico il primo e l'ultimo (quest'ultimo almeno da quando le vicende politiche gli consigliarono di ritirarsi in buon ordine), più 'laici' gli altri due. Per fortuna molto di quanto di buono era stato prodotto dal mondo antico riuscì a salvarsi grazie alle elaborazioni che accompagnarono quattro secoli di dispute e scontri, anche violenti, e fu proprio il cristianesimo a farsi carico di questa sopravvivenza. ; This paper examines the presence of traces of paganism in four Christian writers of the sixth century: Ennodius, Boethius, Maximian, Arator. Ennodius and Arator were more involved in ecclesiastical matters and life (the latter joined the Church when political events and political life became too dangerous for him), while Boethius and Maximian were more 'secular'. Luckily much of what the ancient world produced has survived thanks to the many disputes and controversies (some of them quite violent) on that world, and it was indeed Christianity itself which took charge of this precious survival.

Preliminary Material -- INTRODUCTION: AGRIPPA'S LEGACY -- CHAPTER ONE: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, WITH EMPHASIS ON AGRIPPA'S INTEREST IN DIVINE STUDIES AND HIS CONFLICTS WITH ANTI-HUMANISTIC THEOLOGIANS -- CHAPTER TWO: AGRIPPA AND SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY -- CHAPTER THREE: METHOD OF REASONING AND STYLE OF AGRIPPA'S THEOLOGICAL WRITINGS -- CHAPTER FOUR: THE BATTLE OF DE INCERTITUDINE: AGRIPPA IN THE WORLD OF HUMANISM -- CHAPTER FIVE: AGRIPPA'S DEFINITION OF THE HUMANIST DECLAMATION AND ITS ERASMIAN ANTECEDENT -- CHAPTER SIX: DE NOBILITATE ET PRAECELLENTIA FOEMINEI SEXUS -- CHAPTER SEVEN: DE ORIGINALI PECCATO DISPUTABILIS OPINIONIS DECLAMATIO -- CHAPTER EIGHT: DE SACRAMENTO MATRIMONII DECLAMATIO -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX 1: LIST OF PASSAGES FROM DE INCERTITUDINE CONDEMNED BY THE SORBONNE ON MARCH 2, 1531 -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- GENERAL INDEX.

The century following Duke Humphrey's death has transmitted an image of "the Good Duke" that modern historiography may find misleading. Contemporary scholarship is interested in his role as the promoter of humanism in fifteenth-century England; yet, though in the course of his life there were acknowledgements of his patronage, the years immediately following his death saw his image undergo a metamorphosis. His role as a proto-humanist was quickly forgotten, while the political resonance of his death made later scholars overlook his unsuccessful career as a politician. Humphrey's death created a major sensation, and after the fall of the Lancasters it was quickly exploited for propaganda purposes by the York faction first, and by the Tudors afterwards. Humphrey haunts Elizabethan drama and Ovidian epistles, appears as an improbable Wycliffite in Foxe's "Acts" and as a wise man of the world in More's "Dialogue Concerning Heresies". The present article takes Duke Humphrey and his afterlives as a case study for the examination of the role of propaganda in literary/political biography.