Suchergebnisse

The World Trade Organization is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade among nations. Participation in the WTO is nowadays an essential condition for every trading state. Accession to the WTO is a challenging process for an acceding country, because adjusting laws and institutions to the WTO provisions is not enough for membership. The accession process also involves specific bilateral negotiations between an applicant and any WTO Member wishing to hold them. This creates a perfect environment for the WTO Members to seek economic, as well as political interests. This paper examines the WTO accession negotiations, with focus on different countries such as Lithuania, China and Russia. The objective is to ascertain political motives of the WTO members in respect of acceding countries, and define the impact they had on accession negotiations; finally, what interests prevailed: political or economic. The paper concludes that formal accession procedures did not play an important role in negotiations with all examined countries. The WTO negotiations process and results highly depended on the political motives of the WTO Members. The crucial factor modifying Lithuania's accession process was the forthcoming membership in the EU. The European countries were politically motivated to support Lithuania's accession to the WTO.[.].

The World Trade Organization is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade among nations. Participation in the WTO is nowadays an essential condition for every trading state. Accession to the WTO is a challenging process for an acceding country, because adjusting laws and institutions to the WTO provisions is not enough for membership. The accession process also involves specific bilateral negotiations between an applicant and any WTO Member wishing to hold them. This creates a perfect environment for the WTO Members to seek economic, as well as political interests. This paper examines the WTO accession negotiations, with focus on different countries such as Lithuania, China and Russia. The objective is to ascertain political motives of the WTO members in respect of acceding countries, and define the impact they had on accession negotiations; finally, what interests prevailed: political or economic. The paper concludes that formal accession procedures did not play an important role in negotiations with all examined countries. The WTO negotiations process and results highly depended on the political motives of the WTO Members. The crucial factor modifying Lithuania's accession process was the forthcoming membership in the EU. The European countries were politically motivated to support Lithuania's accession to the WTO.[.].

The World Trade Organization is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade among nations. Participation in the WTO is nowadays an essential condition for every trading state. Accession to the WTO is a challenging process for an acceding country, because adjusting laws and institutions to the WTO provisions is not enough for membership. The accession process also involves specific bilateral negotiations between an applicant and any WTO Member wishing to hold them. This creates a perfect environment for the WTO Members to seek economic, as well as political interests. This paper examines the WTO accession negotiations, with focus on different countries such as Lithuania, China and Russia. The objective is to ascertain political motives of the WTO members in respect of acceding countries, and define the impact they had on accession negotiations; finally, what interests prevailed: political or economic. The paper concludes that formal accession procedures did not play an important role in negotiations with all examined countries. The WTO negotiations process and results highly depended on the political motives of the WTO Members. The crucial factor modifying Lithuania's accession process was the forthcoming membership in the EU. The European countries were politically motivated to support Lithuania's accession to the WTO.[.].

The paper contains analysis of the China's membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The advantages and disadvantages of WTO joining and also prospects and unforeseen difficulties are given in the paper. The People's Republic of China has already been a full-member of WTO for 6 years. The Chinese Government has mainly fulfilled all the conditions which were imposed for WTO joining. They concerned customs legislation that presupposed a considerable reduction of custom duties, an access to the service market for foreign investors, an increase of responsibility for violation of intellectual property rights. Many of these conditions have been fulfilled in advance. ; Проведен анализ членства Китая во Всемирной торговой организации (ВТО). Приведены положительные и отрицательные стороны во вступлении в ВТО, а также перспективы и непредвиденные сложности. Китайская Народная Республика уже шестой год является полноправным членом. Условия, которые были выдвинуты Китаю при вступлении в ВТО, китайское правительство в основном выполнило. Это касалось таможенного законодательства в плане существенного снижения таможенных пошлин, открытия для иностранных инвесторов рынка услуг, усиления ответственности за нарушение прав интеллектуальной собственности. Многие из этих условий были выполнены досрочно.

The questions of organizational structure of the WTO, functions, and objectives of the task divisions are considered in the article. The analysis of stages of operation and composition of participants are shown. The main directions of activity are presented. ; В статье раскрыты вопросы организационной структуры Всемирной торговой организации, функции, цели задачи структурных подразделений. Приведен анализ этапов функционирования, состав участников. Представлены основные направления деятельности.

Finance and Business n°3. Moscow ; International audience ; L'OMC a pour fonction d'instaurer et développer le libre-échange. Elle ne dispose pas de pouvoirs supranationaux et elle accepte des dérogations concernant la sécurité nationale, l'agriculture, les intégrations régionales et douanières, sur la base de la clause de la Nation la plus favorisée. Elle se présente comme un gestionnaire du commerce international, mais il s'agit aussi d'une institution politique dominée par les Etats-Unis, les pays développés ou les BRICS. Elle n'est pas toujours efficace pour réduire les inégalités dans les échanges internationaux, qui constituent pourtant des facteurs de blocage importants. ; Функция ВТО заключается в создании и развитии свободной торговли. Она не имеет наднациональных полномочий и принимает отступления в отношении национальной безопасности, сельского хозяйства, региональной интеграции и таможни на основе клаузулы о наиболее благоприятствуемой нации. Она представляет себя как менеджер по международной торговле, но это также и политический институт, в котором доминируют Соединенные Штаты, развитые страны или БРИКС. Она не всегда эффективна в уменьшении неравенства в международной торговле, которое, тем не менее, является основным блокирующим фактором.

Finance and Business n°3. Moscow ; International audience ; L'OMC a pour fonction d'instaurer et développer le libre-échange. Elle ne dispose pas de pouvoirs supranationaux et elle accepte des dérogations concernant la sécurité nationale, l'agriculture, les intégrations régionales et douanières, sur la base de la clause de la Nation la plus favorisée. Elle se présente comme un gestionnaire du commerce international, mais il s'agit aussi d'une institution politique dominée par les Etats-Unis, les pays développés ou les BRICS. Elle n'est pas toujours efficace pour réduire les inégalités dans les échanges internationaux, qui constituent pourtant des facteurs de blocage importants. ; Функция ВТО заключается в создании и развитии свободной торговли. Она не имеет наднациональных полномочий и принимает отступления в отношении национальной безопасности, сельского хозяйства, региональной интеграции и таможни на основе клаузулы о наиболее благоприятствуемой нации. Она представляет себя как менеджер по международной торговле, но это также и политический институт, в котором доминируют Соединенные Штаты, развитые страны или БРИКС. Она не всегда эффективна в уменьшении неравенства в международной торговле, которое, тем не менее, является основным блокирующим фактором.

Subject of the master thesis is to analyze measurements to reach environmental protection and food law objective, describe the restictions of the free movement of goods which are based on scientific assessment. This phase is a part of risk analysis which includes risk management and risk awareness. World Trade Organization does not distinguish the risk management phase based on precautionary principle. However, all three phases are clearly distinguished and regulated, thus, the principle is interpreted differently in these legal systems. Judicial review of restrictive measures based on scientific assessments stands out in a way that judges are required to analyze scientific evidences in order to carry out assessment of these measurements. Standards of judicial review in the European Union and World Trade Organization are determined by diverse courts involvement in this process. Therefore, external expert provide consultations for the judicial institutions as the specific knowledge is required in order to assess circumstances of the dispute.

Subject of the master thesis is to analyze measurements to reach environmental protection and food law objective, describe the restictions of the free movement of goods which are based on scientific assessment. This phase is a part of risk analysis which includes risk management and risk awareness. World Trade Organization does not distinguish the risk management phase based on precautionary principle. However, all three phases are clearly distinguished and regulated, thus, the principle is interpreted differently in these legal systems. Judicial review of restrictive measures based on scientific assessments stands out in a way that judges are required to analyze scientific evidences in order to carry out assessment of these measurements. Standards of judicial review in the European Union and World Trade Organization are determined by diverse courts involvement in this process. Therefore, external expert provide consultations for the judicial institutions as the specific knowledge is required in order to assess circumstances of the dispute.

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

Раздел «Таможенное регулирование внешнеэкономической деятельности» ; В статье рассматриваются нетарифные меры (НТМ) регулирования внешней торговли, различные варианты их толкования и классификации. Большое внимание уделено вопросу применения нетарифных барьеров в условиях мирового финансового кризиса, а также деятельности Всемирной торговой организации, направленной на создание условий для справедливой конкуренции на мировом рынке, с целью выработки национальными правительствами адекватных мер в области применения защитных мер. = The article considers non-tariff measures (NTMs) regulating foreign trade, various ways of their interpretation and classification. Considerable attention is paid to the application of non-tariff barriers in the context of the global financial crisis, as well as to the World Trade Organization, which is aimed at creating the conditions for fair competition in the global market, with a view to developing adequate measures in the sphere of application protecting measures by national governments.

In the article the questions of correlation of government control and self-regulation at forming of power commodity market within the framework of realization of Power strategy of Russia on a period 2030 to in the conditions of entering of Russia into World Trade Organization are examined. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы соотношения государственного регулирования и саморегулирования при формировании энергетического товарного рынка в рамках реализации Энергетической стратегии России на период до 2030 года в условиях вступления России во Всемирную торговую организацию.