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International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...

International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...

International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...

International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...

International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...

International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...

Eric Weil was perhaps one of the last philosophers who have consciously built a system. His philosophy has distinguished itself through the positive and fully philosophical assertion of politics and the fervent need of understanding and explaining reality. Just like on a chessboard, Weil has introduced individuals and institutions and studied their relations. Of the state, he has conveyed a structural definition by appealing to the image of a form enabling to a given community conscious decision-making. By capturing how the State becomes, how it acquires a meaning, this article offers an insight on Eric Weil's political thought, which is the source of an original model of comprehension and understanding of the modern state. Weil's writings endorse here two main criteria: the ideal of the defence of individual liberties and the principle of a coherent discursive action of the thinker, who has to denounce any kind of violence, to educate and to prompt discussion. The analysis focuses on the book named La philosophie politique (Vrin, Paris, 1956), which shows, in its two first chapters, how the moral issue leads on to the political one and describes, in the last two chapters, how the structure of the political issues has made necessary for the statesman to reconcile with moral.

This thesis studies design and implementation principles to execute tasks of different criticity levels onto the same computer. Additionally, some of these tasks may have hard real-time constraints. This requires to prove that tasks will get enough resources to execute properly, through the use of predictible and still simple allocation policies. Moreover, ensuring that critical tasks will execute correctly in presence of faults is needed. In particular, providing guarantees on resource allocation should be possible. At last, the system should be easily adaptable to different situations. This thesis tackles these issues through a design proposal for a highly secure and extensible system, which is also independent of resource allocation policies. This is accomplished in particular by systematic use of resource lending, which allows to account for resources independently of protection domains. This approach avoids partitionning resources into pools, simplifying the global allocation problem and deleting every waste of resources. We demonstrate that this approach is feasible using a prototype implementation. This methodology dramatically simplifies resource allocation, but implies additional constraints when writing shared services (e.g. device drivers). In particular, specific new synchronization problems occur. Original mechanisms to solve these problems are proposed, and a methodology that helps writing these shared services. ; Cette thèse étudie les principes de mise en oeuvre pour l'exécution sur un même ordinateur, de tâches de niveaux de criticité différents, et dont certaines peuvent avoir des contraintes temps réel dur. Les difficultés pour réaliser ces objectifs forment trois catégories. Il faut d'abord prouver que les tâches disposeront d'assez de ressources pour s'exécuter; il doit être ainsi possible d'avoir des politiques d'allocations et d'ordonnancement sûres, prévisibles et simples. Il faut également apporter des garanties de sécurité pour s'assurer que les tâches critiques s'exécuteront ...

This thesis studies design and implementation principles to execute tasks of different criticity levels onto the same computer. Additionally, some of these tasks may have hard real-time constraints. This requires to prove that tasks will get enough resources to execute properly, through the use of predictible and still simple allocation policies. Moreover, ensuring that critical tasks will execute correctly in presence of faults is needed. In particular, providing guarantees on resource allocation should be possible. At last, the system should be easily adaptable to different situations. This thesis tackles these issues through a design proposal for a highly secure and extensible system, which is also independent of resource allocation policies. This is accomplished in particular by systematic use of resource lending, which allows to account for resources independently of protection domains. This approach avoids partitionning resources into pools, simplifying the global allocation problem and deleting every waste of resources. We demonstrate that this approach is feasible using a prototype implementation. This methodology dramatically simplifies resource allocation, but implies additional constraints when writing shared services (e.g. device drivers). In particular, specific new synchronization problems occur. Original mechanisms to solve these problems are proposed, and a methodology that helps writing these shared services. ; Cette thèse étudie les principes de mise en oeuvre pour l'exécution sur un même ordinateur, de tâches de niveaux de criticité différents, et dont certaines peuvent avoir des contraintes temps réel dur. Les difficultés pour réaliser ces objectifs forment trois catégories. Il faut d'abord prouver que les tâches disposeront d'assez de ressources pour s'exécuter; il doit être ainsi possible d'avoir des politiques d'allocations et d'ordonnancement sûres, prévisibles et simples. Il faut également apporter des garanties de sécurité pour s'assurer que les tâches critiques s'exécuteront correctement en présence de défaillances ou malveillances. Enfin, le système doit pouvoir être réutilisé dans une variété de situations. Cette thèse propose de s'attaquer au problème par la conception d'un système hautement sécurisé, extensible, et qui soit indépendant des politiques d'allocation de ressources. Cela est notamment accompli par le prêt de ressource, qui permet de décompter les ressources indépendamment des domaines de protection. Cette approche évite d'avoir à partitionner les ressources, ce qui simplifie le problème global de l'allocation et permet de ne pas gâcher de ressources. Les problèmes de type inversion de priorité, famine ou dénis de service sont supprimés à la racine. Nous démontrons la faisabilité de cette approche è l'aide d'un prototype, Anaxagoros. La démarche que nous proposons simplifie drastiquement l'allocation des ressources mais implique des contraintes dans l'écriture de services partagés (comme les pilotes de périphériques). Les principales difficultés consistent en des contraintes de synchronisation supplémentaires. Nous proposons des mécanismes originaux et efficaces pour résoudre les problèmes de concurrence et synchronisation, et une méthodologie générale pour faciliter l'écriture sécurisée de ces services partagés.

Following on from the article by Michael Lowy published in this volume Political, and to demonstrate the specificity of cinema as writing the policy as image-movement, this article aims to explain how, by its specific resources, the filming of Orson Welles in the Trial is able to restore the critical status of Kafkaesque and administration. He finds inspiration for this from a perspective built by Andre Bazin, who favors "formal bias" to capture the meaning of films. Thus, the article highlights three terms of relation to the Law: hesitation, the crossing and panic, which correspond, among others, the means to own cinematic framing and camera movements. Adapted from the source document.

Gradually, digital technologies are becoming more important in research on sociocultural phenomena. Equipment projects are developing in all the social sciences and the humanities (SSH) and movements advocating an instrumental revolution are multiplying. This thesis proposes to question the advent of a digitally equipped research in the SSH on the basis of a general reflection on the links between science, technology and writing. What are the epistemological and political issues that underlie these digital instrumentation logics as they institute new writing techniques at the heart of research practices? The thesis is composed of three main parts. The first part questions the fundamental relationships between technical instruments and scientific knowledge. It is also about estimating the specificities of a communicational approach to scientific instrumentation. The second part proposes a critical exploration of the discourses that accompany these transformations by focusing on projects from two major currents in the field of digitally equipped research in the SSH: the "digital humanities" and the "digital methods". What promises, what "imaginaires", what representations of science do these research practices renewal projects by digital technology contain? But also what "epistemological obstacles" do they encounter? Based on a theory of digital writing, and on a techno-semiotic analysis approach, the third part questions the forms and powers of the digital instrumentation. On a morphological level, what do the design and implementation of such instruments consist of? On a political level, what are the normative effects of these "dispositifs" on the epistemology of the disciplines that seize them? ; Progressivement, les technologies numériques prennent une place plus importante dans la recherche sur les phénomènes socioculturels. Des projets d'équipement se développent dans toutes les disciplines des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) et des mouvements prônant une révolution instrumentale se multiplient. Cette ...

Gradually, digital technologies are becoming more important in research on sociocultural phenomena. Equipment projects are developing in all the social sciences and the humanities (SSH) and movements advocating an instrumental revolution are multiplying. This thesis proposes to question the advent of a digitally equipped research in the SSH on the basis of a general reflection on the links between science, technology and writing. What are the epistemological and political issues that underlie these digital instrumentation logics as they institute new writing techniques at the heart of research practices? The thesis is composed of three main parts. The first part questions the fundamental relationships between technical instruments and scientific knowledge. It is also about estimating the specificities of a communicational approach to scientific instrumentation. The second part proposes a critical exploration of the discourses that accompany these transformations by focusing on projects from two major currents in the field of digitally equipped research in the SSH: the "digital humanities" and the "digital methods". What promises, what "imaginaires", what representations of science do these research practices renewal projects by digital technology contain? But also what "epistemological obstacles" do they encounter? Based on a theory of digital writing, and on a techno-semiotic analysis approach, the third part questions the forms and powers of the digital instrumentation. On a morphological level, what do the design and implementation of such instruments consist of? On a political level, what are the normative effects of these "dispositifs" on the epistemology of the disciplines that seize them? ; Progressivement, les technologies numériques prennent une place plus importante dans la recherche sur les phénomènes socioculturels. Des projets d'équipement se développent dans toutes les disciplines des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) et des mouvements prônant une révolution instrumentale se multiplient. Cette ...

This research focuses on the "grammatization" of Vietnamese language. We have studied grammatical works, composed in Latin and then in French, by missionaries of various congregations, colonial administrators and Vietnamese grammarians between 1651 and 1919. The objective was to show first how the model of Latin grammar operates in this grammatography, focusing on the specificities of the Vietnamese language, as identified by the missionaries. We have then reviewed the grammars written in Latin and French in order to highlight the effects of the transition from the Latin to the French model in the description of the language and in particular the evolution of the conception of the parts of the discourse in the grammatical works throughout the period under consideration.This thesis focuses on the development of Vietnamese Romanized writing (quốc ngữ) and the history of the linguistic conceptions that underlie it, as well. We have tried to understand the logic that the pioneer Jesuit missionaries to Vietnam had used to transcribe the language and to explain their choice of spellings to record Vietnamese. We trace the stages of creation of this script and the evolution of spelling. Furthermore, the study of the manuscripts written in Romanized Vietnamese allows us to study the changes in the consonant system of Vietnamese from the Seventeenth Century to the early Twentieth Century. We also show the religious, political and cultural factors that have influenced all that history. The study of the relationship between the Jesuits (from 1615 onwards) and French missionaries (from 1663 onwards) highlights the changing role of the Romanized writing from a means of learning for foreign priests to a means of communication between missionaries and native priests. Finally, we examine the role played by debates on writing systems and the choices they have led to, in terms of the language policy pursued by the French colonial administration. Quốc ngữ was introduced into elementary education in 1861 and then promoted to the ...

Based on a dual sociolinguistic and pragmatic approach, this article looks at how war marks the destiny of languages. The example chosen for this study is the Kurdish language. The Indo-European language and spoken by a population in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey, Kurdish has been affected by a conflict from World War I to the present day. The consequences of the war are evident in the development of the language at several levels: fragmentation in its language structures and writing media, geographical and political dispersion of its speakers and a decrease in its intergenerational transmission. The study also shows how language can be a weapon of war, in particular in terms of the words of Kurdish interference and the argumentation of war. ; International audience This article on the basis of a double sociolinguistic and pragmatic approach examines the way in which war marks the destiny of languages. The example chosen for this study is the Kurdish language. Kurdish is an Indo-European language spoken by a population distributed in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey and affected by a conflictual situation from the First World War to the present day. The consequences of the war are manifested on the evolution of the language on several levels: a fragmentation in its linguistic structures as well as in its writing systems, a geographical and political dispersion of its speakers and a decline of its intergenerational transmission. The study also shows how language can be a weapon of war, especially in terms of naming the Kurdish alterity in discourse and the argumentation of war. ; Based on a dual sociolinguistic and pragmatic approach, this article looks at how war marks the destiny of languages. The example chosen for this study is the Kurdish language. The Indo-European language and spoken by a population in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey, Kurdish has been affected by a conflict from World War I to the present day. The consequences of the war are evident in the development of the language at several levels: ...